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Braille Module 58 Corrupted and Coined Words, Specialized Terminology, Non-Latin Alphabets, Old and Middle English, and Archaic Spelling LOC Literary Lesson 16, Sections 16.6-16.8

PROFITT Curriculum Module # 58 — Corrupted and Coined Words, etc.

Braille Module 58-1

Braille Module 58 Corrupted and Coined Words, Specialized Terminology,

Non-Latin Alphabets, Old And Middle English, Archaic Spelling

Literary Lesson 16.6-16.8

Summary

Goal(s): The goal is for the students to gain an understanding of corrupted and coined words, specialized terminology, non-Latin alphabets, Old and Middle

English, and Archaic spelling.

SMART Objectives: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-sensitive

By the end of this module, students should

be able to:

BS58.1: Demonstrate proficiency of the use of corrupted/coined words and

specialized terminology.

BS58.2: Identify non-Latin alphabets and

learn how to apply the rules.

BS58.3: Learn how to transcribe Old and

Middle English, and Archaic spelling.

BS58.4: Review and test on corrupt and coined words, specialized terminology, non-Latin alphabets, Old and Middle

English, Archaic spelling.

BS58.5: Increase speed of recall of braille

symbols.

Instructor:

Braille instructor

Delivery Method(s):

Lecture Classroom reading Discussion

One-on-one reading Hands on

Length: 5 hours Five topics

Any Applicable Business and/or Soft Skills:

Corresponding LOC Manual: Lesson 16.6 with EBEA X.34.d Lesson 16.7 with EBEA V.24.e, V.26.b Lesson 16.8 with EBEA V.26.c

Take Away Message(s): Take time now to learn the difference between corrupted words, coined words, and special terminology. The knowledge you gain will help you to transcribe the text in a clear and concise manner. Remember when you will need to insert a transcriber’s note or place a symbol on the Special Symbols page. The non-alphabet letter indicator is a good example of a symbol that will need to be explained in this manner. The Braille Formats: Principles of Print to Braille Transcription is the place to go when you come across Old and Middle English and Archaic Spelling.


Braille Module 58-2

Instructor Preparation

Title of Module: Corrupted and Coined Words, Specialized Terminology, Non-Latin Alphabets, Old and Middle English, and Archaic Spelling

The purpose of this module is for the students to demonstrate their knowledge of corrupted and coined words, specialized terminology, non-Latin alphabets, Old and Middle English, and archaic spelling and the code rules pertaining to these items. The students will test on the information learned in this module. The game: BINGO will be played for

increased speed and recall of the information in this module.

Agenda – topics to be covered in the module and length of each item

Topic Time Allotted: 5 hours

A. Corrupted and Coined Words and Specialized Terminology

(30 minutes)

B. Non-Latin Alphabets

(30 minutes)

C. Old and Middle English and Archaic Spellings

(1 hour)

D. Review and Test

(1 hour)

E. Braille Bingo

(2 hours)

Materials and Supplies – items needed in order to carry out the agenda and classroom activities

1. LOC Manual

2. EBAE

3. You will need copies of specialized books to present to the class.

4. Handouts and Answer Sheets: Lesson 16.6-16.8 Test (58.D.1), Answers to Lesson 16.6-16.8: Test (58.D.2) (one copy), BINGO Questions (58.F.1) (one copy), Braille BINGO Ribbons (58.F.2) (one copy)

5. You will need copies of the Proofreading Error sheet from Module 6 (6.A.1).

6. You will need BINGO cards for the students.

Classroom Preparation – steps to follow when setting up the learning environment

1. Each workstation should have a computer, a braille writer, a slate and stylus, an LOC Manual, EBAE, a means of communicating with the embosser (network or thumb drive), braille paper (not-tractor feed), a braille eraser, pen/pencil, notebook, and

highlighter.

2. Have chalk and erasure board ready for use.


Braille Module 58-3

Curriculum Content

A. Corrupted Words, Coined Words, and Specialized Terminology (30 minutes)

Objective BS58.1: Demonstrate proficiency of the use of corrupted/coined words and

specialized terminology.

PREINSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITIES

The instructor will be familiar with section 16.6 and EBAE X.34.d which covers corrupted

and coined words, specialized terminology, including English interspersed with foreign or

corrupted foreign words, made-up, or coined, words and specialized terminology.

The instructor may have available books on law, music, cooking, medicine, etc. for the

students to gain a visual of what a specialized book is for section 16.6c.

CONTENT PRESENTATION AND LEARNER PARTICIPATION

As a class the students will read and discuss LOC Manual: Lesson 16.6a and EBAE X.34.d

about English interspersed with foreign or corrupted foreign words.

