Brandon Johnson - Thesis Document

7/30/2019 Brandon Johnson - Thesis Document

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/brandon-johnson-thesis-document 1/103

Tol Lfbidjld Cm`dskmpl7 Mcmfldm @mvmc ^mre ^ripismc

Brm`di` [. Gio`si`









Mpprivmc ^mhl

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IH[ Tjtcl ^mhl

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Mbstrmkt

J` tol djskjpcj`l ia cm`dskmpl mrkojtlkturl# krjtjkjsf i` tol cmke ia l`hmhlfl`t wjto pmrtjkjpm`t lx&

plrjl`kl oms mrjsl`. @itj`h tomt l`vjri`fl`tmc psykoicihy oms vlry rlmc jfpcjkmtji`s air cm`dskmpl dlsjh`smci`h wjto rlslmrko j`djkmtj`h tomt m pmrtjkjpm`ts bmkehriu`d jùl`kls toljr l`vjri`fl`tmc prlalrl`klsm`d plrklptji`s# tol tolsjs mttlfpts ti mddrlss tolsl jssuls toriuho m pmrtjkjpm`t bmsld dlsjh` fltoidic&ihy. Mddrlssj`h tol jssuls ia pmrtjkjpm`t lxplrjl`kl j` cm`dskmpl dlsjh` m`d tol ricl ia tol pmrtjkjpm`tsbmkehriu`d js krjtjkmc blkmusl tol \[ js m djvlrsl `mtji` wjto ki`tjùmccy kom`hj`h dlfihrmpojks. Tol aic&ciwj`h tolsjs mddrlss tolsl jssuls by krlmtj`h m fltoidicihy air l`hmhj`h uslr lxplrjl`kl j` cm`dskmpldlsjh` by mddrlssj`h l`vjri`fl`tmc psykoicihy j` cm`dskmpl dlsjh` m`d tol ricl ia tol pmrtjkjpm`ts bmke&

hriu`d air l`hmhj`h flm`j`hauc pmrtjkjpm`t lxplrjl`kl. Toriuho tol usl ia lxjstj`h cjtlrmturl i` l`vjri`&fl`tmc psykoicihy m`d tol ricl ia pmrtjkjpm`t bmkehriu`ds j` tol lxplrjl`kl ia cm`dskmpl m`d by sy`&tolsjzj`h tol `dj`hs j` m fltoidicihy tomt birriws arif dlsjh` djskjpcj`ls wjto olmvy aikusls i` uslr bmkehriu`ds# m dlsjh` pripismc kmccld –Tol Lfbidjld Cm`dskmpl7 Mcmfldm @mvmc mre ripismc‖ mttlfptsti mddrlss tolsl jssuls.

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Tmbcl ia Ki`tl`ts

Mpprivmc ^mhl

Ikl ia Hrmdumtl [tudjls Tjtcl ^mhl

Dldjkmtji`

Mkeìwcldhlfl`ts

Mbstrmkt

Cjst ia Ajhurls

Cjst ia Tmbcls

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Komptlr =7 Lxplrjl`tjmc Dlsjh`# Jàirfmtji`# m`d m Kom`hj`h Xircd

Komptlr 27 Cjtlrmturl Rlvjlw

Komptlr ;7 Fltoidicihy

Komptlr 47 Dlsjh` Kmsl [tudy & Mcmfldm @mvmc ^mre

Komptlr <7 Ki`kcusji`s

Mppl`djkls

Rlalrl`kls

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Cjst ia Ajhurls

Ajh =. Brmj` Ki``lktji`s & ph =;

Ajh 2. Eìwcldhl# Ibslrvmtji`# Rlmcjty ‛ ph 22

Ajh ;. Mrlm m`d Kl`tlr ‛ ph ;=

Ajh 4. Trm`sjtji` m`d Djrlktji` ‛ ph ;;

Ajh <. Lxojbjtji` Cmyiut [trmtlhjls ‛ ph ;;

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Cjst ia Tmbcls

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Cjst ia JfmhlsJfh =. Riymc Mcblrt Dikes ‛ ph ;Jfh 2. \bjrr# Mustrmcjm` Mbirjhj`mc Mrt ‛ ph 4Jfh ;. Dl`sl vlhltmtji` wjtoj` [m` Arm`kjski‚s Hicdl` Hmtl ^mre ‛ ph =8Jfh 4. M amfjcy iutj`h j` m pmre j` Mcbuqulrqul# @F ‛ ph =:Jfh <. Twi somrp bl`ds ‛ ph 21Jfh 1. [jtl Mlrjmc ‛ ph ;:Jfh 8. [jtl ^mìrmfm ‛ ph ;:Jfh ?. Bmy Mrlm Kiu`tjls ‛ ph 4>Jfhs :&==. Bmy Mrlm Dl`sjty# Djvlrsjty# m`d Oiusloicd [jzl ‛ ph 4=

Jfh =2. Aldlrmc cm`ds ‛ ph 4;Jfh =;. \[ Kmrrjlrs mt Mcmfldm ‛ ph 44Jfh =4. \[[ Ziretiw` /KQ&=>* mt @M[ Mcmfldm j` [lptlfblr =:4; ‛ ph 44Jfh =<. M1F2@ Xrlkes mt @M[ Mcmfldm =:4; ‛ ph 44Jfh =1. [jtl J`vl`tiry ‛ ph 4<Jfh =8. Clvlls @lldld m`d Auturl Ojho Tjdls ‛ ph 48Jfh =?. Tol FmkMrtour Fmzl j` Imecm`d# KM ‛ ph 4?Jfh =:. Bmy Mrlm Rimd m`d Trm`sjt Riutls ‛ ph 4:Jfh 2>. Jfplrflmbcl [uramkls ‛ ph 4:Jfh 2=. Lkisystlfs ‛ ph 4:Jfh 22. Lmst Bmy Fldjm` Mhl ‛ ph <>Jfh 2;. Lmst Bmy Lto`jk Djstrjbutji` m`d Djvlrsjty ‛ ph <=Jfh 24. Tol Lfbidjld Cm`dskmpl [trmtlhy ‛ ph <<Jfh 2<. Tol Ki`klpt ^cm` ‛ ph <1Jfh 21. Tol Dlsjh` ^ripismc ‛ ph <8

Jfh 28. Tol Ki`klpt Djmhrmf ‛ ph <?Jfh 2?. Tol Kih`jtjvl Fmp ‛ ph <?Jfh 2:. [lm Clvlc Rjsl Fmp ‛ ph <:Jfhs ;>‛;<. Dlsjh` Djmhrmfs ‛ ph 1>Jfh ;1. [jtl Rlspi`sl ti [lm Clvlc Rjsl ‛ ph 1=Jfh ;8. Tol Xltcm`ds ph 12Jfh ;?. Lclvmtld ^mtos Ivlr Xltcm`ds ‛ ph 1;

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Jfh ;:. @mvmc Bmsl Lqujpfl`t ‛ ph 1;Jfh 4>. Mjrkrmat Kmrrjlr j` Xltcm`ds ‛ ph 1;

Jfh 4=. Tol Ru`wmys ‛ ph 14Jfh 42. ^lrsplktjvl i`ti tol ru`wmys ‛ ph 1<Jfh 4;. Mrt mt tol Mcbm`y Bucb ‛ ph 1<Jfh 44. Xmvl ^mvj`h ^mttlr` ‛ ph 1<Jfh 4<. Tol Jscm`d Bidy ‛ ph 11Jfh 41. [wj`hj`h Brjdhl ‛ ph 18Jfh 48. [ikjmc [pmkl i` tol Km`mc ‛ ph 18

Jfh 4?. Jscm`d Bidy L`trm`kl ‛ ph 18Jfh 4:. Tol Iutlr Jscm`ds ‛ ph 1?Jfh <>. Clvll Dltmjc ‛ ph 1:Jfh <=. ^lrsplktjvl ia Trmjcs ‛ ph 1:Jfh <2. Qjlw arif tol Hriu`d ‛ ph 1:Jfh <;. Tol Kl`tlr ‛ ph 8>Jfh <4. Kl`tlr Mrlms ‛ ph 8=Jfh <<. Kl`trmc Hmtolrj`h Mrlms ‛ ph 8=Jfh <1. Rllktj`h îics ‛ ph 8=

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=

Komptlr =7 Lxplrjl`tjmc Dlsjh` m`d m Kom`hj`h Xircd

J` tol prialssji` ia Cm`dskmpl Mrkojtlkturl# slvlrmc krjtjks omvl ìtld tol tl`dl`ky air cm`dskmpldlsjh`s ti djsrlhmrd oufm` lxplrjl`kls ia pcmkl m`d lfpomsjzl tol dlsjh` m`d mlstoltjk kifpi`l`ts iatol dlsjh`s /Xojtloiusl# 2>>>5 Towmjtls# 2>=>5 Kclfl`ts m`d Dirfj`ly# 2>==5 m`d Fizj`hi# 2>>8*. Xojcltojs js`‚t ti smy tomt mcc dlsjh`s amjc mt l`hmhj`h oufm` lxplrjl`kls j` pcmkl /matlr mcc# plipcl wjcc omvllxplrjl`kls woltolr toly‚vl bll` ki`skjiuscy dlsjh`ld ir ìt* krjtjkjsf ia tojs jssul js jfpirtm`t blkmusltol dlsjh`s cm`dskmpl mrkojtlkts krlmtl jfpmkt plipcls lxplrjl`kls. M `lld ti mddrlss tol pribclf ia

dlsjh`j`h lxplrjl`kls air plipcl jòmbjtj`h spmkls# arif toljr plrsplktjvls# soiucd bl m tip prjirjty. Tolibglktjvl ia tojs tolsjs js ti rlslmrko m`d dlvlcip strmtlhjls tomt cm`dskmpl mrkojtlkts km` mppcy ti krl&mtl firl l`hmhj`h m`d kiffu`jkmtjvl cm`dskmpls by aikusj`h i` tol uslr lxplrjl`kl ia cm`dskmpl m`dpcmkl. [plkjkmccy# tol tolsjs aikusls i` m sjtl‚s mbjcjty ti llktjvlcy kiffu`jkmtl jàirfmtji` ti jts pmrtjkj&pm`ts. J` irdlr ti mpprimko tol dlsjh` kifpi`l`t ia rlslmrko# ciiej`h j`ti itolr dlsjh` lcds wjto stri`hlfpomsjs i` tol uslrs oms privl` ti bl llktjvl. Tol lcds ia7 jàirfmtji` dlsjh`# lxojbjtji` dlsjh`# m`dlxplrjl`kl bmsld dlsjh` utjcjzl krlmtjvl m`d llktjvl strmtlhjls air l`hmhj`h pmrtjkjpm`ts# tous birriwj`hklrtmj` tlko`jquls arif tolsl djskjpcj`ls js mppcjkmbcl. Tol `mc iutkifl ia tojs priglkt tmels tol airf iam fuctjau`ktji`mc iutdiir rlkrlmtji` m`d lxojbjtji` spmkl bmsld i `dj`hs ibtmj`ld toriuho i`ls sjtlm`mcysjs m`d m kifprlol`sjvl cjtlrmturl rlvjlw.

Ms jt stm`ds# tolrl‚s m` lxjstj`h djski``lkt bltwll` cm`dskmpl mrkojtlkturl m`d pmrtjkjpm`tlxplrjl`kl. Dlsjh`lrs m`d pmrtjkjpm`ts omvl ìtmbcy djlrl`t lxplrjl`kls j` dlsjh`ld pcmkls cmrhlcy dulti bmkehriu`d m`d kucturmc djlrl`kls. Lxplrjl`tjmc clmr`j`h toliry jccustrmtls tomt j` tlrfs iau`dlrstm`dj`h# tolrl mrl djskrlpm`kjls j` lxplrjl`kls m`d iutkifls bmsld i m` j`djvjdumcs prlvjius lx&

plrjl`kls wjto jàirfmtji` tomt‚s prlsl`tld ti tolf /Blmrd# 2>>1*. Ms Cm`dskmpl Mrkojtlkts mrl lxplrts j`m splkjk u`dlrstm`dj`h ia spmkl m`d uslrs mrl ìvjkls# jt‚s ìt surprjsj`h tomt tolrl mrl djstj`ktdjlrl`kls bltwll` oiw trmj`ld Cm`dskmpl Mrkojtlkts u`dlrstm`d spmkl m`d oiw u`trmj`ld)ìvjkls u` &dlrstm`d spmkl. Blkmusl omvj`h lxplrtjsl mcciws i`l ti dlvlcip sl`sjtjvjty ti pmttlr`s ia jàirfmtji` tomtmrl it mvmjcmbcl ti ìvjkls# hmps bltwll` lxplrts m`d ivjkls `lld ti bl brjdhld /Brm`saird# 2>>>*.



2

Krjtjkjsf i` tojs jssul oms kifl arif rlpirts i` uslr lxplrjl`kls wjtoj` tol lcd ia cm`dskmplmrkojtlkturl. [ifl ia tol kiffi` krjtjkjsf ia dlsjh`s arif tol uslr plrsplktjvl tl`d ti dlmc wjto jssulsia almr# u`wlckifl`lss# djsirjl`tmtji`# m`d amkjcjtjls tomt di`‚t mkkiffidmtl uslr llds /Qjrdl`# =:::5Hibstlr# 2>>25 Xlscly# 2>>45 Bry`l# 2>>:5 my`l# 2>>2*. Arif wjtoj` tol djskjpcj`l ia cm`dskmplmrkojtlkturl# tol prjfmry krjtjkjsf js tomt j` sifl dlsjh`s# tolrl km` bl m sjh`jkm`t cmke ia lxplrjl`tjmc

l`hmhlfl`t air pmrtjkjpm`ts. I`l toliry js tomt tojs kiucd bl dul ti m ej`d ia –vjsumc prlgudjkl‖ tomtikkurs wol` tol dlsjh`lr usls toljr u`dlrstm`dj`hs wjtoiut ki`sjdlrj`h oiw tol ì`&dlsjh`lr wiucdplrkljvl tol pcmkl /Xojtloiusl# 2>>>*. Mìtolr mrhufl`t pripisld j` Elvj` Towmjtls mrtjkcl i` lxplrj&l`kl j` cm`dskmpl dlsjh`s jccustrmtls oiw –Tolrl js lvjdl`kl j` cm`dskmpl mrkojtlkturl tomt tol spmtjmcjfpcjkmtji`s ia l`vjri`fl`tmc psykoicihy mrl ylt ti pl`ltrmtl tol prialssji`mc ltois Uia Cm`dskmpl Mrkoj&tlkturlV‖ /Towmjtls# 2>=>*. Mìtolr hl`lrmc krjtjkjsf ia sifl dlsjh` tl`dl`kjls j` cm`dskmpl mrkojtlkturllxpcmj`s oiw# –. . . tolrl‚s m sjh`jkm`t hmp j` oufm` j`tlrmktji`# j`vicvlfl`t# m`d lxplrjl`kl j` cm`dskmpl

dlsjh`s wjto rlhmrds ti pmrtjkjpm`ts plrklptji` m`d kih`jtji` ia oufm` l`vjri`fl`ts dlsjh`ld by Cm`d&skmpl Mrkojtlkts‖ /Kclfl`ts m`d Dirfj`ly# 2>==*. [plkjkmccy# j` tol rlmcfs ia urbm` cm`dskmpl dlsjh` m`dlkicihjkmc dlsjh`# twi vlry sjfjcmr krjtjkjsfs mrjsl. J` kiffl`tmry i` urbm` dlsjh` m`d tol mwmrd wj``j`hRiymc Mcblrt Dike ^cmzm# i`l krjtjk ìtld tomt –. . . oufm` `llds mrl smkrjkld i` tol mctmr ia dlsjh` m`dmlstoltjkjsf. ^lipcl tl`d ti hi fjssj`h j` tol prjstj`l jfmhlry ia mrkojtlkturl m`d dlsjh` wolrl cjal‚s u`tj&dj`lss js rlhmrdld ms m` mlstoltjk j`trusji`‖ /Towmjtls# 2>=>*. Xojcl# j` kiffl`tmry i` m` lkicihjkmcdlsjh` j` Dmvjs# Kmcjair`jm jt‚s wms ìtld tomt tol dlsjh` js rlfivld arif tol oufm` lxplrjl`kl m`d tomtblkmusl tol spmkls mrl ìt slt up air vjlwj`h# toly mrl cmkej`h j` lxplrjl`tjmc sukklss /Fizj`hi# 2>>8*.

Tolsl krjtjkjsfs ojhocjhot tomt tol cmke ia lxplrjl`tjmc sukklss kiffl`tld upi` km` bl mppcjld ti djlrl`tdlsjh` himcs m`d mpprimkols.



;Jfh =. Riymc Mcblrt Dikes /ottp7))kiffi`s.wjejfldjm.irh)wjej)Ajcl7McblrtYDikeYXmccYMuhustY>=Y2>=>.gph*



4Jfh 2. \bjrr# Mustrmcjm` Mbirihj`mc Mrt /ottp7))kiffi`s.wjejfldjm.irh)wjej)Ajcl7\bjrrY<.gph*



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Tol jfpmkt ia pcmkl i` tol oufm` lxplrjl`kl js jfpirtm`t blkmusl jt mlkts oiw plipcl u`dlr &stm`d m`d l`hmhl wjto toljr poysjkmc rlmcjtjls. Tous# blkmusl pmrtjkjpm`ts m`d cm`dskmpl mrkojtlkts mrlusj`h djlrl`t tiics ti krlmtl m`d u`dlrstm`d pcmkl# m hrlmtlr u`dlrstm`dj`h ia pmrtjkjpm`ts m`d rlslmrkoj`ti pmrtjkjpm`t bmkehriu`ds j` tol dlsjh` priklss mrl `lldld. Rlslmrko oms soiw` tomt cm`dskmplmrkojtlkts tl`d ti lfpomsjzl poysjkmc m`d ibglktjvl qumcjtjls j` toljr gudhlfl`t ia cm`dskmpl# wolrlms

ì`&splkjmcjst tl`d ti lfpomsjzl womt pcmkls flm` ti tolf j` rlcmtji` ti toljr dmjcy cjvls /Towmjtls# 2>>8*.Tol djskjpcj`l ia l`vjri`fl`tmc psykoicihy lfpomsjzls tomt tol lxplrjl`kl ia pcmkl js womt fmttlrs tolfist# ìt womt jt ciies cjel /[jfej`s# 2>>?*. ^lromps tol`# jt soiucd bl firl jfpirtm`t ti aikus i`pmrtjkjpm`t lxplrjl`kl ia pcmkl j` tol dlsjh` priklss# wjtoiut kifprjsj`h tol jfpirtm`t jssuls tomt tolprialssji` ia cm`dskmpl mrkojtlkturl js kurrl`tcy dlmcj`h wjto /sustmj`mbjcjty# jàrmstrukturl# ltk*. Jt‚s jfpir&tm`t ti dlsjh` air tol pmrtjkjpm`t lxplrjl`kl blkmusl ja tol uslr dils`‚t u`dlrstm`d ir rlkih`jzl msplktsia toljr lxplrjl`kl tol` toly km`‚t mttrjbutl flm`j`h ti jt wojko j` tur` fmels jt djkuct ti rlflfblr ir l`hmhl j` flm`j`hauc pmrtjkjpmtji` m`d tomt lxplrjl`kl blkifls vijd /Kclfl`ts# 2>==*. Ja i`ls ibglktjvljs ti dlsjh` m sustmj`mbcl pmre wjto tol j`tl`tji` ia usj`h tol dlsjh` ti bujcd flm`j`hauc lxplrjl`kls air tol vjsjtirs# toly soiucd bl mbcl ti u`dlrstm`d tol pmrtjkjpm`ts lxplrjl`kl i` tol vjsjtirs tlrfs# itolrwjsllxplrjl`kl ia tol pcmkl js ùcc.

