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Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. www.burgsimpson.com

Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

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Page 1: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Brain Injury Litigation

Peter W. BurgBurg Simpson EldredgeHersh & Jardine, P.C.

www.burgsimpson.com

Page 2: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain Injury

TBIs  contribute to a substantial number of deaths and cases of permanent disability annually.Of the 1.4 million who sustain a TBI each year in the US:50,000 die;235,000 are hospitalized; and1.1 million are treated and released from an ER.

Among children ages 0 to 14 years, TBI results in an estimated:2,685 deaths;37,000 hospitalizations;435,000 ER visits annually

Some leading causes of TBI are:FallsMotor Vehicle IncidentsStruck by or Against SomethingAssaultsWork Related Injury

Page 3: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Causes of TBI

••

Page 4: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain
Page 5: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

According to the Brain Injury Association of America, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is defined as:  

An alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brainpathology, caused by an external force.

Traumatic Brain Injury Defined

Page 6: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Presenting and Trying Brain Injury Cases is Like Other cases in Many Respects;However, There are Some Unique 

Considerations Involving Law, Science and Story‐Telling.

Page 7: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Anatomy of a TBI

Page 8: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Need to think early on about issues relating to capacity, guardians and conservators, especiallyIn moderate and severe TBI cases.

Page 9: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

It Is Important to Plan Carefully

Page 10: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

You Need to Prepare to Meet All Contingencies

Page 11: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

TRIALS ARE STORIES…And how you tell the story matters!

Page 12: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Story telling with specific observations of changes is critical.  Make the jury understand and visualize 

“before” and “after.”

Page 13: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Family members can be wonderful “before” and “after” story tellers, and often are forgotten victims.

Page 14: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Presenting a compelling story in court requires a multi‐disciplinary approach.

Page 15: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Medical providers, psychologists, neuropsychologists, neurologists, therapists,Vocational rehabilitation experts, economists, life care planners – all often play

Important roles in case presentation and story telling.

Our

Page 16: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Imaging and expert explanation is critical.

Page 17: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain
Page 18: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain
Page 19: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

You also will often find yourself in “The Twilight Zone” between science and law.

Page 20: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

TWO DIFFERENT WORLDS WITH DIFFERENTRULES – COLLIDING AND CONNECTING

LAW                                                            SCIENCE

Page 21: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

BIZARRO SUPERMAN, PERHAPS??

Page 22: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

DIFFERENT STANDARDS OF PROOF

SCIENCE:  ● Scientific Method● Hypothesis – Proof – Validity● Medical Certainty

LAW:  ● Theory – Advocacy – Persuasion● Legal Probability

Page 23: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Battleground often focuses on diagnostic tests and imaging in context of science community view on evaluation and treatment benefit and legal communityfocus on admissible, tangible evidence for presentation to the jury.

Page 24: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Historically, tests such as CT & MRI havenot been much of a battleground, typically in either the science community or legal community in circumstances involving moderate and severe brain injury cases.

Page 25: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

However, CT and MRI have been used and abused often in cases defined as mild or mild‐to‐moderate traumatic brain injury.

● Defense uses to validate absence of any permanentinjury

● Plaintiffs highlight the limitations with focus onobservable baseline changes, behaviorally,emotionally, and cognitively

Page 26: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

The definition of TBI has not been consistent and tends to vary according to specialties and circumstances. Often, the term brain injury is used synonymously with head injury, which may not be associated with neurologic deficits. The definition also has been problematic with variations in inclusion criteria. 

The Definition of TBI Sounds Easy….However…

Page 27: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Part of the problem is that often, TBI’s are an “invisible injury”with no or limited signs of trauma.

INVISIBLE INJURY

Page 28: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Much of the debate focuses on the criteria to define mild TBI and permanent impacts and residual deficits.

Page 29: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

It is estimated that between 80 and 90% of the 1.7 million new  cases of traumatic brain injury each year fall into the mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) category.

Most cases of mTBI are Grade I and II concussions, i.e., there is no loss of consciousness.

15‐20% of mTBI patients do not recover and go onto have chronic, debilitating sequelae. (1,2, 3)

There are approximately 200,000 new cases ofmTBI who become disabled every year in the civilianpopulation.

1. Schutze et al (2008, Jun). [Which Factors are Predictive for Long‐Term Complaints after Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries?]  Versicherungsmedizin, 60(2), pp. 78‐83

2. Alexander, MP (1995)  Mild Traumatic Brain Injury:  Pathophysiology, natural history and clinical management, Neurology, Vol 45 (7) pp 1253‐60.

3. Gordon et al (2000).  The sensitivity and specificity of self‐reported symptoms in individuals with traumatic brain injury.  Brain Injury, 14, pp 21‐33.

Page 30: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

While the majority of people will recover from a mild TBI in the absence of a new injury during the recovery process, there is substantial documentation of a “miserable minority”(Ron Ruff, neuropsychologist) who face life‐altering changes after suffering a concussion or mild traumatic brain injury.

MISERABLE MINORITY

Page 31: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Unfortunately, many in the science community have been dismissive of this “miserable minority” and the legal defense community has embraced such skepticism and isolated limited tests to reduce compensation for trulyinjured people.

Page 32: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

From a plaintiff lawyer’s perspective, the attempt to getfair compensation for life‐altering symptoms is too oftenmet with skepticism or even outright claims of faking ormalingering. 

This only adds insult to injury to a brain injury victim as itoccurs at a time when they need understanding and compassion, as well as the best possible treatment and diagnostic options.

Page 33: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

The Controversy

Most mTBI cases have a positive outcome; the controversy exists in whether lasting sequelae occur.  Typically, the neurologic examination is negative other than subtle cognitive complaints and subjective symptoms (e.g., headache, dizziness), as is structural brain imaging.

After head injury, the absence of definitive findings and a Glasgow ComaScore at or above 13 is the standard that defines mTBI.  A score of 12 or below is considered moderate to severe.

Conventional structural imaging such as CT or MRI may reveal contusion or hemorrhage…however, such findings occur in fewer than 20% of mTBI cases.  

Diffusion Tensor Imaging:  A Biomarker for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury?Erin D. Bigler, PhD. And Jeffrey Bazarian, MD, MPH.  Neurology,February 23, 2010, vol. 74 no. 8 626‐627

Page 34: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Glasgow Coma Scale

Page 35: Brain Injury Litigation - The National Trial Lawyers · Brain Injury Litigation Peter W. Burg Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C. . Some General Facts About Traumatic Brain

Post‐Concussion Syndrome

Following a traumatic brain injury, several of the followingsymptoms may develop:

Headaches – most common feature, occur in 60‐80% of cases.

Memory problems – occur in 20‐40% of cases.

Dizziness – occurs in 15‐30% of cases.

Sleep disturbances – occur in 5‐20% of cases.

Fatigue – occurs in 5‐25% of cases.