Some reminders to the students (write the definitions on the board):

“Remember the definitions of these words to help you transcribe the text clearly for

the braille reader.

Corrupt words: contain errors or alterations, as a text: a corrupt translation.

Made-up or coined words: have been fabricated or invented.

Specialized terminology: having a specific field of study.

dialect: a variety of speech differing from the standard literary language or speech from the literary language or speech pattern of the culture that

exists.

hybrid: a word whose elements are derived from different languages.

interspersed: distribute randomly.

You will have to pay close attention to the different languages and the emphases.

Remember that the braille reader knows the rules and is depending on you to

transcribe accordingly.

When transcribing dialect that is a hybrid of English and some foreign language,

those emphasized (usually italicized) sentences or phrases that are purely foreign:

Do you use contracted or uncontracted braille? Answer: Uncontracted. When


Braille Module 58-4

unemphasized foreign or corrupted foreign words are interspersed with English,

how would you transcribe these? Answer: These words are treated as dialect and

contractions are used.”

As a class the students will read and discuss LOC Manual: Lesson section 16.6b about

made-up, or coined, words.

Some reminders to the students:

“Remember that a somewhat similar problem arises in the case of made-up words

such as those often found in science fiction and verse. These words cannot be

regarded as foreign; therefore, they are contracted in the same manner as English

words. Can you use contractions or short-form words? Answer: It is suggested that

a contraction or short-form not be used if the letter combination bridges two words

in a coined word.

As a class the students will read and discuss LOC Manual: Lesson 16.6c about specialized

terminology.

The instructor will pass the specialized books around the class.


“The books you just reviewed are typical books you may braille in the future. Look

in various books as you go about your day, keeping in mind that one day you may

transcribe a book with foreign words.

Can you name some material that may have foreign words included? Answer:

Foreign words are frequently used in specialized material, such as books on law,

medicine, music, and cooking, and for scientific classifications in fields such as

botany and zoology. Can you use contractions for these? Answer: If the meanings

are explained in the text or in a glossary, such terms are contracted like English

words, even though some of them may not be found in the dictionary.”

B. Non-Latin Alphabets (30 minutes)

Objective BS58.2: Identify non-Latin alphabets and learn how to apply the rules.


The instructor will be familiar with section 16.7 and EBAE V.24.e, V.26.b which covers Non-Latin Alphabets, section 16.7a about Non-Latin letter indicator, section 16.7b about

Greek letters and section 16.7c which covers Greek and other non-Latin words.


Braille Module 58-5


As a class the students will read and discuss LOC Manual: Lesson 16.7a and EBAE V.24.e,

V.26.b about Non-Latin letter indicator.


“What are the only non-Latin languages for which there is an official BANA code? Answer: Greek, Russian, or Hebrew. How would you braille these words when they appear in English text? Answer: The braille equivalents of these letters are used and they are preceded by dot 2, the non-Latin letter indicator.

Where do you list the non-Latin letter indicator and braille equivalents for non-Latin letters that are used in a volume? Answer: They must be listed on a special

symbols page.”

As a class the students will read and discuss LOC Manual: Lesson 16.7b about Greek

letters.


“Where would you find the braille equivalents of Greek letters? Answer: In

Appendix B of English Braille American Edition 1994.”

As a class the students will read and discuss LOC Manual: Lesson 16.7c is about Greek

and other non-Latin words.


“Remember that in general literature, the letter indicator (dots 56) precedes each word of a passage consisting of three or fewer Greek or other non-Latin words. In passages of more than three such words, a double letter indicator is used before

the first word and a single letter indicator is used before the last word.”

C. Old and Middle English and Archaic Spelling (1 hour)

Objective BS58.3: Learn how to transcribe Old and Middle English, and Archaic spelling.


The instructor will be familiar with section 16.8 and EBAE V.26.c which covers Old and

Middle English, Archaic Spelling. The instructor will also be familiar with Drill 40.


As a class the students will read and discuss LOC Manual: Lesson 16.8 and EBAE V.26.c

about Old and Middle English, Archaic Spelling.


Braille Module 58-6


“Old and Middle English employing letters not used in modern English, such as the

edh (ð) or thorn (Þ), should be considered as ____. Answer: foreign. How would

you transcribe these words? Answer: Transcribed in uncontracted braille. Where

would you find the rules regarding letters no longer in use? Answer: Refer to Braille

Formats: Principles of Print to Braille Transcription.”

Next students will complete Drill 40 on Page 16-8 using Perky Duck.