L`hmhj`h tol oufm` lxplrjl`kl j` dlsjh` js krjtjkmc blkmusl jt km` bl usld ti kiffu`jkmtl tiplipcl# m`d wjto kiffu`jkmtji` kifls clmr`j`h m`d eìwcldhl. ^lipcl mktjvlcy clmr` arif toljr lxplrjl`kls# m`d ja tol lxplrjl`kl ia cm`dskmpl js`‚t plrkljvmbcl wjto m` j`djvjdumc‚s lxjstj`h tiic ejt air

u`dlrstm`dj`h tol wircd# tol` m` j`djvjdumc hmj`s cjttcl ti ìtoj`h arif tomt lxplrjl`kl. Lxplrjl`tjmcclmr`j`h toliry lxpcmj`s tomt clmr`j`h arif lxplrjl`kl js i`l ia tol fist au`dmfl`tmc m`d `mturmc flm`sia clmr`j`h mvmjcmbcl ti lvlryi`l m`d tomt mcc `lw clmr`j`h js bmsld i prlvjius lxplrjl`kls /Blmrd# 2>>1*.Blkmusl oufm`s mrl krlmturls ia kucturl /kucturl blj`h oufm`s lvicutji`mry strmtlhy* oufm` blj`hsdlvlcip pmttlr`s ia blomvjir m`d usl tiics ms m` l`vjri`fl`tmc mdmptjvl strmtlhy /Krmpi# 2>>2*. Tous# i`lkm`‚t dl`y tol jfpirtm`kl ia kucturl j` jt‚s lxplrjl`tjmc ricl. Oufm` lxplrjl`kls sompl kucturl m`dlxplrjl`kls jùl`kl blomvjirmc pmttlr`s m`d toly wmy plipcl u`dlrstm`d tol wircd. Tol dlsjh` ia

lxplrjl`kls km` bl sll` j` prlojstirjk lxmfpcls wolrl mrt m`d rjtumc wlrl usld ms m tiic ti kiffu`jkmtlvjtmc jàirfmtji` mbiut i`ls l`vjri`fl`t m`d oiw ti survjvl j` jt. Tojs js lvl` sll` j` fm`y ì`&cjtlrmtltrmdjtji`mc sikjltjls suko ms tol Mustrmcjm` Mbirjhj`ls woisl mrt m`d rjtumcs omvl amr firl tom` m` mstoltjkkifpi`l`t# toljr mrt m`d rjtumcs mrl eìw` ti slrvl ms fmps air toljr ìfmdjk cjalstycls /âljlr# =:?2*.Tous# i`l km` ìt djskiu`t tol krjtjkmc ricl tomt lxplrjl`kls pcmy j` tol wmy plipcl u`dlrstm`d toljr wircds.



1

^lipcl krlmtl toljr kih`jtjvl fmps usj`h toljr lxplrjl`kls ia cm`dskmpl m`d toriuho tol usl iacm`dfmres. Kjrkucmtji` systlfs mrl au`dmfl`tmc irjl`tmtj`h dlvjkls air plipcl /Towmjtls# 2>>8*. J` tolurbm` l`vjri`fl`t# plipcl wjcc usl tol rimd systlf ms m bmsjk armflwire# ja jts clhjbcl# but ja toly di`‚tu`dlrstm`d tol rimd systlf toly‚cc usl m`koir pij`ts m`d cm`dfmres ti olcp airf kih`jtjvl fmps /Cll#=:81*. Blkmusl pcmkl bmsld lxplrjl`kls mrl ki`stm`tcy blj`h priklssld by tol oufm` fj`d# jt‚s jfpirtm`t

ti ki`sjdlr lxplrjl`kl j` cm`dskmpl dlsjh` m`d tol dlsjh` priklss.

Aurtolr kifpiu`dj`h tol jssul ia cm`dskmpl lxplrjl`kls m`d uslr bmkehriu`ds# mrl djlrl`kls j`kucturmc m`d hl`dlr plrklptji`s ia tol l`vjri`fl`t. Tolsl amktirs omvl sjh`jkm`t jfpcjkmtji`s air Mflrjkm‚s rmpjdcy kom`hj`h dlfihrmpojks. @it i`cy js tol \[ rmpjdcy blkifj`h m prjfmrjcy urbm` `mtji`# jt‚smcsi m` lxtrlflcy djvlrsl `mtji`. J` =:2># ;<, ia Mflrjkm`s cjvld j` urbm` mrlms but ms jt kurrl`tcy stm`ds#?2, ia tol Mflrjkm` pipucmtji` cjvls j` urbm` mrlms m`d tolsl ùfblrs mrl i`cy lxplktld ti ki`tjùl tij`krlmsl /Kl`trmc J`tlccjhl`kl Mhl`ky# 2>=2*. Mddjtji`mccy# tol \[ js rmpjdcy djvlrsjayj`h. By tol l`d ia 2>2>#ì sj`hcl lto`jk hriup wjcc ki`stjtutl tol fmgirjty ia kojcdrl` u`dlr =? m`d by 2><> ì sj`hcl lto`jk hriupwjcc bl m fmgirjty j` tol \[ /Kiiplr# 2>=2*. Xjto rmpjd urbm`jzmtji` m`d djvlrsjkmtji`# jt‚s jfpirtm`t tiìtl tomt djlrl`t Mflrjkm` lto`jk hriups omvl djlrl`t l`vjri`fl`tmc plrklptji`s m`d prlalrl`kls tomtjùl`kl m` j`djvjdumc‚s lxplrjl`kl ia spmkl. J` tlrfs ia ombjtmtji` pmttlr`s m`d plrklptji`# rlslmrko omssoiw` tomt plipcl arif urbm` mrlms omvl djlrl`t l`vjri`fl`tmc prlalrl`kls m`d priklss toljr l`vj&ri`fl`ts j` djlrl`t wmys tom` plipcl arif rurmc mrlms /^mssj`j# 2>>>5 Fjcclr# =::85 Tmcbit# =:?45 Bur`s#2>>?*. M` lxmfpcl ia kom`hj`h sojats j` fm`mhlfl`t wjto mwmrl`lss ia tolsl kom`hls wiucd bl tol

\[ @mtji`mc ^mre [ystlf‚s `lw stm`kl tiwmrds djvlrsjty j` m` mttlfpt ti ibtmj` firl pmrtjkjpmtji` ariffjìrjty kiffu`jtjls omvl stmrtld ti kom`hl sifl ia toljr picjkjls tiwmrds j`kcusjvl`lss m`d rlprlsl`tm&tjvl`lss. I`l suko lxmfpcl j`kcudls sifl ia tol pmre systlfs `lw pcm`s ti kifflfirmtl tol Kjvjc Rjhotsfivlfl`t j` `mtji`mc pmres /Xlblr# 2>=2*.

Xojcl# j` tol \[# plipcl tl`d ti tojè ia tol \[ ms i`l kucturmccy oifihlìus `mtji`# rlslmrkooms soiw` tomt tolrl mrl djstj`kt rlhji`mc kucturls j` tol \[ m`d tojs oms m` jùl`kl i` oiw j`djvjdumcs

arif djlrl`t rlhji`s airf jdl`tjtjls m`d vmculs. Air lxmfpcl# jts eìw` tomt kjtjls# kiu`tjls# m`d stmtlsslrvl ms wmys air plipcl ti jdl`tjay toljr rlhji`mc jdl`tjtjls m`d mt jt‚s cmrhlst skmcl tol \[ km` bl djvjdldup j`ti tol Xlst# Fjdwlst# [iuto# m`d @irto. Mddjtji`mccy# m rlhji`mc kcmjf js sjfjcmr ti kcmjfj`h m` lto`jk&jty# wojko wms soiw` j` studjls ia tol Mflrjkm` [iuto /[oirtrjdhl# =:?8*. Tol pcmkls plipcl cjvl jùl`kloiw toly vjlw tol wircd m`d toljr ricl j` jt /Bmdhlr# 2>=2*.



8

Oiwlvlr# rlhji`mc kucturmc djlrl`kls mrl`‚t tol i`cy jssuls tomt `lld ti bl ki`sjdlrld# si dihl`dlr m`d lto`jk&kucturmc djlrl`kls j` plrklptji` m`d prlalrl`kl. Djlrl`t lto`jkjtjls omvl djlrl`tplrklptji`s m`d prlalrl`kls air spmkl bmsld i` kucturmc vmculs m`d jdl`tjtjls. Jt oms bll` dikufl`tldtomt kmukmsjm`s tl`d ti prlalr mktjvjtjls cjel ojej`h# sejj`h# ltk. blkmusl fm`y kmukmsjm`s kifl arif j`dj&vjdumcjstjk kucturls. I` tol itolr om`d# fm`y lto`jk fjìrjtjls j` tol \[ tl`d ti prlalr hriup rlkrlmtji`

mktjvjtjls blkmusl Bcmkes# Cmtjìs m`d Msjm`s tl`d ti kifl arif kicclktjvjst kucturls /Kmrsi`# 2>>:5 Hib&stlr# 2>>25 Outkoj`si`# =:?85 Bry`l# 2>>:*. Blkmusl ia ltoì&kucturmc djlrl`kls# pmttlr`s ia rlkrlmtji` jùrbm` pmres m`d `mturmc mrlms mrl cmrhlcy jùl`kld by tol typls ia ippirtu`jtjls prlsl`tld# tol mfiu`tia spmkl mvmjcmbcl /Mflrjkm` fjìrjtjls tl`d ti vjsjt pmres m`d `mturmc mrlms j` hriupj`hs tomt km` bl upti =>% flfblrs*# m`d tol typls ia mktjvjtjls pursuld /Hibstlr# 2>>2 m`d Bry`l# 2>>:*. Mddjtji`mccy# wjtorlhmrds ti dlsjh` stycls m`d mlstoltjks# jt‚s jfpirtm`t ti ìtl tomt djlrl`t kiffu`jtjls ia plipcl omvldjlrl`t rlcmtji`sojps ti stycls tomt i`l `llds ti bl mwmrl ia. J` m` ipl` clttlr ti tol \`jvlrsjty ia Qjr &hj`jm twl`ty&vl flfblrs ia jts Mrkojtlkturl amkucty spiel ia toljr pisjtji`s tiwmrds `lw kmfpus dlvlc&ipfl`ts j` m Gllrsi`jm` stycl. Tol amkucty lxpcmj`ld tomt tol Gllrsi`jm` stycl oms m djlrl`t flm`j`hti Marjkm` Mflrjkm`s# tomt tolsl stycls lflrhld j` m djlrl`t tjfl wol` plipcl toiuhot vlry djlrl`tcy#m`d j` m kom`hj`h Mflrjkm jssuls ia sl`sjtjvjty fmy bl j`vicvld wjto stycls ia dlvlcipfl`t blkmusl sjh`sm`d syfbics usld j` dlsjh` km` flm` djlrl`t toj`hs ti djlrl`t kiffu`jtjls /Lpstlj`# 2>><*. Djlrj`hdlsjh` stycls omvl djlrj`h flm`j`h ti djlrl`t kiffu`jtjls m`d tojs js sifltoj`h dlsjh`lrs `lld ti blmwmrl ia.

L`vjri`fl`tmc ^sykoicihy m`d uslr studjls omvl jccufj`mtld tol amkt tomt tolrl mrl sjh`jkm`tplrklptji` djlrl`kls j` tol plrklptji` m`d prlalrl`kl air spmkl mkkirdj`h ti hl`dlr /Eiplk# 2>>1*. Tolprjfmry jssul tomt rjsls bltwll` fl` m`d wifl` m`d toljr spmtjmc lxplrjl`kls djrlktcy rlcmtls tiplrklptji`s ia smalty. I`l ia tol prjfmry ki`klr`s air wifl` js tol almr ia omrmssfl`t m`d mssmuct.Xifl` wjcc kom`hl toljr blomvjir by fi`jtirj`h toljr l`vjri`fl`ts# trmvlcj`h j` hriups# m`d by mctlrj`htoljr mttjrl j` irdlr ti allc smalr j` pubcjk spmkls /Fizj`hi# =:?: m`d Xlslcy# 2>>4*. \`dlrstm`dj`hdjlrl`kls j` tol oufm` lxplrjl`kl bmsld i` j`djvjdumc bmkehriu`ds# plrsplktjvls# m`d prlalrl`kls air

toljr lxplrjl`kl js krjtjkmc air dlsjh`j`h air kurrl`t m`d auturl pipucmtji`s blkmusl plipcl arif m vmrjltyia bmkehriu`ds omvl djlrl`t lxplrjl`kls ia pcmkl tomt djlr arif tol trmdjtji`mc uslrs plrsplktjvl. Tous#ki`sjdlrj`h Mflrjkm‚s rmpjd urbm`jzmtji` rmtl# rlhji`mc kucturls# hl`dlr# m`d lto`jk djlrl`kls j` spmtjmcplrklptji` m`d prlalrl`kl# firl sl`sjtjvl mpprimkols ti dlsjh` `lld ti bl ki`sjdlrld. Ja i`l wjsols tidlsjh` air tol oufm` lxplrjl`kl m`d ti kiffu`jkmtl ti pmrtjkjpm`ts tol` i`l `llds ti mddrlss pmrtjkj&pm`t bmkehriu`ds.

Mdd j o c a j a c c c j j o j cd



?

Mddrlssj`h tol ricl ia lxplrjl`kl ia pcmkl ms m` lxtrlflcy kifpclx jssul j` m kom`hj`h wircd.Lxplrjl`kls mrl krjtjkmc ti m` j`djvjdumcs u`dlrstm`dj`h ia toljr wircd m`d plipcl wjto djlrl`t bmke &hriu`ds mrl usj`h toljr prjir lxplrjl`kls ms rlalrl`kls ti mvjhmtl toljr lxjstj`h m`d auturl lxplrjl`kls.Ja i`l slles ti mktjvlcy l`hmhl lxplrjl`kls j` dlsjh`# i`l `llds ti bl sl`sjtjvl ti tol kifpclx rlmcjtjlsia kucturls m`d jdl`tjtjls. Oiwlvlr# i`kl tol dlsjh`lr oms m` u`dlrstm`dj`h ia oiw djlrl`t kucturls m`d

jdl`tjtjls mlkt m` j`djvjdumcs lxplrjl`kl i`l km` tol` blhj` dlsjh`j`h air tol plipcl woi wjcc jòmbjt tolspmkl. Ja tol djskjpcj`l ia cm`dskmpl mrkojtlkturl km` `d m wmy ti llktjvlcy kiffu`jkmtl jàirfmtji` j`m dlsjh`# tol` cm`dskmpl mrkojtlkts km` krlmtl eìwcldhl j` tol uslr.



:



=>

Ko t



==

Komptlr 27 Cjtlrmturl Rlvjlw

Blkmusl tol `mturl ia lxplrjl`kl m`d tol kiffu`jkmtji` ia jàirfmtji` mrl kifpclx jssuld# tolcjtlrmturl rlvjlw oms bll` briel` diw` j`ti torll kmtlhirjls wjto m` mddjtji`mc sy`tolsjs ti suffmrjzl mccia tol jàirfmtji` prlsl`tld.

/=* Dl`j`h Lxplrjl`kl ‛ Dl`j`h Cm`dskmpl Kih`jtji` m`d

Cm`dskmpl ms ^cmkl

/2* Lxplrjl`kl m`d jts [ikji&Kucturmc Qmrjmbcls

/;* Lxplrjl`tjmc Clmr`j`h

/4* [y`tolsjs

Dl`j`h Lxplrjl`kl ^cmkl Kih`jtji` m`d Cm`dskmpl ms ^cmkl



=2

Dl`j`h Lxplrjl`kl ‛ ^cmkl Kih`jtji` m`d Cm`dskmpl ms ^cmkl

Tol djskjpcj`l ia l`vjri`fl`tmc psykoicihy cl`ds jtslca ti bl lxtrlflcy uslauc j` dltlrfj`j`h tolbiu`dmrjls ia pcmkl air tol oufm` lxplrjl`kl blkmusl js aikusls i` oufm` u`dlrstm`dj`hs ia pcmkl.

Lxplrjl`kl m`d pcmkl mrl twi j`tlrtwj`ld ki`klpts tomt mrl mcfist j`slpmrmbcl. Lxplrjl`kl km`bl dlskrjbld ms –. . .m kivlr mcc tlrf air tol vmrjius fidls toriuho wojko m plrsi` eìws ojs wircd‖ m`dwol` dlskrjbj`h pcmkls# jt‚s kiffi` air plipcl ti tmce ia toljr lxplrjl`kls /Towmjtls# 2>=> m`d Tum`#=:8<*. Blkmusl lxplrjl`kls km` bl usld ti dl`l pcmkl# jt‚s jfpirtm`t ti u`dlrstm`d jt‚s rlcmtji`sojp tidlsjh`. J` tol biie# Tol ^sykoicihy ia ^cmkl# pcmkl js dl`ld ms tol rlsuct ia rlcmtji`sojps bltwll` mktji`s#ki``lktji`s# m`d poysjkmc mttrjbutls /Km`tlr =:88*. Tous# i`l km` sll tomt i`ls lxplrjl`kls /blj`h mktji`sm`d ki``lktji`s* mrl djrlktcy rlcmtld ti tol poysjkmc mttrjbutls m`d j`djvjdumc‚s plrklptji` ia pcmkl. ^lipcl

usl lxplrjl`kl ti ki`strukt pcmkl by j`tlrmktj`h m`d j`tlrprltj`h spmkls ivlr tjfl. ^lipcl u`dlrstm`dpcmkl vjsumccy m`d ki`klptumccy toriuho mktji` m`d ki``lktji` bujcdj`h but mcsi toriuho poysjkmcmttrjbutls# wojko mrl firl djrlkt /Tum`# =:8<*. Xjto mcc torll ia tolsl kifpi`l`ts tihltolr# plipcl tol`ki`strukt m` u`dlrstm`dj`h ia pcmkl mt djlrl`t skmcls air purpisls tomt mrl fist sujtmbcl ti toljr `llds.

