Brassica napus Oil Crop

By: Edwin MendezHORT 404

Plant Breeding

Introduction of Brassica napusTaxonomy, origin, production, and uses

Plant culture and StructureGrowing Requirements and morphological structures.

Parental GenomeTriangle of U

Objectives of Lecture

Breeding Objective

Breeding TechniquesNeed for broadening genetic materialExample of breeding for early-flowering.

Biotechnology ApplicationMaking canola oil into Margarine

Objectives of Lecture

Taxonomic Classification

Family: Brassicaceae

Genus: Brassica

Species: B. napus

Common name: rape, rapeseed, canola, or annual

Origin

The origin of rape is as yet indefinite, but is most likely the Eurasian region, since the oldest known references to its cultivation have come from India, China and Japan approximating to BC 2000.

Production

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT 2006)

Rank Country Million Metric Tons1 China 126490102 Canada 91051003 India 81300004 Germany 53365005 France 41444856 United Kingdom 18700007 Poland 1651525

United States of America 718000

Producion Quantity Rapeseed (2006)

General Products from Rapeseed

Low Erucic Acid Concentration in Oil

Edible OilWaste MealCanola Meal Seed Meal for livestock feed

Edible Rapeseed - Uses

Rapeseed is the third leading source of vegetable oil in the world

Canola Oil

Plant Culture

Soil Type - Prefers Loamy soils

Nutrient Requirements - High Nitrogen

Plant density - A row spacing of 15 cm

Light intensity - Full sun

Temperature - Prefers Moderate during growth, below 25 ºC day

The Triangle of U is a theory which describes the evolution and relationships between members of the plant genus Brassica.

Triangle of U

Brassica napus Genome

Amphidiploid

AACC

n=2x=19

Self-Pollinated varieties and cross pollinated varieties.

Parental Material

Combination of B. rapa (AA, n=10) and B. Oleracea (CC, n=9) forms gives rise to B. Napus.

Principal Breeding Objectives

Seed yield (extraction of oil)***Oil content and oil quality***Breeding for early floweringResistance to frost/coldResistance to diseasesResistance to pestResistance to lodging

Centers of Genetic Collections

Proposed origin such as China, India and JapanCultivated varietiesGermplasm available at different research station in India

Centers of Genetic Collections

Indigenous collections

Collection of exotic germplasm from Bengla Desh, China, Russia, Pakistan and Afghanistan

Breeding

Due to its origin, B. napus contains the genetic variability of only those sub-species or varieties involved in the original crosses.Thus making the genetic base very narrow.

Strategy to broaden the genetic basis is the

production or resynthesized rapeseed by crossing

theoriginal ancestors.

Breeding for Early Flowering: Brassica napus

Increase yielding crop***

Adapt Cultivar to other location

Early time to reach market

B. Olearacea CrGC3-1 B. Rapa cv. Pok Choi

Testing Hybrid

Test in the different locations. Used markers to test indicating the presence or absence of early flowering gene.Test oil quality and quantity of new hybrid.

Biotechnology uses in Brassica napus

In the current market, most margarine and shortening are high in bad fatty acid. The type of fatty acid chain in canola oil did not let it solidified at room temperature.

Canola lines expressing the antisense stearoyl-ACP desaturase (delta-9 desaturase) gene allows the oil to become solid at room temperature.

It is low in saturated fat, rich in Vitamin E and a good source of omega-3 fatty acids.

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