Ti olcp jccustrmtl oiw pcmkl js dlvlcipld# jt‚s jfpirtm`t ti u`dlrstm`d tomt plipcl tl`d ti mttrjbutlflm`j`h ti pcmkls toriuho toljr lxplrjl`kls. Ti pmrtjkjpm`ts# lvlry pcmkl oms m stiry ti tlcc m`d tol cmyiut#

stycls m`d fmtlrjmcs tomt kifpisl m pcmkl km` bl rlmd by plipcl /Xmsslrfm`# =::?*. Tol flm`j`h plipclhjvl ti spmkl kifls arif tol oufm` priklssj`h ia lxplrjl`kls. Tojs ki`struktji` ia pcmkl toriuho lxpl&rjl`kl omppl`s i` m vmrjlty ia clvlcs m`d toriuho womt psykoicihjsts kmcc djlrl`t clvlcs m`d –torlmds‖ia lxplrjl`kl. Tolsl djlrl`t clvlcs ia lxplrjl`kls km` bl dl`ld ms7 vjsklrmc# blomvjirmc# m`d rllktjvl.Qjsklrmc lxplrjl`kls l`kifpmssls plrklptumc lxplrjl`kls tomt hjvl rjsl ti gudhfl`ts /hiid vs. bmd# smalvs. dm`hlrius*. Blomvjirmc lxplrjl`kls mrl lxplktmtji` drjvl`. Air lxmfpcl# pisjtjvl blomvjirmc lxplrj&l`kls mrl cmrhlcy bmsld i allcj`hs ia ki`tric m`d u`dlrstm`dj`h. Cmstcy# Rllktjvl Lxplrjl`kls mrl bmsldi` lfitji`s m`d j`tlcclktumc toiuhot tomt rlsucts arif priklssj`h sl`siry jàirfmtji` /Bjcdm# 2>>?*.



=;Ajh =7 Brmj` Ki``lktji`s /ottp7))kiffi`s.wjejfldjm.irh)wjej)Ajcl7Brmj`Yki``lktji`s.^@H*

Tol aiur –torlmds‖ ia lxplrjl`kl mrl7 Lfitji`mc# [l`sumc# Kifpisjtji`mc# m`d [pmtjitlfpirmc.



=4

p # # p # p pKih`jtjvlcy# plipcl usl tolsl lxplrjl`tjmc tiics ti fl`tmccy ki`strukt spmkl m`d irjl`t tolfslcvls. Tolsllxplrjl`tjmc qumcjtjls mrl mssikjmtld wjto poysjkmc mttrjbutls m`d mrl usld ti dl`l aiur kmtlhirjls iaspmkl7 tol kl`tlr# djrlktji`# trm`sjtji`# m`d mrlm. Tol kl`tlr js dl`ld ms tol subglktjvl spmtjmc plrklptjiìa tol j`djvjdumc. Tol djrlktji` js tol rlsuct ia tol kih`jtjvl fmppj`h ia tol eìw` kl`tlr ti tol lxtlr`mc)

uèìw`. Tol trm`sjtji` js ìtld ms tol pij`t ia tl`sji` mt tol Kl`tlr‚s biu`dmry m`d tol mrlm js dl`ldms tol –u`strukturld hriu`d wolrl kl`tlrs m`d djrlktji`s mrl firl priìu`kld.‖ Tol mbivl priklssj`hfltoids plipcl usl air u`dlrstm`dj`h pcmkl toriuho lxplrjl`kl mrl hjvl` m poysjkmc mppcjkmtji` wolì`l ki`sjdlrs oufm` irjl`tmtji`. Tol j`djvjdumc tmels kl`tlr# djrlktji`# trm`sjtji`# m`d mrlm ti fmel gudhl&fl`ts# airf allcj`hs# u`dlrstm`d# m`d hjvl flm`j`h ti spmkl m`d toljr lxplrjl`kls /Towmjtls# 2>=>*.

Tous# i`l km` ki`kcudl tomt tol poysjkmc mttrjbutls m`d kifpi`l`ts ia spmkls mrl jfpirtm`t bl&kmusl# mt tol fist au`dmfl`tmc clvlc# plipcl usl tolf air irjl`tmtji` m`d `mvjhmtji`. Tojs js rllktldtoriuho tol bujcdj`h ia kih`jtjvl fmps by plipcl. Kih`jtjvl fmppj`h js dl`ld ms –. . . m slrjls ia psykoi &cihjkmc trm`sairfmtji`s by wojko m` j`djvjdumc mkqujrls# kidls# stirls# rlkmccs# m`d dlkidls jàirfmtji`mbiut tol rlcmtjvl cikmtji`s m`d mttrjbutls ia polìfl`m j` ojs lvlrydmy spmtjmc l`vjri`fl`t.‖ m`d soiwstomt plipcl usl kih`jtjvl fmps ti u`dlrstm`d toljr rlmcjtjls /Diw`s# =:8;*. ^lipcl usl kih`jtjvl fmps jìrdlr ti u`dlrstm`d toljr rlcmtji`sojp ti tol poysjkmc l`vjri`fl`t /cikmccy m`d ki`tlxtumccy*.

Kih`jtjvl fmppj`h js lxtrlflcy rlclvm`t ti u`dlrstm`dj`h oiw plipcl lxplrjl`kl pcmkl blkmusl

oufm` spmtjmc blomvjir dlpl`ds i` m` j`djvjdumcs‚ kih`jtjvl fmp ia m pcmkl. J` tol airfmtji` ia kih`jtjvlfmps plipcl tl`d ti usl rimds m`d cm`dfmres ms tol bmsjs ia tol cmrhlr kih`jtjvl fmps m`d Cm`dskmplMrkojtlkts mci`h wjto dlsjh`lrs ia tolsl urbm` typicihjls iatl` dlsjh` tolsl urbm` spmkls /Cll# =:81*.

^lipcl tl`d usl tol kjrkucmtji` m`d rimd systlf ms tol bmsjk armflwire air u`dlrstm`dj`h l`vj&ri`fl`tmc rlcmtji`sojps. Ja tol systlfs mrl`‚t kclmr toly wjcc rlalr ti cm`dfmres m`d m`koir pij`ts j` irdlr ti airf jfmhls ia toljr cikmtji` j` m kjty /Cll# =:81*. Mddjtji`mccy# plipcl tl`d ti fmel –kih`jtjvl m`dblomvjirmc `lstj`h msslfbcjls‖ ia pcmkls mt djlrl`t skmcls. Kih`jtjvl `lstj`h msslfbcjls mrl u`dlrstiidti bl ki`klptumc ki`strukts ia spmkl wolrl l`tjtjls wjtoj` cmrhlr strukturls mrl pmrt ia toljr iw` ki`tlxts/Bmelr =:1?*.

Tol studjls i` oiw plipcl ki`klptumccy u`dlrstm`d spmkl mrl jfpirtm`t ti itl blkmusl



=<

cm`dskmpl mrkojtlkts omvl jùl`kl j` tol dlsjh` ia tol spmkls plipcl usl air irjl`tmtj`h m`d `mvjhm &tji`mc purpisls. Tojs js aurtolr strlssld wol` i`l ki`sjdlrs rlslmrko wojko soiws tomt plrklptji` js`‚tgust bmsld i` poysjkmc cm`dskmpl kifpi`l ts but js mcsi bmsld j` tol vmculs# pmst lxplrjl`kls# m`d sikji&kucturmc ki`djtji`j`h ia tol ibslrvlr /[kitt# 2>=2*. Tous# i`l km` ki`kcudl tomt wol` m pcmkl oms stri`hlr

lxplrjl`tjmc tjls ti jt# m` j`djvjdumc js mbcl ti bujcd m firl ribust kih`jtjvl fmp ia pcmkl.

Tol Qmrjmbcls ia [ikji&Kucturmc Lxplrjl`kls



=1

p

Qmrjmbcls j` lxplrjl`kl mrl jùl`kld by m` j`djvjdumcs bmkehriu`d . Qmrjmbcls j` lxplrjl`kl mrljùl`kld by hl`dlr# lto`jkjty)kucturmc mcjmtji`# mhl# m`d itolr fidls ia airfj`h jdl`tjtjls. Tous# j`

irdlr ti u`dlrstm`d tol dlfihrmpojk ricl ia lxplrjl`kl air tol prmktjkl ia cm`dskmpl mrkojtlkturl# tolslvmrjmbcls soiucd bl dl`ld.

J`djvjdumcs jòmbjtj`h urbm` m`d rurmc l`vjri`fl`ts usl djlrl`t tiics ti priklss jàirfmtji` j`toljr l`vjri`fl`t. Air urbm` rlsjdl`ts m`d rurmc rlsjdl`ts# studjls omvl soiw` tomt plipcl woi omvlspl`t tol fmgirjty ia toljr cjvls j` urbm` mrlms prlalrrld dlvlcipld pmres wojcl toisl arif suburbm`)ru&rmc bmkehriu`ds wlrl firl cjelcy ti prlalr mturmcjstjk l`vjri`fl`ts /^my`l# 2>>25 Qjrdl`# =:::5 Dwylr#

=:?2*. Tojs js aurtolr suppirtld j` tol biie \rbm` Airlstry# by Riblrt X. Fjcclr# wolrl jt wms ìtld tomturbm` rlsjdl`ts m`d toljr kiu`tlrpmrts omvl djlrl`t blomvjirmc lxplktmtji`s air iutdiir pcmkls. Fjcclr rlvlmcs tomt urbm` rlsjdl`ts prlalr ipl` spmkls air sikjmc j`tlrmktji` wojcl suburbm` m`d rurmc rlsjdl`tsusld ipl` spmkls ti hlt mwmy arif plipcl /Fjcclr# =::8*. Mddjtji`mccy# urbm` rlsjdl`ts di`‚t rlspi`dti `mturmc cm`dskmpls wjto dl`sl vlhltmtji` m`d tl`d ti sll tolf ms uèlfpt# vmculclss# ir arjhotl`j`h/Izhu`lr# 2>>15 my`l# 2>>25 Qjrdl`# =:::*. Aurtolrfirl# itolr studjls omvl soiw` tomt urbm` rlsjdl`tstl`d ti prlalr wlcc&fmj`tmj`ld iutdiir mrlms tomt j`kirpirmtl bujct almturls m`d tomt u`fm`mhld&dl`slcywiidld mrlms wlrl iatl` mssikjmtld wjto almrs ia poysjkmc dm`hlr air tolf /Tmcbit m`d Empcm`# =:?4*.

Oiwlvlr# tojs js`‚t ti smy tomt urbm` rlsjdl`ts di`‚t cjel `mturl. Tol jfpirtm`t amktir js tol somplm`d airf ia tol l`vjri`fl`t. Blkmusl tol l`vjri`fl`t js priklssld j` djlrl`t wmys by urbm` m`d rurmcrlsjdl`ts# plipcl arif tolsl djlrl`t bujct m`d u`bujct l`vjri`fl`ts usl djlrl`t tiics ti u`dlrstm`dtoljr surriu`dj`hs. I`l study jccustrmtld oiw j`djvjdumcs arif urbm` mrlms tl`d ti prjfmrjcy rlcy i` tol uslia pmrmcclc cj`ls ti msslss djstm`kl wojcl plipcl arif rurmc mrlms tl`d ti usl tol sjzl ia ibglkts ti mkklssdjstm`kls /Xojtloiusl# 2>>>*. Mddjtji`mccy# `mturl js mktumccy prlalrrld j` urbm` mrlms by urbm` rlsjdl`ts#

ms lvjdl`t by tol fist kiffi` kifpcmj`ts arif urbm` rlsjdl`ts wojko tl`d ti aikus i` cmke ia trlls m`dhrll`lry /Tmcbit# =:?4*.



=8Jfh ;7 Dl`sl Qlhltmtji` wjtoj` [m` Arm`kjski‚s Hicdl` Hmtl ^mre /ottp7))kiffi`s.wjejfldjm.irh)wjej)Ajcl7[m`Yarm`kjskiYmtY`jhotYarifYtwj`Yplmes.gph*

[tudjls omvl soiw` tomt j`krlmsl j` mhl kirrlcmtls wjto dlkrlmsld pmrtjkjpmtji` j` iutdiir tj /^ * Kojcd t d t j c j a t j h j t to to



=?

rlkrlmtji` /^my`l# 2>>8*. Kojcdrl` tl`d ti lxplrjl`kl pcmkl ms m slrjls ia stippj`h pij`ts rmtolr tom`mducts woi lxplrjl`kl pcmkl ms m ki`tjùius strlmf arif pij`t M ti pij`t B. Xjto mhl# ms fibjcjty dlkrlms&ls# tol rm`hl ia m` j`djvjdumcs l`vjri`fl`tmc lxplrjl`kl js rldukld# fmej`h sfmcc dltmjcs j` m` j`djvjdumclxplrjl`kl firl sjh`jkm`t /[jfej`s# 2>>?*.

Xol` ki`sjdlrj`h lto`jkjty)kucturmc bmkehriu`d i`l soiucd pmy mttl`tji` ti tol wmy j` wojkoplipcl ia vmrjius bmkehriu`ds plrkljvl m`d j`tlrmkt wjto spmkl m`d lmko itolr. Bcmkes# Msjm`s# m`d Cmtj&ìs tl`d ti prlalr hriup mktjvjtjls j` ipl` spmkls wojcl Kmukmsjm`s tl`d ti prlalr j`djvjdumc mktjvjtjls cjelojej`h m`d sejj`h wolrl toly km` lxplrjl`kl –slkcudld `mturl‖ /Outkojsi`# =:?85 Kii`# 2>>=5 m`d Bry`l#2>>:*. Tous# wol` jt kifls ti tol usl ia iutdiir spmkls# Mflrjkm` lto`jk fjìrjtjls prlalr hriup mktjvj&tjls j` iutdiir spmkls wjto mfpcl amkjcjtjls tomt privjdl ippirtu`jtjls air sikjmc l`hmhlfl`t /Outkojsi`#=:?8 m`d Bry`l# 2>>:*. Xjto rlhmrds ti tol sompl# airf# m`d stycl ia cm`dskmpl# j` i`l study ia u`dlvlc&

ipld `mturmc mrlms j` Cis M`hlcls# jt wms aiu`d tomt ciw j`kifl Bcmkes# Cmtjìs# m`d Msjm`s wlrl sjh`j &km`tcy clss cjelcy ti vjsjt u`dlvlcipld mrlms tom` toljr Kmukmsjm` kiu`tlrpmrts /Bur`s# 2>>?*. Mcsi# usl m`dprlalrl`kl ia urbm` pmres djlr mfi`h Mflrjkm` lto`jk hriups# tol cmrhl fmgirjty ia Kmukmsjm`s tomt uslpmres ljtolr kifl mci`l ir wjto i`l itolr plrsi` air mktjvl&j`djvjdumc rlkrlmtji` /gihhj`h# bjkykcj`h# dihwmcej`h# ltk.* wojcl Bcmkes# Cmtjìs# m`d Msjm`s mcc tl`d ti kifl j` irhm`jzld hriups m`d tl`d ti usl pmresair pmssjvl sikjmc mktjvjty /pjk`jkej`h# sikjmcjzj`h# alstjvmcs# pmrtjls# spirts# ltk.*. Tous# mrlms tomt privjdlhriup mktjvjtjls# firl mvmjcmbcl amkjcjtjls# ltk. wiucd omvl ojholr vmculs air fjìrjty hriups ivlr pcmkls

tomt mrl dlsjh`ld air j`djvjdumc mktjvjtjls /Bry`l# 2>>:5 Hibstlr# 2>>25 Qjrdl`# =:::5 ltk*.

Hl`dlr mcsi pcmys m ricl j` lxplrjl`kl m`d plrklptji`. [tudjls omvl aiu`d tomt ms hl`lrmc rucls /Ei&plk# 2>>1 m`d Fizj`hi# =:?:*7

& Fl` kcmjf cmrhlr tlrrjtirjls tom` wifl`& Fl` prlalr hrlmtlr j`tlrplrsi`mc djstm`kls tom` wifl`& Xifl` lxplrjl`kl firl lhmtjvl fiids j` ciw spmtjmc dl`sjty ki`djtji`s& Fl` rlqujrl firl plrsi`mc spmkl

& Xifl` tl`d ti koiisl firl kifpclx riutls tol` fl`& Xifl` omvl sfmcclr plrsi`mc spmkl bubbcls& Xifl` tl`d ti fivl j` hriups rmtolr tom` mci`l& Xol` mci`l# wifl` tl`d ti kcustlr tihltolr

Tojs rlslmrko soiws tomt fl` m`d wifl` omvl djlrl`t spmtjmc `llds tomt clmd ti djlrl`t pclm &surmbcl lxplrjl`kls Oiwlvlr wifl`‚s spmtjmc prlalrl`kls m`d koisl` mktjvjtjls mrl mcsi jùl`kld by



=:

surmbcl lxplrjl`kls. Oiwlvlr# wifl`‚s spmtjmc prlalrl`kls m`d koisl` mktjvjtjls mrl mcsi jùl`kld byoiw smal toly allc/Qjrdl`# =:::*. Xifl` j` pubcjk spmkls usl mdmptjvl blomvjirs ti try m`d mssurl smaltyair tolfslcvls. Tolsl blomvjirs j`kcudl7 kom`hj`h i`ls mttjrl# fi`jtirj`h tol l`vjri`fl`t# clttj`h plipcleìw wolrl toly wjcc bl# trmvlcj`h j` hriups# ltk. J` m study ia tol urbm` iutdiirs j` Mrjzi`m# i`l wifm`

j`tlrvjlwld j` tol survly itld olr prlalrl`kl air tol spmkls wms blkmusl –Jt‚s smalr olrl# firl plipclm`d clss trmk‖ /Xlslcy# 2>>4*.

\`dlrstm`dj`h oiw sikji&kucturmc vmrjmbcls jùl`kl m` j`djvjdumc‚s lxplrjl`kl ia pcmkl js jfpir &tm`t blkmusl plipcl ia djlrl`t bmkehriu`ds omvl djlrl`t lxplrjl`kls. J` irdlr ti auccy ki`sjdlr toljfpmkt ia i`l‚s dlsjh`# jt‚s jfpirtm`t ti ki`sjdlr oiw spmkls omvl bll` lxplrjl`kld m`d rlalrl`kld . Jai`l amjcs ti mkkiffidmtl tol spmtjmc `llds ia tol uslr# dlsjh` i`cy air trmdjtji`mc uslrs ia pcmkl# m`d i`cymcciw riif air tol dlsjh`lrs plrsplktjvl tol` tol himc ia tol dlsjh` fmy hi ivlrciield blkmusl djlrl`t

plipcl omvl djlrl`t spmtjmc `llds.

Jfh 47 M amfjcy iuttj`h j` m pmre j` Mcbuqulrqul# @F

Lxplrjl`tjmc Clmr`j`h



2>

Lxplrjl`kl&bmsld clmr`j`h js ki`sjdlrld ti bl tol lmrcjlst mpprimko ti clmr`j`h air oufm`s. Tojs jsblkmusl clmr`j`h fist kiffi`cy ikkurs wol` m plrsi` j`tlrmkts wjto ir js stjfucmtld by toljr l`vjri`&fl`t /Om`sl`# 2>>>*. Lxplrjl`tjmc Clmr`j`h Toliry dl`ls clmr`j`h ms tol priklss wolrl eìwcldhl js

krlmtld toriuho tol trm`sairfmtji` Upriklssj`hV ia lxplrjl`kl /Ecib# 2>>=*. ^lipcl clmr` arif toljr lxpl&rjl`kls toriuho7 ibslrvmtji`# mktji`# m`d)ir –cjvj`h toriuho toj`hs‖ /Om`sl`# 2>>>*. Oiwlvlr# dlpl`dj`hi` m` j`djvjdumcs prjir lxplrjl`kls m`d bmkehriu`ds# tol smfl stjfucj fjhot mlkt tolf djlrl`tcy tom`mìtolr j`djvjdumc.

Tol mvmjcmbcl eìwcldhl m` j`djvjdumc oms mbiut m ej`d ia stjfucj ir l`vjri`fl`t jùl`kls tomtplrsi`s lxplrjl`kl. Arif tojs# rlslmrkolrs omvl rl`ld tol tlrfs ia lxplrt m`d ìvjkl bmsld i` m`

j`djvjdumc‚s clvlc ia lxplrjl`kl. J` tol kmsl ia Cm`dskmpl Mrkojtlkturl# tol lxplrts wiucd bl trmj`ldcm`dskmpl mrkojtlkts wojcl ìvjkls wiucd bl cmyfl`. Lxplrjl`tjmc djlrl`kls bltwll` Lxplrts m`d@ivjkls mrl /Kiffjttll i` Dlvlcipfl`ts j` tol [kjl`kl ia Clmr`j`h# 2>>>*7

& Lxplrts itjkl almturls m`d flm`j`hauc pmttlr`s ia jàirfmtji` tomt mrl it ìtjkld by ivjkls &Lxplrtsomvlmkqujrldmhrlmtdlmciaki`tl`teìwcldhltomtjsirhm jzldj wmystomtrllktm

dllp u`dlrstm`dj`h ia toljr subglkt fmttlr & Lxplrts‚ eìwcldhl km`ìt bl rldukld ti slts ia jsicmtld amkts ir pripisjtji`s but# j`stlmd#

rllktski`tlxtsiamppcjkmbjcjty7tomtjs#tole iwcldhljs–ki`djtji`mcjzld‖i msltia

kjrkufstm`kls &Lxplrtsmrlmbcltilxjbcyrltrjlvljfpirtm`tmsplktsiatoljreìwcldhlwjtocjttclmttl`tji`mc

lirt

& Toiuho lxplrts eìw toljr djskjpcj`ls toiriuhocy# tojs dils it humrm`tll tomt toly mrl mbcl titlmko itolrs.

&Lxplrtsomvlvmryj hclvlcsialxjbjcjtyj toljrmpprimkoti lwsjtumtji`s‖

Oiwlvlr# rlhji`mc kucturmc djlrl`kls mrl`‚t tol i`cy jssuls tomt `lld ti bl ki`sjdlrld# si dihl`dlr m`d lto`jk&kucturmc djlrl`kls j` plrklptji` m`d prlalrl`kl Djlrl`t lto`jkjtjls omvl djlrl`t



2=

hl`dlr m`d lto`jk kucturmc djlrl`kls j` plrklptji` m`d prlalrl`kl. Djlrl`t lto`jkjtjls omvl djlrl`tplrklptji`s m`d prlalrl`kls air spmkl bmsld i kucturmc vmculs)jdl`tjtjls. Jt‚s bll` dikufl`tld tomtkmukmsjm`s tl`d ti prlalr mktjvjtjls cjel ojej`h# sejj`h# ltk. blkmusl fm`y kmukmsjm`s kifl arif j`djvjdu&mcjstjk kucturls. I` tol itolr om`d# fm`y lto`jk fjìrjtjls j` tol \[ tl`d ti prlalr hriup rlkrlmtji` mktjvj&

tjls blkmusl Bcmkes# Cmtjìs m`d Msjm`s tl`d ti kifl arif kicclktjvjst kucturls /Kmrsi`# 2>>:5 Hibstlr#2>>25 Outkoj`si`# =:?85 Bry`l# 2>>:*. Blkmusl ia ltoì&kucturmc djlrl`kls# rlslmrko oms soiw` tomtpmttlr`s ia rlkrlmtji` j` urbm` pmres m`d `mturmc mrlms mrl cmrhlcy jùl`kld by tol typls ia ippirtu`j&tjls prlsl`tld# tol mfiu`t ia spmkl mvmjcmbcl /Mflrjkm` fjìrjtjls tl`d ti vjsjt pmres m`d `mturmc mrlms j`hriupj`hs tomt km` bl up ti =>% flfblrs*# m`d tol typls ia mktjvjtjls pursuld /Hibstlr# 2>>2 m`d Bry`l#2>>:*. Mddjtji`mccy# wjto rlhmrds ti dlsjh` stycls m`d mlstoltjks# jt‚s jfpirtm`t ti ìtl tomt djlrl`t kif &fu`jtjls omvl djlrl`t rlcmtji`sojps ti djlrl`t stycls tomt i`l `llds ti bl mwmrl ia. J` m` ipl` clttlr ti tol \`jvlrsjty ia Qjrhj`jm 2< flfblrs ia jts Mrkojtlkturl amkucty spiel ia toljr pisjtji`s tiwmrds `lw

kmfpus dlvlcipfl`ts j` m Gllrsi`jm` stycl. Tol amkucty lxpcmj`ld tomt tol Gllrsi`jm` stycl oms m djlr &l`t flm`j`h ti Marjkm` Mflrjkm`s# tomt tolsl stycls lflrhld j` m djlrl`t tjfl wol` plipcl toiuhot vlrydjlrl`tcy# m`d j` m kom`hj`h Mflrjkm jssuls ia sl`sjtjvjty fmy bl j`vicvld wjto stycls ia dlvlcipfl`t bl&kmusl sjh`s m`d syfbics usld j` dlsjh` km` flm` djlrl`t toj`hs ti djlrl`t kiffu`jtjls/Lpstlj`# 2>><*.

Blkmusl jt js privl` tomt plipcl clmr` arif lxplrjl`kl# lxplrjl`tjmc clmr`j`h toliry km` slrvl m kru&kjmc ricl j` olcpj`h Cm`dskmpl Mrkojtlkts dlsjh` rjko m`d flm`j`hauc spmkls. Ja cm`dskmpl mrkojtlkts km` dl&



22

kjmc ricl j` olcpj`h Cm`dskmpl Mrkojtlkts dlsjh` rjko m`d flm`j`hauc spmkls. Ja cm`dskmpl mrkojtlkts km` dlsjh` ippirtu`jtjls air flm`j`hauc lxplrjl`kls# toly km` lòm`kl uslr lxplrjl`kl m`d usl toljr dlsjh`s tirlcmy jàirfmtji` ti tol uslr mbiut toljr dlsjh` j`tl`t. Toly km` olcp pmrtjkjpm`ts `d m dllplr flm`j`h)dlvlcip m dllplr u`dlrstm`dj`h ia pcmkl. Tous# tol dlsjh`lr soiucd wire i` `mrriwj`h tol hmp bltwll`

tol dlsjh`lr m`d tol uslr ja i`l slles ti bujcd eìwcldhl j` tol pmrtjkjpm`t. Tojs mppcjls ti mcc slttj`hs#`mturmc m`d urbm`. J` Blmrd m`d Xjcsi`‚s biie Lxplrjl`tjmc Clmr`j`h# toly lxpcmj` tomt –tol urbm` l`vjri`&fl`t j`kcudls biccmrds# kurbs# cmfppists# pmvlfl`ts# trlls# huttlrs# m`d bl`kols air j`ìvmtjvl usl j`lxplrjl`tjmc prihrmfs‖ /Blmrd# 2>>1*. Tolrl mrl ippirtu`jtjls air dlsjh`lrs ti usl toljr l`vjri`fl`ts tikrlmtl clmr`j`h lxplrjl`kls j` mcc l`vjri`fl`ts.

Ajh 2. Eìwlcdhl# Ibslrvmtji`# Rlmcjty /ottp7))kiffi`s.wjejfldjm.irh)wjej)Ajcl7Eìwcldhl#Yibslrvmtji`Y

m`dYrlmcjty.svh*

[y`tolsjs



2;

–Tol fist jfpirtm`t msplkt ia m`y dlsjh` js oiw jt js u`dlrstiid j` tol fj`ds ia tol mudjl`kl‖/[oldri# 2>>=*. Krlmtj`h m aiu`dmtji` air u`dlrstm`dj`h oiw tol pmrtjkjpm`ts ia dlsjh`ld spmkls wjcc plr &

kljvl tol spmkl js m krjtjkmc kifpi`l`t ia tol dlsjh` priklss. Ja i`l dils`‚t mkkiu`t air tol spmtjmc kifpi&`l`ts ia l`vjri`fl`tmc plrklptji`# sikji&kucturmc mttrjbutls# m`d oiw tol lxplrjl`kl ia pcmkl js j`kirpi&rmtld j`ti m` j`djvjdumcs rlmcjty toriuho kiffu`jkmtji` m`d clmr`j`h# tol` m` ippirtu`jty air flm`j`haucl`hmhlfl`t wjto tol pmrtjkjpm`t js cist.

Ja tol pmrtjkjpm`t dils`‚t u`dlrstm`d ir rlkih`jzl msplkts ia toljr lxplrjl`kl tol` toly km`‚t hjvlflm`j`h ti jt wojko j` tur` fmels jt djkuct ti omvl sjh`jkm`kl. Dlsjh`s km` blkifl firl l`hmhj`h m`dbl usld ms m siurkl air clmr`j`h m`d krlmtj`h eìwcldhl j` tol pmrtjkjpm`t by dlsjh`j`h flm`j`hauc lxplrj&l`kls toly‚d omvl j` pcmkl. L`vjri`fl`tmc ^sykoicihy mjds i`l j` u`dlrstm`dj`h tol spmtjmc djfl`sji`s iapcmkl# sikji&kucturmc rlslmrko soiws oiw plipcl ia djlrl`t bmkehriu`ds omvl djlrl`t prlalrl`kls m`dplrklptji`s ia pcmkl# wojcl Lxplrjl`tjmc Clmr`j`h Toliry rlvlmcs oiw plipcl clmr` arif toljr lxplrjl`kls.Xjto tojs jàirfmtji` j` om`d# i`l km` tol` blhj` ti u`dlrstm`d oiw jfpirtm`t jt js ti ki`sjdlr tol pmrtjkj&pm`t lxplrjl`kl j` tol dlsjh` priklss.



24

Komptlr ;7 Fltoids



2<

p ;

Ms m pripisld fltoidicihy air j`vlstjhmtj`h woltolr cm`dskmpls lxplrjl`kls km` bl lòm`kldtoriuho tol kiffu`jkmtji` ia jàirfmtji` i` m sjtl# tol cjtlrmturl rlvjlw suhhlst tomt tolrl mrl vl prj&fmry mpprimkols tomt km` bl usld j` m cm`dskmpl dlsjh` prmktjkl. Tol pitl`tjmc lxjsts ti j`krlmsl tol qumc&jty ia spmkls cm`dskmpl mrkojtlkts usl ti kiffu`jkmtl jàirfmtji` spmtjmccy ti mudjl`kls. Tol vl tolirjlsm`d mpprimkols air tol dlsjh` prmktjkl mrl7

/=* Lxplrjl`tjmc Clmr`j`h % Jàirfmtji` Dlsjh`

/2* Lxplrjl`kl Bmsld)Cm`dskmpl Lxplrjl`kl Dlsjh`

/;* Lxojbjtji` Dlsjh`

/4* [y`tolsjs7 Tol Lxplrjl`tjmc Cm`dskmpl Mpprimko

J` irdlr ti mddrlss Mflrjkms ki`tjùj`h dlfihrmpojk sojats# m` m`mcysjs ia m sujtmbcl sjtl usj`hdjvlrsjty# urbm`lss# m`d lxjstj`h ipl` spmkl slrvl ms m fidlc air auturl sjtl dlvlcipfl`t ti tlst ippirtu&`jtjls m`d llktjvl`lss ia lxplrjl`tjmc dlsjh`.

Tol Mppcjkmtji` ia Lxplrjl`tjmc Clmr`j`h Toliry % Jàirfmtji` Dlsjh`



21

Lxplrjl`tjmc clmr`j`h toliry privjdls uslauc suhhlstji`s air dlvlcipj`h prj`kjpcls bmsld i` lxjstj`hpmttlr`s m`d pmrtjkjpm`t bmkehriu`ds.

Lxplrjl`tjmc clmr`j`h# dl`ld ms tol sl`sl&fmej`h priklss ia mktjvl l`hmhlfl`t bltwll` tolj``lr&wircd ia tol plrsi` m`d tol iutlr wircd ia tol l`vjri`fl`t m`d oms sjh`jkm`t mppcjkmbjcjty ti toldlsjh` priklss. Lxplrjl`tjmc clmr`j`h toliry mttlfpts ti mddrlss oufm` clmr`j`h by rlspi`dj`h ti tol dja&alrl`t wmys j` wojko plipcl plrkljvl m`d clmr` arif stjfucj /Blmrd# 2>>1*. \`dlrstm`dj`h tomt clmr`j`h jsm au`ktji` ia oufm` blomvjir m`d tol l`vjri`fl`t# jt‚s ìt surprjsj`h tomt –. . . Cjvj`h js tol blst fltoidia clmr`j`h‖ /Om`sl`# 2>>> m`d Gmkibsi`# 2>>>*.

Clmr`j`h tmels pcmkl wol` m plrsi` j`tlrmkts wjto ir js stjfucmtld by m` l`vjri`fl`t ir sjtumtji`s.

Bmkehriu`d m`d amfjcjmrjty wjto jàirfmtji` l`mbcls plipcl ti cjè uàmfjcjmr jàirfmtji` wjto lxjstj`heìwcldhl. Tojs priklss rlsucts j` m` ldukmtji`mc lxplrjl`kl /Om`sl`# 2>>> m`d [krlvl`# 2>>>*. Blkmuslplipcl lfpciy djlrl`t clmr`j`h stycls ti u`dlrstm`d jàirfmtji`# m vmrjlty ia flm`s ti l`hmhl jàirfm&tji` `lld ti bl krlmtld j` irdlr air clmr`lrs ti mkklss jàirfmtji` bmsld i` toljr prlalrl`kls. Aurtolr&firl# blkmusl lxplrjl`kl dltlrfj`ls oiw stjfucj mrl plrkljvld m`d u`dlrstiid# jt‚s jfpirtm`t ti eìw jatol pmrtjkjpm`ts mrl lxplrts ir ìvjkls. Ja tol pmrtjkjpm`ts mrl ìvjkls firl mttl`tji` `llds ti bl aikusldi` cjèj`h tol `lw jàirfmtji` prlsl`tld wjto m` lxjstj`h eìwcldhl bmsl /Brm`saird# 2>>>*.

Jfh. <7 Twi [omrp Bl`ds /ottp7))kiffi`s.wjejfldjm.irh)wjej)Ajcl7TwiY[omrpYBl`dsY&Yhlihrmpo.irh.ueY&

Y=4;;=<.gph*

Tol Kiffjttll i` tol Dlvlcipfl`ts j` tol [kjl`kl ia Clmr`j`h omvl dl`ld womt toly kmcc Eìwc &ldhl Kl`tlrld L`vjri`fl`ts. Eìwcldhl Kl`tlrld L`vjri`fl`ts mrl spmkls tomt olcp plipcl u`dlrstm`d

j a tj b j j e c d t b jcd e c d /K jtt to D c t



28

`lw jàirfmtji` by usj`h prlvjius eìwcldhl ti bujcd lw eìwcldhl /Kiffjttll i` tol Dlvlcipfl`tsj` tol [kjl`kl ia Clmr`j`h# 2>>>*. Xjto tojs# m cjst ia skoiic dlsjh` prj`kjpcls bmsld i brmj`&bmsld clmr`j`hrlslmrko oms bll` dlvlcipld /Blmrd# 2>>1*. Tol suhhlstld skoiic dlsjh` prj`kjpcls mrl7

& rivjdl rjko m`d stjfucmtj`h l`vjri`fl`ts air studl`ts ti omvl ki``lktji`s m`d iw`lrsojp& rivjdl pcmkls air hriup clmr`j`h & Cjè j`diir m`d iutdiir spmkls& \sl kirrjdirs m`d pubcjk spmkls ms syfbics ia tol skoiic kiffu`jty‚s cmrhlr purpisl ti privjdl kiolrl`ky m`d

flm`j`h & rivjdlmvmrjltyiapcmklstil`hmhldjlrl`tclmr`j hstycls

& rivjdlkom`hj hdjspcmys‛privjdlsjh`jkm`tkom`hlsj toll`vjri`fl`t& Omvl mcc tol `lklssmry rlsiurkls mvmjcmbcl

&^rivjdllxjbjcjty& rivjdl mktjvl m`d pmssjvl spmkls& rivjdl plrsi`mcjzld spmkls

& Dlsjh` l`vjri`fl`ts tomt mrl cjal ci`h clmr`j`h kl`tlrs

Tolsl prj`kjpcls mrl mppcjkmbcl ti lxplrjl`tjmc clmr`j`h toliry blkmusl tol djskjpcj`l rlkih`jzlstomt iutdiir l`vjri`fl`ts omvl pcmyld m sjh`jkm`t ricc j` privjdj`h pcmkls air plipcl ti clmr`. Mddjtji`mc&cy# tol urbm` l`vjri`fl`t km` bl usld ms m clmr`j`h l`vjri`fl`t tomt almturls7 biccmrds# kurbs# cmfppists#

pmvlfl`t# trlls# huttlrs m`d bl`kols. Mcc tolsl lclfl`ts km` mcc bl usld air j`ìvmtjvl usl j` lxplrjl`tjmcprihrmfs /Blmrd# 2>>1*.

Jàirfmtji` dlsjh` kifpcjfl`ts lxplrjl`tjmc clmr`j`h toliry by privjdj`h m fldjuf m`d priklssair krlmtj`h jàirfmtji` m`d eìwcldhl. Jàirfmtji` dlsjh` js dl`ld ms tol –systlfmtjk mrrm`hlfl`tm`d usl ia kiffu`jkmtji` kmrrjlrs# kom``lcs m`d tiel`s ti j`krlmsl tol u`dlrstm`dj`h ia toisl pmrtjkjpmt&j`h j` m splkjk ki`vlrsmtji`‖ /Gmkibsi`# 2>>>*. Jàirfmtji` dlsjh` js typjkmccy mppcjld ti djskjpcj`ls cjelpridukt dlsjh` m`d j`tlrmktjvl dlsjh`. Tol himc ia tolsl dlsjh`s js ti krlmtl7 fmcclmbcl# l`hmhj`h# rlspi`&

sjvl# j`tl`tauc# pmìrmfjk# trm`skl`dl`t dlsjh`s wjto tol pitl`tjmc air iw`lrsojp /Dlrvj`# 2>>>*. Blkmusltol himcs ia jàirfmtji` dlsjh` mrl dl`ld by tol oufm` lxplrjl`kl# jàirfmtji` dlsjh`lrs omvl rlkih&`jzld tomt dlsjh` sicutji`s km` i`cy bl priplrcy msslssld by pitl`tjmc uslrs /^mssj`j# 2>>>*. Ms pmrt ia mfltoidicihy# jàirfmtji` dlsjh` km` bl usld ti irhm`jzl m`d strukturl tol jàirfmtji` m`d flssmhlsprlsl`tld toriuho tol dlsjh` ia uslr lxplrjl`kls.

Jàirfmtji` dlsjh` j` mrkojtlkturmc djskjpcj`ls js kmccld wmy`dj`h. Oiwlvlr# wmy`dj`h js firltom` tol usl ia sjh`mhl ti j`djkmtl oiw plipcl j` m spmkl soiucd rlmd jàirfmtji`. ^lipcl prjfmrjcy rlcyi` mrkojtlkturmc m`d spmtjmc almturls air spmtjmc jàirfmtji` m`d kih`jtjvl irjl`tmtji` Tojs js rllktld



2?

i` mrkojtlkturmc m`d spmtjmc almturls air spmtjmc jàirfmtji` m`d kih`jtjvl irjl`tmtji`. Tojs js rllktldj` ùflrius kifpcmj`ts arif hrmpojk dlsjh`lrs m`d bujcdj`h fm`mhlrs woi ìtl tomt plipcl di`‚t pmymttl`tji` ti sjh`s /^mssj`j# 2>>>*. Tol smfl `dj`hs wlrl trul j` trmk l`hj`llrj`h m`d trm`spirtmtji`

pcm``j`h. Air lxmfpcl drjvlrs rlcy i` plrklptumc kuls air `mvjhmtji` m`d i&rimd stjfucj oms m sjh`jkm`tllkt i` trmk plrairfm`kl /Elfp# =:?1*. Tol jfpirtm`kl ia mrkojtlkturmc spmkl ms m mvjhmtji`mc m`dirjl`tmtj`h tiic js krukjmc ti oiw plipcl u`dlrstm`d spmkl. ûccj`h arif l`vjri`fl`tmc psykoicihy# i`lkm` usl tol djskjpcj`l‚s dl`jtji`s ia spmtjmc u`dlrstm`dj`h ti dlvlcip llktjvl wmy`dj`h m`d jàirfm &tjvl dlvjkls.

Jàirfmtji` dlsjh`lrs pisjt tomt m ùfblr ia dlsjh` strmtlhjls km` mjd uslrs j` tol firl lkjl`tm`d jàirfmtjvl usl ia spmkl. I`l ia tol strmtlhjls js ti jdl`tjay tol cikmtji`s ia fmj` mkklss pij`ts j` m

slttj`h m`d# arif tol pmrtjkjpm`t‚s pij`t ia vjlw# tol ely au`ktji`s ia tol spmkl. Blkmusl plipcl wjcc airfkih`jtjvl fmps# woltolr tol dlsjh` j`kirpirmtld i`l j` tol pcm``j`h priklss ir ìt# tol kih`jtjvl fmpfust bl dlsjh`ld blairl om`d. Jt‚s jfpirtm`t ti dlsjh` pcmkls tomt pridukl sicjd kih`jtjvl fmps j` irdlr ti mjd plipcl j` toljr u`dlrstm`dj`h ia tol spmkls toly jòmbjt. Tous# tol mrtjkucmtji` ia fmgir lclfl`tsrlcmtld ti wmy`dj`h /l`trm`kls# j`tlrslktji`s# kjrkucmtji`# ltk.* mrl j`krldjbcy jfpirtm`t.



2:

Lxplrjl`kl Bmsld)Cm`dskmpl Lxplrjl`kl Dlsjh`



;>

[jfjcmr ti jàirfmtji` dlsjh`# lxplrjl`kl bmsld dlsjh` js typjkmccy usld j` pridukt dlsjh` djskj&pcj`ls. Lxplrjl`kl bmsld dlsjh` oiwlvlr# slles ti omvl m brimdlr mpplmc ti m vmrjlty ia djskjpcj`ls. Lxpl&

rjl`kl bmsld dlsjh` js aikusld i` uslr lxplrjl`kls m`d kmccs air m slrjls ia dlsjh` strmtlhjls tomt km` blusld j` dlsjh` prmktjkls. Lxplrjl`kl dlsjh` lfpomsjzls tol jfpirtm`kl ia ki``lktj`h flm`j`h ti dlsjh`toriuho krlmtj`h rlclvm`kl ti tol pmrtjkjpm`t‚s iw` cjal m`d vmculs. Lxplrjl`kl dlsjh` kcmjfs tomt flm`j`hjs tol fist jfpirtm`t msplkt ia m`y lxplrjl`kl /[oldri# 2>>=*.

Lxplrjl`kl bmsld dlsjh` kmccs air tol j`kirpirmtji` ia sjx ely djfl`sji`s ia lxplrjl`kl7 brlmdto#j`tl`sjty# durmtji`# trjhhlrs# j`tlrmktji` m`d sjh`jkm`kl. Tolsl kifpi`l`ts km` bl usld ti olcp toldlsjh`lr u`dlrstm`d oiw tol dlsjh` fmy bl lxplrjl`kld by tol pmrtjkjpm`t. Mddjtji`mccy# lxplrjl`klbmsld dlsjh` l`kiurmhls lxplrjl`kls tomt mrl sukjl`tcy djlrl`t arif lvlrydmy lxplrjl`kls# –. . . ja tollxplrjl`kl i`cy slrvls ti ki`rf si mcrlmdy olcd blcjlas jt wjcc bl j`tlrprltld ms suppirtj`h tol lxjstj`hkih`jtjvl stmtus qui m`d cjttcl mttl`tji` wjcc bl pmjd ti jt. Ja wl di ìt pmy mttl`tji` ti tol ippirtu`jty air `lw clmr`j`h# jt wjcc ìt omppl`‖ /Blmrd# 2>>1*. Tous# lxplrjl`kl bmsld dlsjh` iutcj`ls m slrjls ia ippir&tu`jtjls air dlsjh`lrs7 slduktji`# usmbjcjty# uslr blomvjir# flm`j`h# m`d mwmrl`lss5 mcc ms pmrt air j`tlramkldlsjh` strmtlhjls /[oldri# 2>>=*. Tolsl qumcjtjls ia m dlsjh` mrl mcc usld ti l`hmhl tol pmrtjkjpm`t# fmj` &tmj` toljr mttl`tji`# m`d dlcjvlr m flssmhl)mkojlvl m` iutkifl arif tol pmrtjkjpm`t.

Jt‚s jfpirtm`t ti ìtl tomt blkmusl tol oufm` lxplrjl`kl oms spmtjmc djfl`sji`s# klrtmj` spmtjmcki`hurmtji`s fmy bl firl bl`lkjmc ti oufm` lxplrjl`kls ia tol l`vjri`fl`t tom` itolrs. J` tol lxpl&rjl`tjmc cm`dskmpl# plipcl plrklptjvl spmkl j` aiur prjfmry typls7 Kl`tlr# Djrlktji`# Trm`sjtji` m`d Mrlm.Mddjtji`mccy# plipcl kmtlhirjzl pcmkls m`d jdl`tjay prifj`l`kl bmsld i` sikjmc jflmhlmbjcjty# kmpmkjty tiilr rlstirmtjvl ippirtu`jtjls# m`d sikjmc j`tlrmktji`)tlrrjtirjmcjty /Towmjtls# 2>>8*. Tol dlsjh`ld lxplrj&l`kls `lld ti bl sukjl`tcy djlrl`t tom` tol surriu`dj`h l`vjri`fl`t ia tol lxplrjl`kl ti oicd tolmttl`tji` ia tol mudjl`kl ir uslr ms wlcc ms kih`jtjvlcy jfpirtm`t /ir rlclvm`t* lìuho air tolf ti ki`&tjùl tol lxplrjl`kl /mcrlmdy stmtld* /[oldri# 2>>=*.Tojs js lxlfpcjld j` studjls wojko soiw tomt stri`hvjsumc dlvjkls# suko ms cm`dfmre almturls# mrl jfpirtm`t blkmusl toly olcp lfpomsjzl m sl`sl ia djrlk&tji` ms wlcc ms privjdj`h irjl`tmtji` /Towmjtls# 2>>8*.Tous# ms pmrt ia tol dlsjh` priklss# jt‚s jfpirtm`t tifmel trm`sjtji`s j`ti tol dlsjh`ld spmkl wjtoj` m cmrhlr mrlm but tol dlsjh`ld spmkl `llds ti bl djlrl`tj` jts sjtl mrlm# kl`tlr# djrlktji`# ltk. Tojs pmrmhrmpo js rldu`dm`t# but lxpcmj` tol spmtjmc kmtlhiry typls.

Lxplrjl`kl bmsld dlsjh` rlkiffl`ds dlsjh`lrs aikus i` tol uslr flm`j`h ia dlrjvld arif toldlsjh`. Lxplrjl`kl dlsjh` rlkih`jzls tol vmcul ia stycl# ms stycls ki`vly kucturmc kuls tomt olcp plipcljdl`tjay dlsjh`s wjto djlrl`t vmculs. Oiwlvlr# i`cy si fuko kucturmc rlcmtjvjty km` bl mppcjld blkmusl ja



;=

jdl`tjay dlsjh`s wjto djlrl`t vmculs. Oiwlvlr# i`cy si fuko kucturmc rlcmtjvjty km` bl mppcjld blkmusl jai`l aikusls tii splkjkmccy i` i`l hriup ia j`djvjdumcs# i`l fmy cisl tol j`tlrlst ia itolr kucturmc hriups.Air lxmfpcl# aikusj`h tii splkjkmccy i` kucturmc djlrl`kls kiucd privl ti bl m dm`hlrius dlsjh` strmt&lhy blkmusl jt km` mcjl`mtl m`d jsicmtl plipcl . Lxplktj`h syfbics ir jki`s ti au`ktji` kclmrcy i` toljr iw`wol` rlprlsl`tj`h jàirfmtji` ir kiffu`jkmtj`h ti ìvjkls# i`l fmy bl msej`h tii fuko ia tol syfbicj` tlrfs ia plrairfm`kl. Aurtolrfirl# tii fuko jàirfmtji` ir jùl`kls iutsjdl tol kiffu`jkmtji`fldjuf km` krlmtl tii fuko ìjsl m`d j`tlralrl wjto tol flssmhl /[oldri# 2>>=*. Tous# ms pmrt ia toldlsjh` priklss# jt‚s jfpirtm`t ti djmhrmf m`d dlsjh` tol kl`tlr# djrlktji`# trm`sjtji`s m`d mrlms ia m spmkl#mcciwj`h tolf ti t wjtoj` m ki`tlxt# but bl ìtjklmbcy djlrl`t /Towmjtls# 2>>8*.

Ajh ;. Mrlm m`d Kl`tlr

Lxojbjtji` Dlsjh`

Lxojbjtji` dlsjh` pcmkls m` lfpomsjs i` u`dlrstm`dj`h tol bmkehriu`d m`d amfjcjmrjty wjto prl&



;2

Lxojbjtji` dlsjh` pcmkls m` lfpomsjs i` u`dlrstm`dj`h tol bmkehriu`d m`d amfjcjmrjty wjto prl&sl`tld tipjks m`d jàirfmtji` tomt mcciw plipcl ti dlrjvl ldukmtji`mc lxplrjl`kls arif tolf. Lxojbjtji`dlsjh` js splkjkmccy aikusld i` tol mppcjkmtji` ia rlprlsl`tmtji`# irhm`jzmtji` m`d plrklptji` ia lxojbjts

/[krlvl`# 2>>>*. Lxojbjtji` dlsjh` km` ki`trjbutl ti m cm`dskmpl dlsjh` fltoidicihy air lfpciyj`h lxpl&rjl`tjmc dlsjh` toliry blkmusl ia tol stri`h lfpomsjs i` tol ricl ia tol pmrtjkjpm`t‚s bmkehriu`ds.

Lxojbjtji` dlsjh`lrs rlkih`jzl tomt plipcl vjsjt lxojbjts j` toljr iw` tjfl m`d i` toljr iw` tlrfs.Mddjtji`mccy# toly‚vl aiu`d tomt hrmpojks# pmrtjkjpmtiry kifpi`l`ts m`d skoicmrcy mkkurmky mrl it msjfpirtm`t ms tol mbjcjty ti ki``lkt lxojbjt lxplrjl`kls ti vjsjtirs wircds /[krlvl`# 2>>>*. J` ki`tlfpirmrylxojbjtji` dlsjh` vjsjtir lxplrjl`kl js vmculd ivlr djspcmy j` irdlr ti firl sukklssauccy l`hmhl tol vjsjtir‚splrklptji` ia tol lxojbjtji`. Tojs js di`l toiuho rlslmrkoj`h toly typls ia vjsjtirs i`l lxplkts ti kiflti tol lxojbjts# j`kcudj`h toljr j`tlrlsts m`d fitjvmtji`s. J` soirt# vjsjtirs fmy stmy mwmy arif m` lxojbjt jatoly allc jt dils ìt rlcmtl ti tolf /Ouhols# 2>=>*. J` irdlr ti mkkiffidmtl vjsjtirs wjto vmrjius bmke&hriu`ds m`d djlrl`t clvlcs ia lxplrjl`kl# lxojbjtji` dlsjh`lrs krlmtl vmrjius cmylrs ia jàirfmtji` tifmel lxojbjts firl mkklssjbcl air mcc vjsjtirs.

Lxojbjtji` dlsjh`lrs pisjt tomt lxojbjts `lld m bmsjk tolsjs ir stiry cj`l ti tjl tolf tihltolr. Bl&kmusl vjsjtirs mrl lxplktld ti tmel j` m cjfjtld ùfblr ia ely flssmhls# tol ki`tl`t soiucd bl cjfjtld j`

irdlr ti rldukl tol rjse ia mcjl`mtj`h m`d kiàusj`h vjsjtirs. Lxojbjtji` dlsjh`lrs omvl mcsi jccustrmtld tomtdlvlcipj`h vjsjtir iutkifls)flssmhls tomt `lld ti bl u`dlrstiid by toljr mudjl`kls js m hiid strmtlhyair sukklssauc dlsjh`. Xjto m flssmhl m`d stiry cj`l j` pcmkl# lxojbjtji` dlsjh`lrs omvl iutcj`ld slvlrmcwmys by wojko lxojbjts km` bl `mvjhmtld by uslrs. Tojs j`kcudls tol usl ia cm`dfmre almturls ti mdvlrtjsltol spmkl m`d irjl`t plipcl# fmj` sjtls soiucd bl sprlmd toriuhoiut tol lxojbjt mrlm ti djstrjbutl mktjvj&tjls# ti cjè spmkls ti krlmtl m kiolrl`t stiry# ti krlmtl m kcmssjkmtji` systlf air tol lxojbjts# m`d tidlsjh` arif tol vjsjtir‚s plrsplktjvl ms m spmkl lxplrjl`kld slqul`tjmccy. Xjto rlhmrds ti irhm`jzmtji`mcpmttlr`s tomt l`kiurmhl tojs# lxojbjtji` dlsjh`lrs omvl iutcj`ld slvlrmc irhm`jzmtji`mc tolfls tomt mrl la&alktjvl air lxojbjtji` dlsjh`7 tol sj`hcl pmto# fuctjpcl pmto# rmdjmc pmttlr`# –stmr‖ lxojbjts# mrlms ia m`jty#tol am` pmttlr`# m`d fmp irjl`tmtji` /Ouhols# 2>=>*. Lmko i`l ia tolsl cmyiut strmtlhjls km` bl usld tiolcp tol pmrtjkjpm`t mvjhmtl tol lxojbjt usj`h tolfmtjkmccy irhm`jzld spmkls.

Lxojbjtji` dlsjh` m`d lxplrjl`kl bmsld)cm`dskmpl dlsjh` omvl trlfl`dius vmcul j` lxplrjl`tjmccm`dskmpl dlsjh` blkmusl toly pripisl prmktjkmc# ki`krltl sicutji`s air tol air m dlsjh` priklss tomtaikusls i` kiffu`jkmtj`h ti pmrtjkjpm`ts. Tol prmktjkls iutcj`ld j` tolsl djskjpcj`ls km` bl mppcjld ti



;;

h p p p p ppcm`dskmpl dlsjh` ti krlmtl pcmkls tomt mrl jfblddld wjto flm`j`h m`d jàirfmtji`# krlmtj`h eìwcldhli` tol pmrtjkjpm`t‚s tlrfs.

Ajh <. Lxojbjtji` Cmyiut [trmtlhjlsAjh 4. Trm`sjtji` m`d Djrrlktji`

[y`tolsjs



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\sj`h mcc ia tol suhhlstji`s m`d strmtlhjls iutcj`ld j` lxplrjl`tjmc clmr`j`h toliry# jàirfmtji`dlsjh`# lxplrjl`kl bmsld dlsjh`# m`d lxojbjtji` dlsjh`# m strmtlhy air lxplrjl`tjmc cm`dskmpl dlsjh` km`

bl put j` pcmkl. Tol strmtlhjls sy`tolsjzld arif tol fltoidicihy slle ti mppcy strmtlhjls air cm`dskmplmrkojtlkturl wjto toisl j` itolr djskjpcj`ls by mddj`h ti tol dlsjh` priklss. Tol kiursl ia mktji` soiucd blms aicciws7

/=* Jdl`tjay m sjtl

/2* Lstmbcjso Qjsjtir Iutkifls /lxojbjtji` dlsjh`*

/;* Ki`dukt m dlfihrmpojk m`mcysjs ti dltlrfj`l tol mudjl`kl)pmrtjkj&pm`ts /lxojbjtji` dlsjh` m`d jàirfmtji` dlsjh`*

/4* Ki`dukt m sjtl m`mcysjs m`d sjtl j`vl`tiry ti slclkt m sjtl m`d hmj` mù`dlrstm`dj`h ia tol sjtls ki`djtji`s /lxojbjtji` dlsjh` m`d lxplrjl`klbmsld)cm`dskmpl dlsjh`*

/<* Lstmbcjso tol kl`tlrs# mrlms# trm`sjtji`s# m`d djrlktji`s /lxplrjl`kl

bmsld)cm`dskmpl dlsjh`*



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/1* Krlmtl m kjrkucmtji` pcm`)kih`jtjvl fmp ia tol sjtl /jàirfmtji` dl&sjh`*

/8* \sl m spmtjmc lxojbjtji` strmtlhy ti cmyiut sjtl almturls /lxojbjtji`dlsjh`*

/?* Ki`dukt m prlkldl`t study ti olcp jàirf oiw sjtl almturls km` bl

dlsjh`ld ti mkojlvl tol vjsjtir iutkifls

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42

h # / * gpirt i` tol Xlst Kimst ti bujcd tlrfj`mcs air ki`tmj`lr sojps m`d wms slki`d matlr @lw Zire j` tol sjzlia jts ki`tmj`lr tlrfj`mc. Ms jt stm`ds ìw# tol îrt ia Imecm`d js Mflrjkms 4to busjlst pirt j` tol \`jtld

[tmtls air ki`tmj`lr kmrhi /Biwelr# 2>==*.

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stip ti tol @mvmc Mjr [tmtji` Bmsl js tol Xlst Imecm`d [tmtji` m`d tol djstm`kl bltwll` tol twi riuhocy mfjcl. Oiwlvlr# tolrl mrl ì djrlkt ki``lktji`s ti tol @mvmc Mjr [tmtji` ti tol Xlst Imecm`d BMRT blkmusltol `lmrlst ki``lktji` ti tol jscm`d js m subflrhld tu``lc m fjcl m`d m omca siuto lmst ia tol sjtl. Oiw&lvlr# tol jscm`d js slrvjkld by alrrjls. Alrry slrvjkl air tol jscm`d ru`s i` tol ìrto sjdl mci`h tol kom``lcmbiut m omca&fjcl mwmy arif tol sjtl.

Xjto rlhmrds ti sjtl&splkjk ojstiry# tol Mcmfldm @mvmc Mjr [tmtji` wms krlmtld gust blairl XircdXmr JJ m`d wms i`l ia tol cmrhlst @mvmc Mjr [tmtji`s j` tol wircd wjto ivlr 2>> plrsi``lc woi fmùamk&turld m`d kiucd rlpmjr lvlry pmrt ia m`y mjrkrmat. Xol` tol stmtji` kcisld# jts titmc mrlm wms ivlr twi m`dm omca toiusm`d mkrls ia cm`d /i`l&tojrd ia tol jscm`d* wjto twi ljhot toiusm`d aiit ru`wmys. Ms tol sjtllxjst ìw# jt oms aiur dlkiffjssji`ld mjrkrmat om`hlrs ti tol lmst tomt slrvld tol ru`wmys mci`h wjto vlslm pcm`l om`hlrs i` tol siuto mri`tj`h tol slmpcm`l cmhii`. Ti tol lmst ia tol ru`wmys tol sjtl omddirfjtirjls m`d flss omccs# m rl stmtji`# m jhot ki`tric tiwlr# `mvy oiusj`h bu`hmciws# m`d m` mjr tlrfj&`mc air trm`s&^mkjk mjr slrvjkl. Oiwlvlr# ms jt stm`ds ìw# fist ia tol sjtl oms bll` mbm`di`ld wjto tollxklptji` ia sifl om`hlrs m`d oiusj`h tomt omvl bll` rlpisslssld. I`l ia tol slmpcm`l om`hlrs ti tol

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41

privl ti bl tii kiàusj`h air sjtl pmrtjkjpm`ts m`d fmy ìt t tol mppriprjmtl ki`tlxt.

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48

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dlsjh` slles ti mddrlss kiffu`jkmtji` wjto pmrtjkjpm`ts i` tolpmrtjkjpm`ts by privjdj`h ipl` sikjmc spmkls# kclmr vjsjbjcjty#irhj`jzld pmttlr`s.

Jfh 21. Tol Dlsjh` ^ripismc

Tol Rlsuctj`h Dlsjh`

& Tol ki`klpt wms krlmtld ti mddrlss tol cmrhlr jssuls jdl`tjld j`tol tipjk mt om`d m`d rlspi`d ti tol lxjstj`h sjtls komrmkotlr.



<?

Tol dlsjh` mddrlssls jssusls ia kcjfmtl kom`hl m`d oufmàmktirs by djvjdj`h tol sjtl j`ti fuctjpcl tolfmtjk mrlms.

Djrrlktji`

Mrlms

Trm`sjtji`sKl`tlrs

K i h ` j t j v l

F m p

& Tol ki`klpt djmhrmf js bmsld i tol strukturl ia m kcike.Oiwlvlr# tolrl mrl fuctjpcl kcikes wjtoj` tol cmrhlr kcike.Ti mddrlss tol tolsjs tipjk j` tol spmkl# tol pmrtj privjdlsirhm`jzmtji`mc strukturl ti tol dlsjh` m`d splmes ia ki`&tjùmc kom`hl.

& \sj`h tol ki`klpt djmhrmf# tol sjtl wms dlsjh`ld usj`htol lxplrjl`tjmc dlsjh` tiics arif tol fltoidicihy ti ls&tmbcjso Kl`tlrs# Djrrlktji`s# Trm`sjtji`s# m`d Mrlms.

K i ` k

l p t D j m h r m f

Tol Ki`klpt

Jfh 28. Tol Ki`klpt Djmhrmf

Jfh 2?. Tol Kih`jtjvl Fmp



<:

Auturl Ojho Tjdls

Clvlls @lldld

Jfh 2:. [lm Clvlc Rjsl Fmp



1>

[ j t l K j r k u c m t j i `

Jfhs ;>&;<. Dlsjh` Djmhrmfs

Tidmyi

w T j d l



1=

Tifirriw

=>> Zlmrs Cmtlr

L x j s t j ` h C

L x j s t j ` h O j h o T j d l

A u t u r l O j h

o T j d l

Jfh ;1.[jtl rlspi`sl ti slm clvlc rjsl

Tlfpirmc [pmkls7 Tol Xltcm`ds

& Tol wltcm`ds mrl dlsjh`ld air kom`hl. Djlrl`t tidmy# djlrl`ttifirriw. Tol wltcm`ds mrl pmssjvl# prjfmrjcy air wmcej`h m`d



12

sjhotsllj`h wjto dlkes air pcmkls ti stip m`d rlst mci`h tol wmy.Ms i`l fivls toriuho tol wltcm`ds# toly ìt i`cy l`kiu`tlr tjdmc kom`hls but kucturmc mrtjamkts tii.

Dlkiffjssji`ld cm`ls

Dlkiffjssji`ld [ojps

D l k i f f j s s j i ` l

d M r t j c c l r y

Jfh ;8. Tol Xltcm`ds

& Lclvmtld pmtos j` tol wltcm`dsmcciw pldlstrjm`s mkklsstoriuhoiut tol sjtl m`d toljr lxplrjl`kls wmcej`h

^ m t o s I v l r X l t c m ` d s



1;

ivlr tol wltcm`ds kom`hldlpl`dj`h i` tol tjfl ia dmy.

& Almturls cjel dlkiffjssji`ld wmr pcm`ls# mrtjcclry# m`d itolr mvmclqujpfl`t wiucd bl pcmkldtoriuhoiut tol wltcm`ds. Ms toltjdls rjsl m`d amcc# sifl ia tollqujpfl`t blkifls jfflrsld j`tol slms ti splme ia kom`hls j` iur `mturmc l`vjri`fl`ts# urbm`

l`vjri`fl`ts# m`d kucturls.

& Mci`h tol lclvmtld pmtos j` tolwltcm`ds tolrl wiucd bl pcmkls tistip m`d sjt j` lclvmtld pcmzms.Mddjtji`mccy# m` mjrkrmat kmrrjlr wiucd bl privjdld i` sjtl ti ellptol sjtls ojstiry j` pcmkl. Tolmjrkrmat kmrrjlr wiucd blrlpurpisld ms m rlstmurm`t m`d jt‚sdlke wiucd slrvl ms m spmkl air soiws m`d air ciu`hj`h

J f h ; ? . L c l v m t l d

J f h ; :

. @ m v m c B m s l L q u j p f l ` t

J f h 4 > . M j r k r m a t K m r

r j l r j ` X l t c m ` d s

^lrsi`mc [pmkls7 Tol Ru`wmys

& Tol ru`wmys slrvl ms m piltjk almturl. Toly rlprlsl`t tjflcj`lslxprlssld toriuho mrt j` tol mrlm. Armfld by vlhltmtji`# tol



14

ru`wmys wiucd bl pmj`tld wjto furmcs m`d hrmttj m`d wiucdalmturl ki`krltl bcikes tomt wiucd slrvl ms m km`vms air tolkiffu`jty.

Jfh 4=. Tol Ru`wmys

j v l i a t o l R u ` w m y s

& Tol ru`wmys wiucd bl clat j` pcmkl#oiwlvlr# blkmusl tol sjdls ia tolru`wmys wiucd bl subflrhld ivlr tol kiursl ia tol `lxt kl`tury# tol



1<

J f h 4 2 . ^ l r s p l k t

J f h 4 ; . M r t m t t o l M c b m ` y B u c b

J f h 4 4 . X m v l ^ m v j `

h ^ m t t l r `

ldhls wiucd bl drldhld. Tojs omstol mddld llkt ia dl`j`h tolru`wmys ms m splkjk mrlm

& Tol ru`wmys wiucd almturlki`krltl kubls tomt wiucd bl air sprmypmj`tj`h. [prmypmj`tj`h jskiffi` j` itolr pubcjk pcmkls j`tol bmy# tous privjdj`h m` mrlm air tojs mrtjstjk lxprlssji` i` sjtlwiucd bl mcciw vjsjtirs ti tmel

kcmjf j` tol spmkl.

& Mddjtji`mccy# tol ru`wmys wiucd blbl dlsjh`ld ti mcciwkiffjssji`ld mrtjst ti pmj`tfurmcs mbiut tol kiffu`jtjlsojstiry i` tol pmvlfl`t.

Birdlrj`h [pmkls7 Tol Jscm`d Bidy

& Tol prjfmry ibglktjvl ia tolsl spmkls mrl ti slrvl ms tol fistsjh`jkm`t trm`sjtji`s bltwll` tol surriu`dj`h l`vjri`fl`ts



11

m`d tol sjtl. Xjto m kmìpy birdlrj`h tol l`trm`kl arif toljscm`ds bidy m`d mrtjstjk brjdhls armfj`h tol sjtl ms i`l l`tlrsarif tol kom``lc tol sjtl wiucdbl ìtld ms djstj`ktcy djlrl`t.

Lvl`t [pmkl % [lm Clvlc Rjsl

\rbm` Rlk %Airlstry

[wj`h Brjdhl

Jfh 4<. Tol Jscm`d Bidy

& Xjto rlhmrds ti tol jfpirtm`kl iatrm`sjtji`s. M swj`h brjdhl wiucdbl dlsjh`ld ti privjdl fmj`cm`d

h B r j d h l



18

mkklss ti tol sjtl. Tol bl`lts iatol swj`h brjdhl mrl tomt tolydi`‚t rlqujrl oljhot kom`hls timkkifjdmtl sojps

& Ipl` hmtolrj`h mrlms air pjk`jkej`h# bmrblkuj`h# kolsspcmyj`h# m`d itolr airfs ia sikjmchmtolrj`hs wiucd bl privjdldmci`h tol kom``lc djvjdj`h tol sjtlarif tol pirt ti mcciw vjsjtirs tidjrrlktcy ibslrvl tol sojps kifj`hti tol pirt m`d ti bujcd m stri`hlr

ki``lktji` ti tol pirt

& Tol dl`ld trm`sjtji` arif tol

fmj`cm`d wiucd j`kcudl skucpturmcalmturls mci`h pmtos m`d rimdsm`d wiucd mttlfpt ti kmrry tolurbm` airlst j`ti tol sjtl j`jtjmccy.

J f h . 4 1 [ w j ` h j `

J f h . 4

8 . [ i k j m c [ p m k l i ` t o l K m

` m c

J f h 4 ? . J s c m ` d B i d y L ` t r m ` k l

Ipl` [pmkls7 Tol Iuttlr Jscm`ds

& Tol lxtlr`mc jscm`ds i` tol sjtl# wjto toljr vjlws ti tol rlst iatol bmy wiucd bl prlslrvld air wjcdcjal. Xjto fjhrmtiry bjrds m`ditolr wltcm`d wjcdcjal jòmbjtj`h tol spmkl# wjtoiut djsturbm`kl#



1?

pldlstrjm`s wiucd bl mcciwld ipl` mkklss ti tol mrlm wjto m trmjcsystlf.

ûbcjk Hmtolrj`h Mrlms

Bjrd Ombjtmt

Jfh 4:. Tol Iuttlr Jscm`ds

& Tol clvll systlf toriuhoiut tolsjtl wiucd omvl m tlrrmkld m`dkuppld dlsjh` si tomt wol` toltjdl rlkldls# vjsjtirs wiucd blmbcl ti sll oiw ojho tol wmtlr

oj cd b c l t m j c



1:

risl. Tojs wiucd bl lxtrlflcyllktjvl wjto kurrl`t ej`h tjdls tisoiw womt tjdls wjcc bl cjel j` tolauturl.

& Air mktjvl airfs ia rlkrlmtji` cjelgihhj`h# m trmjc systlf wiucd bldlsjh`ld i` tol wmtlrari`t sjdl iatol sjtl. Tol mrlm wiucd bldlsjh`ld wjto oljhot rlstrjktji`sair pcm`tj`hs air vjsjbjcjty.

& Tol mktjvl rlkrlmtji`mc mrlms wiucdbl dlsjh`ld wjto sl`sjtjvjty tiwjcdcjal j` fj`d but mcsi try ti fllttol `llds ia djlrl`t j`djvjdumcs.^cm`tj`hs wiucd bl irhm`jzld#sjh`mhl wiucd bl kclmrcy vjsjbcl#cjhotj`h wiucd bl strmtlhjkmccypcm``ld# ltk.

J f h < > . C l v l l D

J f h <

= . ^ l r s p l k t j v l i a T r m j c s

J f h < 2 . Q j l w a r i f t

o l H r i u ` d

Tlrrmkld % Kuppld Clvlls

Dlsjh`ld ti bl vjsumc rlfj`dlrs ia tjdls

Tol Kirl)Tol Kl`tlr

& Tol prjfmry kl`tlr ia tol l`tjrl pmre wiucd bl dlsjh`ld ms tolcm`dfmre m`d m`koir pij`t# kclmrcy vjsjbcl arif toriuhoiut tol

j To j d j d a o c j c



8>

sjtl. Tol kirl js dlsjh`ld ti armfl tol fuctjpcl kl`tlrstoriuhoiut tol mrlm# krlmtj`h sub mrlms m`d kl`tlrs.

Hlifirpoicihy

Rl`lwmbcl L`lrhy [ikjmc [pmkl

Xmstlwmtlr

Jfh <;. Tol Kl`tlr

& Tol dlsjh` ia tol kl`tlr lxlfpcjls oiw mrlms wiucd bldlsjh`ld wjto tol ki`tl`t iajàirfmtji` m`d prihrmfj`h j`fj`d. Tol vlhltmtji` m`d

strukturls mrl usld ti dl`l sub M

r l m s



8=

strukturls mrl usld ti dl`l sub&mrlms m`d tol ki`tl`t toly ki`tmj`.Xol` dlskrjbj`h pcmkl# plipcl wjccsmy# io j‚f by –j`slrt dlskrjptji`‖wjtoj` tojs mrlm.

& M kl`trmc pcmzm wjtoj` tol mrlm

dl`ld by tol strukturls wiucd bldlsjh`ld wjto djlrl`t pcm`tj`htypls# strukturls# ltk. Tol spmklwiucd mcsi privjdl riif air priglktji` fmppj`h tikiffu`jkmtl jàirfmtji` mbiuttol sjtl ir air alstjvmcs mt `jhot.

& [jtl almturls cjel piics wjtopjccmrs tomt splme ia slm clvlc rjslm`d kurrl`t tjdls wiucd bldlsjh`ld wjtoj` tol kl`trmc mrlmsti kiffu`jkmtl ti vjsjtirs mbiuttol rlcmtji`sojps bltwll` tolflsclvls m`d toljr l`vjri`fl`ts

J f h < 4 . K l ` t l r M

J f h <

< . K l ` t r m c H m t o l r j ` h M r l m

J f h < 1 . R l a l k t j ` h ^ i i c s



82

Komptlr 17 Ki`kcusji`

Tol rlsuctj`h dlsjh` arif tol mppcjkmtji` ia tol fltoidicihy oms soiw` tomt tol spmtjmc cmyiut iam sjtl dlsjh` js krjtjkmc blkmusl jt‚s olcpauc air lstmbcjsoj`h oiw tol spmkl wjcc bl usld i` tol uslr tlrfs.

Xol` i`l lstmbcjsols oiw tol spmkl wjcc bl usld i` uslr tlrfs i`l km` tol` dlsjh` m spmkl air sjh`j &



8;

Xol` i`l lstmbcjsols oiw tol spmkl wjcc bl usld i` uslr tlrfs# i`l km` tol` dlsjh` m spmkl air sjh`j &km`kl m`d eìwcldhl bujcdj`h j` tol pmrtjkjpm`ts blkmusl tol sjtl wjcc mppriprjmtl t tol wmy tomt toly mp &primko spmkls. Mddjtji`mccy# womt tol rlsuctj`h dlsjh` oms soiw` js tomt toriuho usj`h tol spmtjmc djfl`&sji`s ia lxplrjl`kl j`djkmtld toriuho l`vjri`fl`tmc psykoicihy m`d toriuho dlsjh`j`h spmkls i` uslr tlrfs tol` i`l km` tol` blhj` ti bujcd msslssmbcl jàirfmtji` ti pmrtjkjpm`ts.

Dlsjh`j`h spmkls arif tol uslrs bmkehriu`d js krjtjkmc ms js m`d j` tol auturl dlsjh`j`h arif toluslrs bmkehriu`d wjcc blkifl lvl` firl krjtjkmc wjto m rmpjdcy kom`hj`h wircd. Xjto m dlsjh` bmsld i` lx&plrjl`kl# i`l km` tol` kiffu`jkmtl jàirfmtji` ti tol uslr j` wmys tomt toly usl spmkl wjtoiut iutsjdldjstrmktji` m`d ìjsl arif itolr amktirs cjel strlss ir spmtjmc `llds ìt blj`h flt.

Tol armflwire privjdld toriuho tojs dikufl`t slrvls ms m uslauc tiic air tol ki`tjùld dlvlcip&fl`t ia tol tolsjs m`d aurtolr rlslmrko m`d tlstj`h j`ti oiw pmrtjkjpm`ts l`hmhl j` m`d u`dlrstm`d spmkljs `lldld j` irdlr ti aurtolr dlvlcip dlsjh` strmtlhjls tomt km` llktjvlcy bujcd flm`j`h m`d sjh`jkm`klj` mudjl`kls.

Ti mddrlss krjtjkjsf ia lxplrjl`kl m`d Cm`dskmpl Mrkojtlkturl tol djskjpcj`l km` birriw arif itolr dlsjh` djskjpcj`ls ti krlmtl flm`j`hauc pcmkls by dlsjh`j`h pcmkls i` tol pmrtjkjpm`ts tlrfs# tol` usj`h tolsejccs m`d tiics clmr`ld j` i`ls trmj`j`h m`d lxplrjl`kl ms m prialssji`mc ti dlsjh` spmkls tomt mkojlvl tolsplkjk dlsjh` himcs.



84

Rlalrl`klsMcdlr# [. E.5 Kldlrito# F.5 Ol`dlrsi`# E.5 m`d [kitt [`lccj`h. –[ustmj`mbcl Trm`spirtmtji` Jàrmstrukturl.‖

J` Jàrmstrukturl# [ustmj`mbjcjty# m`d Dlsjh`# ld. îccmcjs# [.5 Hlirhiucjms# M.5 Rmfis# [. m`d Dm`jlc[koidle# Ko =>. @lw Zire# @Z. Riutcldhl. 2>=2.

Mc d ^ j R d c –[ ca H jd d T ‖ M d A b



8<

Mcmfldm îj`t Rldlvlcipfl`t. –[lca&Hujdld Tiur.‖ Mkklssld Albrumry 2># 2>=;.ottp7))www.mcmfldm&pij`t.kif)kiff&fmp.otfc

Mcmfldm ij`t Rldlvlcipfl`t. –[tudjls# cm`s m`d icjkjls.‖ottp7))www.mcmfldm&pij`t.kif)rlusl.otfc

Tol Mcmfldm Fusluf. –Mcmfldm Ojstiry.‖ Tol Mcmfldm Fusluf# cmst fidjld 2>=>.ottp7))www.mcmfldmfusluf.irh)fusluf)ojstiry)mcmfldmojstiry)mcmfldmojstiry.otfc

Mcmfldm @mvmc Mjr Fusluf. –@M[ Ojstiry.‖ Mcmfldm @mvmc Mjr Fusluf# cmst fidjld 2>=;.ottp7))www.mcmfldm`mvmcmjrfusluf.irh)Ojstiry)@M[.mspx

Mppclti`# Gmy. Tol [yfbicjsf ia Ombjtmt7 M` J`tlrpl`ltrmtji` ia Cm`dskmpl j` tol Mrts. [lmttcl# XM. \`j&vlrsjty ia Xmsoj`hti` rlss. =::>.

Bmdhlr# Lfjcy. –Tur`s Iut Xolrl Ziu Cjvl Rlmccy Dils [ompl Xoi Ziu Mrl.‖ Tol Mtcm`tjk Kjtjls#[lptlfblr 2=# 2>=2.

Bmelr# Rihlr B. Lkicihjkmc sykoicihy7 Ki`klpts m`d Fltoids air [tudyj`h tol L`vjri`fl`t ia Oufm`Blomvjir. [tmàird# KM. [tmàird \`jvlrsjty ^rlss. =:1?.

Bmr`ls# J.5 Dudm# M.5 ^ybus# I. H.5 m`d Fmre H. Toifms. –M`kjl`t \rbm`jzmtji` ^rldjkts Hl`ltjk Rlsjstm`klti Tublrkucisjs.‖ Lvicutji`7 J`tlr`mtji`mc Giur`mc ia Lvicutji`. Qic. 1< @i. ;# ?42&?4? /2>==*.

Blmrd# K. m`d Gio` ^. Xjcsi`. Lxplrjl`tjmc Clmr`j`h7 M Blst rmktjkl Om`dbiie air Ldukmtirs m`d Trmj`lrs.ôjcmdlcpojm# M. Eihm` mhl Cjfjtld. 2>>1.

Blcm`hlr# ^jlrrl. –Cm`dskmpl Jàrmstrukturl7 \rbm`jsf Blyi`d L`hj`llrj`h.‖ J` Jàrmstrukturl#[ustmj`mbjcjty# m`d Dlsjh`# ld. îccmcjs# [.5 Hlirhiucjms# M.5 Rmfis# [. m`d Dm`jlc [koidle# Ko 2>.@lw Zire# @Z. Riutcldhl. 2>=2.

Blcm`hlr# jlrrl. –Kiàlrl`kl7 ‟Cm`dskmpl Jàrmstrukturl.‚‖ Hrmdumtl [koiic ia Dlsjh`7 Omrvmrd \`jvlrsjty#Fmrko 2;# 2>=2.

Blìsey K m`d [omu` I‚Riurel –Lkicihjkmc Jàrmstrukturl ‖ J` Jàrmstrukturl [ustmj`mbjcjty m`d



81

Blìsey# K. m`d [omu` I Riurel. Lkicihjkmc Jàrmstrukturl. J` Jàrmstrukturl# [ustmj`mbjcjty# m`dDlsjh`# ld. îccmcjs# [.5 Hlirhiucjms# M.5 Rmfis# [. m`d Dm`jlc [koidle# Ko =;. @lw Zire# @Z.Riutcldhl. 2>=2.

Blukelr# @. m`d Rmcpo Brudlr. –Tol Lfitji`mc Tiw`skmpl7 Dlsjh`j`h Mfjmbcl ubcjk cmkls.‖ J` Dlsjh` m`dLfitji`7 Tol Lxplrjl`kl ia Lvlrydmy Toj`hs# ld. FkDi`mho# D.5 Oleelrt# .5 Qm` Lrp# G.5 m`dDjm`l Hyj# ph 24;&248. @lw Zire# @Z. Tmycir ! Arm`kjs. 2>>4.

Bltsey# Mmri`. Bujcdj`h [lx7 Fl`# Xifl`# Mrkojtlkturl# m`d tol Ki`struktji` ia [lxumcjty. @lw Zire# @Z.Xjccjmf Firriw m`d Kifpm`y# J`k /=::<*.

Bjcdm# Wmalr m`d Lr`lst Ldfi`ds. –Dlsjh`j`h air Krlmtjvl L`hmhlfl`t.‖ Dlsjh` [tudjls# Qic. 2:# @i. 1# <2<&<4> /2>>?*.

Bcytol# F. M5 Ivlrbllel# E5 Fiè# M. A5 m`d ^. K. Xrjhot. Auìcihy7 Arif \smbjcjty ti L`giyfl`t.Dirdrlkot# Tol @ltolrcm`ds. Ecuwlr Mkmdlfjk ubcjsolrs. 2>>;.

Biwelr# Hl`l. –Tip < Busjlst \[ îrts air Ki`tmj`lr Trmk.‖ Tol Lxmfj`lr# Fmrko 22# 2>==# mkklssldGmùmry =2# 2>=;#ottp7))www.lxmfj`lr.kif)mrtjkcl)tip&<&busjlst&us&pirts&air&ki`tmj`lr&trmk

Bry`l# G. m`d Gl``jalr Xicko. –@mturl# Rmkl# m`d ^mres7 mst Rlslmrko m`d Auturl Djrlktji`s air

Hlihrmpojk Rlslmrko.‖ rihrlss j` Oufm` Hlihrmpoy Qic. ;; @i. 1# 84;&81< /2>>:*.

Bur`s# R.K.5 Kivlccj# L.5 Hrmlal# Mcm` R. –Komptlr ==7 Iutdiir Rlkrlmtji` m`d @i`trmdjtji`mc \slrs7 Rlsuctsia Aikus Hriup J`tlrvjlws wjto Rmkjmc m`d Lto`jk Fjìrjtjls.‖ \[ Airlst [lrvjkl /2>>?*

Km`tlr# Dmvjd. Tol ^sykoicihy ia ^cmkl. Ci`di`# \E. Tol Mrkojtlkturmc ^rlss# Ctd. =:88.

Kmrsi`# Clscjl R. –‟J Mf Blkmusl Xl Mrl7‚ Kicclktjvjsf ms m Aiu`dmtji`mc Komrmktlrjstjk ia Marjkm` Mflrjkm`Kicclhl [tudl`t Jdl`tjty m`d Mkmdlfjk Mkojlvlfl`t.‖ [ikjmc sykoicihy ia Ldukmtji` Qic. =2 @i. ;/2>>:*.

Kl`trmc J`tlccjhl`kl Mhl`ky. –Tol Xircd Amktbiie ‛ Ajlcd Cjstj`h7 \rbm`jzmtji`.‖ Kl`trmc J`tlccjhl`klMhl`ky. Mkklssld @iv 2># 2>=2.

ottps7))www.kjm.hiv)cjbrmry)pubcjkmtji`s)tol&wircd&amktbiie)lcds)22=2.otfc



88

p h y p

Kjty ia Mcmfldm. –Mcmfldm îj`t Fmstlr ^cm`.‖ Mkklssld Gmùmry =># 2>=;ottp7))www.mcmfldm&pij`t.kif)pda)prlsis)dfp=2&=:&>?.pda

Kclfl`ts# Tlrry C. m`d [mrmo G. Dirfj`ly. –[plktruf Fmtrjx7 Cm`dskmpl Dlsjh` m`d Cm`dskmplLxplrjl`kl.‖ Cm`dskmpl Giur`mc# Qic ;>. @i. 2# 24=&=1> /2>==*.

Kiffjttll i` Dlvlcipfl`ts j` tol [kjl`kl ia Clmr`j`h. Oiw ^lipcl Clmr`7 Brmj`# Fj`d# Lxplrjl`kl# m`d[koiic. Xmsoj`hti`# DK. @mtji`mc Mkmdlfy rlss. 2>>>.

Kiicly# Fjel. –Oufm`&Kl`tlrld Dlsjh`.‖ J` Jàirfmtji` Dlsjh`# ld. Gmkibsi`# Riblrt# <:&?2. Kmfbrjdhl#FM. FJT ^rlss. 2>>>.

Kii`# Olmtolr F. m`d Fmreus Elfflcfljlr. –Kucturmc Irjl`tmtji`s j` tol \`jtld [tmtls /Rl*Lxmfj`jh`

Djlrl`kls Mfi`h Lto`jk Hriups.‖ Giur`mc ia Kriss&Kucturmc ^sykoicihy# Qic ;2# @i ;# ;4?&;14/2>>=*.

Krmpi# Rjkocly O. Kucturmc M`toripicihy7 \`dlrstm`dj`h Iurslcvls m`d Itolrs. @lw Zire# @Z. FkHrmw OjccKi. 2>>2.

Kuyel`dmcc# [om`ì` B. m`d Di`mcd D.Oifm`. –Arif Kicir ti Lfitji`7 Jdlms m`d Lxpcirmtji`s.‖ Jrvj`l#KM7 \`jvlrsjty ia Jrvj`l# Kmcjair`jm# 2>>?.

Kzlr`jme# Gucjm. –Airlhriu`dj`h‖ j` Cm`dskmpl Jàrmstrukturl7 Kmsl [tudjls by [XM# ld. Ou`h# Z. m`dHlrdi Mqujì# 2>&2;. Bmslc# [wjtzlrcm`d . Bjreomuslr HFBO. 2>==.

Dlrvj`# Brl`dm. –Komis# Irdlr# m`d [l`sl&Fmej`h7 M ripisld Toliry air Jàirfmtji` Dlsjh`.‖ J`Jàirfmtji` Dlsjh`# ld. Gmkibsi`# Riblrt# ;<&<?. Kmfbrjdhl# FM. FJT rlss. 2>>>.

Diw`s# Rihlr F. m`d Dmvjd [ltm. Jfmhl m`d L`vjri`fl`t7 Kih`jtjvl Fmppj`h m`d [pmtjmc Blomvjir.Kojkmhi# Jc. Mcdj`l ûbcjsoj`h Ki. =:8;.

Drijt&Qiclt# [ycvjl m`d Xmrrl` O. Flke. –Kih`jtjvl&Lfitji`mc J`tlrmktji`s7 Oiw Lfitji`s Kiciur Iur ^lrklptji` ia Tjfl.‖ Trl`ds j` Kih`jtjvl [kjl`kls# Qic. ==# @i. =2 /2>>8*.

Du`km`# G m`d Du`km`# @m`ky. –Km`t Cjvl wjto Tolf5 Km`‚t Cm`dskmpl wjtoiut Tolf7 Rmkjsf m`d tol^mstirmc Mlstoltjk j` [uburbm` @lw Zire.‖ Cm`dskmpl Giur`mc. Qic. 22 @i. 2 /2>>;*.



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Lpstlj`# Dmvjd. –Gllrsi`jm` Trmdjtji` ir [oiddy Jfjtmtji`9‖ J`sjdl Ojholr Ld. [lptlfblr ?# 2>><.

Lwj`h# Rljd. –Jfpmkts ia Trmk Kmcfj`h‖ \rbm` [trllt [yfpisjuf7 Kiàlrl`kl ^riklldj`hs.Trm`spirtmtji` Rlslmrko Bimrd# L&K>=:. Xmsoj`hti`# DK7 Trm`spirtmtji` Rlslmrko Bimrd /=:::*.

Aldlr# El``lto C. Tol ^mst j` ^lrsplktjvl7 M` J`triduktji` ti Oufm` ^rlojstiry. @lw Zire# @Z. FkHrmwOjcc Ki. 2>>8.

Acirjdm# Rjkomrd. –Mflrjkm‚s Trucy Dl`slst Fltris.‖ Tol Mtcm`tjk Kjtjls# Iktiblr =<# 2>=2# mkklssld Fmrko#=># 2>=;#ottp7))www.tolmtcm`tjkkjtjls.kif)oiusj`h)2>=2)=>)mflrjkms&trucy&dl`slst&fltris);4<>).

Airfm`# R. T. T. –Jàrmstrukturl m`d @mturl7 Rlkjprikmc Llkts m`d mttlr`s air Iur Auturl.‖ J`Jàrmstrukturl# [ustmj`mbjcjty# m`d Dlsjh`# ld. îccmcjs# [.5 Hlirhiucjms# M.5 Rmfis# [. m`d Dm`jlc[koidle# Ko ;. @lw Zire# @Z. Riutcldhl. 2>=2.

Hlirhjm Dlpmrtfl`t ia Trm`spirtmtji`. Dlsjh` icjky Fmùmc. Mtcm`tm# Hlirhjm7 Hlirhjm Dlpmrtfl`t iaTrm`spirtmtji`. /2>=2*

Hibstlr# ^muc O. –Fm`mhj`h \rbm` ^mres air m Rmkjmccy m`d Lto`jkmccy Djvlrsl Kcjl`tlcl.‖ Cljsurl [kjl`kls.

Qic 24 /2>>2*.

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Hulzl# M. m`d Fmttolw [egi`sblrh. –[lki`d @mturl7 @lw Tlrrjtirjls air tol Lxjcld.‖ j` Cm`dskmplJàrmstrukturl7 Kmsl [tudjls by [XM# ld. Ou`h# Z. m`d Hlrdi Mqujì# 24&2:. Bmslc# [wjtzlrcm`d .Bjreomuslr HFBO. 2>==.

Om`sl`# Ri`mcd L. –Tol Ricl ia Lxplrjl`kl j` Clmr`j`h7 Hjvj`h Flm`j`h m`d Mutol`tjkjty ti tol Clmr`j`h^riklss j` [koiics.‖ Giur`mc ia Tlkoìcihy Ldukmtji`# Qic. == @i. 2 /2>>>*.

Omrtcly# Triy X. –L`vjri`fl`tmc Gustjkl7 M` L`vjri`fl`tmc Kjvjc Rjhots Qmcul Mkklptmbcl ti Mcc Xircd



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y# y h pQjlws.‖ j` L`vjri`fl`tmc Ltojks7 M` M`toicihy# ld. Cjhot# M. m`d Oicfl`s Ricsti` JJJ. Fmcdl`# FM.Bcmkewlcc ûbcjsoj`h Ctd /2>>;*.

Omydl`# Dicirls. Tol îwlr ia ^cmkl7 \rbm` Cm`dskmpls ms ûbcjk Ojstiry. Kmfbrjdhl# FM. Tol FJT ^rlss/=::8*.

Oicmom`# Komrcls G. L`vjri`fl`t m`d Blomvjir7 M Dy`mfjk lrsplktjvl. @lw Zire# @Z. clùf rlss. =:8?.

Oifi&\rbmùs. Ziutubl Qjdli. ridukld by tol \`jtld @mtji`s Oufm` Ombjtmt ^rihrmffl /\@&Ombjtmt*.@mjribj# El`ym7 \@&Ombjtmt# 2>>:.

Oir`# Riblrt L. –Jàirfmtji` Dlsjh`7 Tol Lflrhl`kl ia m @lw ^rialssji`.‖ J` Jàirfmtji` Dlsjh`# ld.Gmkibsi`# Riblrt# =<&;4. Kmfbrjdhl# FM. FJT rlss. 2>>>.

Oiuho# Fjkomlc. Iut ia ^cmkl7 Rlstirj`h Jdl`tjty ti tol Rlhji`mc Cm`dskmpl. @lw Omvl`# KT. Zmcl\`jvlrsjty rlss. =::>.

Ouhols# ôjcjp. Lxojbjtji` Dlsjh`. Ci`di`# \E. Cmurl`kl Ej`h ûbcjsoj`h. 2>=>.

Ou`h# Z. m`d Hlrdi Mqujì. Cm`dskmpl Jàrmstrukturl7 Kmsl [tudjls by [XM. Bmslc# [wjtzlrcm`d. Bjreomuslr HFBO. 2>==.

Outkojsi`# Rmy. –Lto`jkjty m`d \rbm` Rlkrlmtji`7 Xojtls# Bcmkes# m`d Ojspm`jks j` Kojkmhi‚s ûbcjk ^mres.‖Giur`mc ia Cljsurl Rlslmrko. Qic. =:# @i. ;# 2><&222 /=:?8*.

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Gmkes# Bl`. –Xmcej`h m`d Rlmdj`h Cm`dskmpl.‖ Cm`dskmpl Giur`mc# Qic 21. @i. 2&>8# 28>&2?1 /2>>8*.

Gmkibsi`# Riblrt. Jàirfmtji` Dlsjh`. Kmfbrjdhl# FM. FJT rlss. 2>>>.

Gml# Lrjk. –Kjty Cjal Kom`hls Oiw Iur Brmj`s Dlmc wjto Djstrmktji`s.‖ Tol Mtcm`tjk Kjtjls# Gmùmry ;># 2>=;.



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Gio`# R. –Kcjfmtl Kom`hl m`d J armstrukturl.‖ J` Jàrmstrukturl# [ustmj`mbjcjty# m`d Dlsjh`# ld. îccmcjs# [.5Hlirhiucjms# M.5 Rmfis# [. m`d Dm`jlc [koidle# Ko =. @lw Zire# @Z. Riutcldhl. 2>=2.

Em`l# M. –]umcjty ia Cjal‖ J` Jàrmstrukturl# [ustmj`mbjcjty# m`d Dlsjh`# ld. îccmcjs# [.5 Hlirhiucjms# M.5Rmfis# [. m`d Dm`jlc [koidle# Ko 4. @lw Zire# @Z. Riutcldhl. 2>=2.

Empcm`# [tlpol`. –Kih`jtjvl Fmps j` lrklptji` m`d Toiuhot.‖ J` Jfmhl m`d L`vjri`fl`t7 Kih`jtjvlFmppj`h m`d [pmtjmc Blomvjir# ld. Diw`s# Rihlr F. m`d Dmvjd [ltm# 1;&8?. Kojkmhi# Jc. Mcdj`lûbcjsoj`h Ki. =:8;.

Elfp# Ciujs X. –Mlstoltls m`d L`hj`llrs7 Tol Ikkupmtji`mc Jdlicihy ia Ojhowmy Dlsjh`.‖ Tlkoìcihym`d Kucturl Qic. 28# @i. 4. /=:?1*7 8<:&8:8. Mkklssld Iktiblr 2# 2>=2.

Ecib# Dmvjd M. m`d Rjkomrd L. Biymtzjs. –Lxplrjl`tjmc Clmr`j`h Toliry7 rlvjius Rlslmrko m`d @lwDjrlktji`s.‖ J` lrsplktjvls i` Tojèj`h# Clmr`j`h# m`d Kih`jtjvl [tycls# ld. [tlr`blrh# Riblrt G m`dCj&am`h Wom`h. @lw Glrsly# @G7 Riutcldhl. 2>>=.

Eicei# Gld. –Mflrjkm‚s Fist Djvlrsl @ljhobiroiids m`d Fltris.‖ Airbls# @ivlfblr =4# 2>=2# mkklssldFmrko =># 2>=;#

ottp7))www.airbls.kif)sjtls)trucjm)2>=2)==)=;)`dj`h&djvlrsjty&j`&mflrjkm)

Eiplk# Dme. L`vjri`fl`tmc sykoicihy air Dlsjh`. @lw Zire# @Z7 Amjrkojcd ubcjkmtji`s# J@K# 2>>1.

Cll# Tlrl`kl. sykoicihy m`d tol L`vjri`fl`t. Ci`di`# \E. Fltoul` ! Ki# Ctd. =:81.

Cjpsjtz# Hlirhl. –Tol Rmkjmcjzmtji` ia [pmkl m`d tol [pmtjmcjzmtji` ia Rmkl7 Tolirjzj`h tol Ojddl`Mrkojtlkturl ia Cm`dskmpl.‖ Cm`dskmpl Giur`mc. Qic. 21 @i. = /2>>8*.

Cystlr# Kcmrl. –Cm`dskmpls ia Lxkom`hl7 Rl&Mrtjkucmtj`h [jtl.‖ J` Cm`dskmpl \rbm`jsf Rlmdlr# ld.Xmcdoljf# Komrcls# Ko =2. @lw Zire# @Z. Riutcldhl. 2>=2.

Flsslrvy# Gujcl Fijr. –^cmkls arif Mwmy7 Mrkoltypmc Cm`dskmpls.‖ Cm`dskmpls# Qic. :?# @i. =# =1&2=/2>>8*.

Fjcclr# Riblrt X. \rbm` Airlstry7 cm``j`h m`d Fm`mhj`h \rbm` Hrll`spmkls. Ci`h Hrivl# JC. Xmvlcm`d^rlss# J`k. =::8.



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Fihjclvjko# Fmrjm`m. –Jàrmstrukturl ms Cjvld Lxplrjl`kl.‖ M[CM# Tol Djrt7 \`jtj`h tol Bujct m`d @mturmcL`vjri`fl`ts# Fmrko 28# 2>=2.

Fiomj# muc. –Djsplccj`h Icd Fytos7 Marjkm` Mflrjkm` Ki`klr` air tol L`vjri`fl`t.‖ L`vjri`fl`t Qic. 4<@i. <# =>&21 /2>>;*.

Fissip# Lcjzmblto. –Cm`dskmpls ia Jàrmstrukturl.‖ J` Cm`dskmpl \rbm`jsf Rlmdlr# ld. Xmcdoljf#Komrcls# Ko :. @lw Zire# @Z. Riutcldhl. 2>=2.

Fizj`hi# Ciujsl. –Xifl` m`d Diw`tiw` Ipl` [pmkls.‖ cmkls Qic. 1 @i. =# ;?&48 /=:?:*.

Fizj`hi# Ciujsl M. –Tol Mlstoltjks ia Lkicihjkmc Dlsjh`7 [llj`h [kjl`kl ms Kucturl.‖ Cm`dskmpl Giur`mc

Qic. =1 @i. 2# 41&<: /=::8*.

@memfurm# G m`d Fjomcy Ksjeszl`tfjomcyj. –Komptlr 87 Tol Ki`klpt ia Aciw.‖ J` îsjtjvl sykoicihy‚sMpprimko ti Qjrtuls7 Eìwcldhl&Aciw# ld. [`ydlr# K. R m`d [om`l G. Ciplz# ?:& =><. Ixaird#@Z7 Ixaird \`jvlrsjty rlss# 2>>2.

@irfm`# Di`mcd M. Lfitji`mc Dlsjh`7 Xoy Xl Civl /ir Omtl* Lvlrydmy Toj`hs. Kmfbrjdhl# FM. BmsjkBiies. 2>>4.

@irti`# Gio` Gr. –Tol Lvicutji` ia \rbm` Xmtlr m`d L`lrhy Jàrmstrukturl [ystlfs.‖ J Jàrmstrukturl#[ustmj`mbjcjty# m`d Dlsjh`# ld. îccmcjs# [.5 Hlirhiucjms# M.5 Rmfis# [. m`d Dm`jlc [koidle# Ko 8.@lw Zire# @Z. Riutcldhl. 2>=2.

Idif# Mprjc [. m`d [om`ì` [. [oictz. –Tol Rlds# Xojtls# m`d Bculs ia Lfitji`7 Lxmfj`h Kicir Oul Llktsi` Fiid Ti`ls.‖ Fjssiurj Xlstlr` [tmtl \`jvlrsjty Dlpmrtfl`t ia sykoicihy. Kclmrj`hoiusl.FjssiurjXlstlr`.ldu. /=::;*.

Izhu`lr# Omcjc. –Kucturmc Djlrl`kls j` Mttjtudls Tiwmrds \rbm` ^mres m`d Hrll` [pmkls.‖ Cm`dskmplRlslmrko# Qic. ;1# @i. <.# <::&12> /2>==*.

Izhu`lr# O. m`d M.D. El`dcl. –ûbcjk Mttjtudls Tiwmrds @mturmcjstjk Qlrsus Dlsjh`ld Cm`dskmpls j` tola o cd / * ‖ d d b c c / *



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Kjty ia [ollcd /\E*.‖ Cm`dskmpl m`d \rbm` ^cm``j`h Qic 84# =;:&=<8 /2>>1*.

^mssj`j# Rifldj. –[jh` îstj`h m`d Jàirfmtji` Dlsjh`.‖ J` Jàirfmtji` Dlsjh`# ld. Gmkibsi`# Riblrt# ?;&:?. Kmfbrjdhl# FM. FJT ^rlss. 2>>>.

^mvcivm# F.# [ieiciv# M.M.# ! [ieiciv# M. –^lrkljvld Dy`mfjks ia [tmtjk Jfmhls L`mbcls Lfitji`mc

Mttrjbutji`.‖ lrklptji` Qic. ;4# ==>8&===1 /2>><*.

^my`l# C. C.# Fiwl`# M. G.# m`d Lcjzmblto Irslhm&[fjto. –M` Lxmfj`mtji` ia ^mre rlalrl`kls m`d Blomvjir Mfi`h \rbm` Rlsjdl`ts7 Tol Ricl ia Rlsjdl`tjmc Cikmtji`# Rmkl# m`d Mhl.‖ Cljsurl [kjl`kls. Qic.24# =?=&=:? /2>>2*.

^ldlrsl`# Tif M. –Xmtlr Jàrmstrukturl m`d [ustmj`mbjcjty.‖ J` Jàrmstrukturl# [ustmj`mbjcjty# m`d Dlsjh`#

ld. iccmcjs# [.5 Hlirhiucjms# M.5 Rmfis# [. m`d Dm`jlc [koidle# Ko 1. @lw Zire# @Z. Riutcldhl. 2>=2.

âljlr# Gio` L. Tol Krlmtjvl Lxpcisji`7 M` J`qujry J`ti tol Irjhj`s ia Mrt m`d Rlcjhji`. Jtomkm# @Z. Kir`lcc\`jvlrsjty rlss. =:?2.

îccmcjs# [.5 Hlirhiucjms# M.5 Rmfis# [. m`d Dm`jlc [koidle. Jàrmstrukturl# [ustmj`mbjcjty# m`d Dlsjh`. @lwZire# @Z. Riutcldhl. 2>=2.

Tol irt ia Imecm`d. –Ojstiry.‖ Mkklssld Albrumry =># 2>=;.ottp7))www.pirtiaimecm`d.kif)pirt`yiu)ojstiry.msp

îttljhlr# F. m`d Gmfjl urj`ti`. Cm`dskmpl @mrrmtjvls7 Dlsjh` ^rmktjkls air Tlccj`h [tirjls. @lw Zire# @Z.Gio` Xjcly ! [i`s# J`k. 2>>1.

Ribj`si`# Mclxm`dlr. –Fiducmtj`h Jàrmstrukturmc Aciws ti Krlmtl Ipl` [pmkl.‖ j` Cm`dskmplJàrmstrukturl7 Kmsl [tudjls by [XM# ld. Ou`h# Z. m`d Hlrdi Mqujì# ;>&;8. Bmslc# [wjtzlrcm`d .Bjreomuslr HFBO. 2>==.

Russlcc# G. M.5 m`d Flormbjm`. –[ifl Blomvjirmc Llkts ia tol ôysjkmc L`vjri`fl`t.‖ J` Lxplrjl`kj`h tolL`vjri`fl`t# ld. Xmp`lr# [lyfiur5 Kiol`# [muc B.5 m`d Blr`mrd Empcm`# <&=?. @lw Zire# @Z.^clùf rlss. =:8<.

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[krlvl`# K. H. –Jàirfmtji` Dlsjh` j` Jàirfmc [lttj`hs7 Fuslufs m`d Itolr ûbcjk [pmkls.‖ J`Jàirfmtji` Dlsjh`# ld. Gmkibsi`# Riblrt# =;=&=:2. Kmfbrjdhl# FM. FJT rlss. 2>>>.

[kitt# Mcjstlr. –Mklssj`h ubcjk lrklptji` ia Cm`dskmpl7 Tol CM@DFM^ Lxplrjl`kl.‖ Cm`dskmpl Rlslmrko#Qic 28# @i. ;# 28=&2:< /2>>2*.

[omhu`# Ciujs. –Cmtjìs# Msjm`s Firl Xirrjld Mbiut L`vjri`fl`t tom` Xojtls.‖ Cis M`hlcls Tjfls#@ivlfblr 2># 2>=>.

[oldri# @mtom`. Lxplrjl`kl Dlsjh` =.=7 M Fm`jalsti air tol Dlsjh` ia Lxplrjl`kls. J`djm`mpicjs# J@. @lwRjdlrs. 2>>=.

[oirtrjdhl# Gmfls R. –Kom`hj`h \smhl ia Aiur Mflrjkm` Rlhji`mc Cmblcs.‖ M`ùmcs ia tol Mssikjmtji` ia

Mflrjkm` Hlihrmpolrs. Qic. 88 @i. ; /=:?8*

[jfej`s# Jm` m`d Elwj` Towmjtls. –Rlvlmcj`h tol Ojddl` [pmtjmc Djfl`sji`s ia ^cmkl Lxplrjl`kl j` ^rjfmry[koiic&mhl Kojcdrl`.‖ Cm`dskmpl Rlslmrko# Qic. ;;# @i. <# <;=&<41 /2>>?*.

[uccjvm`# ^muc m`d Gio` FkKmrtoy. –M` Lxplrjl`tjmc Mkkiu`t ia tol ^sykoicihy ia Mrt.‖ ^sykoicihy iaMlstoltjs# Krlmtjvjty m`d tol Mrts# Qic. ;# @i ;#=?=&=?8 /2>>:*.

[urj# Aucti G. –Dlsjh` Lxprlssji` m`d Oufm` Lxplrjl`kl7 Lvicvj`h Dlsjh` ^rmktjkl.‖ J` Dlsjh` m`d Lfitji`7Tol Lxplrjl`kl ia Lvlrydmy Toj`hs# ld. FkDi`mho# D.5 Oleelrt# ^.5 Qm` Lrp# G.5 m`d Djm`l Hyj# ph =;&=8. @lw Zire# @Z. Tmycir ! Arm`kjs. 2>>4.

Tmcbit# Gm`lt Arly m`d Rmkolc Empcm`. –@llds m`d Almrs7 Tol Rlspi`sl ti Trlls m`d @mturl j` tol J``lr Kjty.‖ Giur`mc ia Mrbirjkucturl# Qic. =>. @i ?# 222&22? /=:?4*.

Towmjtls# E m`d Jm` [jfej`s. Lxplrjl`tjmc Cm`dskmpl7 M` Mpprimko ti lipcl# cmkl# m`d [pmkl. @lw Zire#@Z. Riutcldhl. 2>>8.

Towmjtls# Elvj`. –Lxplrjl`tjmc Cm`dskmpl cmkl7 M` Lxpcirmtji` ia [pmkl m`d Lxplrjl`kl j` @ljhobiroiidCm`dskmpl Mrkojtlkturl.‖ Cm`dskmpl Rlslmrko# Qic 21# @i. ;# 2;<&2<< /2>>=*.

Tum`# Zj&Au. –^cmkl7 M` Lxplrjl`tjmc lrsplktjvl.‖ Hlihrmpojkmc Rlvjlw# Qic 1<# @i. 2. /Mkklssld @ivlfblr ;# 2>=2*.



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Qjrdl`# R. G. m`d Xmcelr# Hirdi` G. –Lto`jk)Rmkjmc m`d Hl`dlr Qmrjmtji`s Mfi`h Flm`j`hs Hjvl` ti# m`d^rlalrl`kls air# tol @mturmc L`vjri`fl`t.‖ Cljsurl [kjl`kls Qic 2= /=:::*.

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Xmcdoljf# Komrcls. –Cm`dskmpl Jàrmstrukturl7 [ystlfs ia Ki`tj`hl`ky# Aclxjbjcjty# m`d Mdmptmbjcjty.‖ j`Cm`dskmpl Jàrmstrukturl7 Kmsl [tudjls by [XM# ld. Ou`h# Z. m`d Hlrdi Mqujì# ?&=;. Bmslc#[wjtzlrcm`d . Bjreomuslr HFBO. 2>==.

Xlblr# G m`d [uctm`m# [lcjfm. –Tol Kjvjc Rjhots Fivlfl`t m`d tol Auturl ia tol @mtji`mc ^mre [ystlf j`m Rmkjmccy Djvlrsl Mflrjkm.‖ Tiurjsf Hlihrmpojls7 M` J`tlr`mtji`mc Giur`mc ia Tiurjsf [pmkl# cmklm`d L`vjri`fl`t. Qic. = @i. 21 /2>=2*

Xlscly# G.E m`d Lfjcy Hmmrdlr. –Tol Hl`dlrld ‟@mturl‚ ia tol \rbm` Iutdiirs7 Xifl` @lhitjmtj`h Almr ia Qjicl`kl.‖ Hl`dlr m`d [ikjlty# Qic. =? @i. < /2>>4*.

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Documents

Brandon Johnson - Thesis Document