Some reminders to the students before they transcribe Drill 40:

“Remember to mark up your paper by highlighting the contractions you can use, if you will need a letter indicator or not, and also the non-Latin letter indicator (dot2).

This will help you to braille speedily.

Remember to thoroughly structure your print copy prior to transcription. Proofread

your own work before handing it to someone else to proofread.”

When the students have completed this activity, which includes proofreading their own work, they can exchange drills and proofread each other’s work using the “How to Successfully Proofread” steps.

ASSESSMENT

Allow adequate time to ask the group to report some of their thoughts about this lesson.

D. Review and Test (1 hour)

Objective BS58.4: Review and test on corrupted words, coined words, specialized

terminology, non-Latin alphabets, Old and Middle English, Archaic spelling.


The instructor will be familiar with Lesson 16.6-16.8.

You will need copies of the Proofreading Error (6.A.1) sheet from Module 6.

You will need the following handouts: Lesson 16.6-16.8: Test (58.D.1) and Answers

to Lesson 16.6-16.8: Test (58.D.2).


Review Lesson 16.6-16.8 of the LOC Manual. The review is designed to prepare the students for the test. The instructor is to go over each section with emphases on areas that will be on the test. Allow the students to ask any questions pertaining to the context

of LOC Manual: Lesson 16.6-16.8.


Braille Module 58-7

The instructor will pass out the Lesson 16.6-16.8: Test (58.D.1) to each student. This test consists of filling in the blanks for the definitions and true/false. The students are also required to state which contractions you would use in these words. An answer key is

included.

The expected outcome of the test will help both the instructor and the students to understand the students’ strengths and weaknesses. This will allow them to work together

to strengthen the students weaknesses in any area.

ASSESSMENT

This test is necessary for the students and the instructor to determine the knowledge acquired over Lesson: 16.6-16.8 of the Instruction Manual for Braille Transcribing Fifth Edition, 2009. It is expected that the students will fully grasp the rules for corrupted words, coined words, specialized terminology, non-Latin alphabets, Old and Middle

English, Archaic spelling.

E. Braille Bingo (2 hours)

Objective BS58.5: Increase speed of recall of braille symbols.


The instructor will be familiar with Lesson 16 of the LOC Manual and the instructions for

the BINGO game.

You will need a copy of the BINGO Questions (58.F.1) for Lesson 16.

If this is the first time to play, you will need to print out several copies of the BINGO

Cards and one copy of the BINGO Numbers on card stock paper (Bingo.xls). This will

allow for reuse later in the modules. Each student can use 1 or 2 cards.

You may want to make Braille BINGO ribbons (58.F.2) printed on card stock paper for

the winners.


The Braille Bingo game allows the students to review the rules for this lesson. This

module covers Lesson 16. This review allows the instructor insight to see if the students

have a working knowledge of the rules.

Instructions:

Allow the students to review Lesson 16 prior to playing the game.

Pass out 1 or 2 BINGO cards to each student.


Braille Module 58-8

The instructor will ask the students a question from the list and the students will

raise their hand to answer the question.

o If the question is answered correctly the instructor will draw a number and call

it out.

o If the question is not answered correctly the instructor will pass to another

question and no number will be drawn.

When a student answers correctly the class may place their markers on the

appropriate space.

Whoever fills one line horizontally, vertically, or diagonally and yells “BINGO” first

will check their card with the BINGO numbers to see if they have won.

If the student has a line filled out they win.

You may have ribbons ready to pass out for the winners.

In the wrap up, the instructor will encourage study for retention.


Braille Module 58-9

Braille Module 58 Corrupted and Coined Words, Specialized Terminology, Non-Latin Alphabets, Old and Middle English, and Archaic Spelling LOC Literary Lesson 16, Sections 16.6-16.8 Handouts and Answer Sheets


Braille Module 58-10

Lesson 16.6-16.8: Test (58.D.1)

Fill in the word that matches the definition.

1. _________________________: contain errors or alterations.

2. _________________________: have been fabricated or invented.

3. _________________________: having a specific field of study.

4. _________________________: a variety of speech differing from the standard literary language or speech from the literary language or speech pattern of the culture that exists.

5. _________________________: a word whose elements are derived from different languages.

6. _________________________: distribute randomly.

Answer True or False.

7. In braille many Greek letters are the same as their English counterparts (A and B, for instance), while others have unique configurations (H, P, Y, etc.). True False When transcribing dialect that is a hybrid of English and some foreign language, those emphasized (usually bold) sentences or phrases that are purely foreign are brailled

uncontracted. True False usually italicized

8. When unemphasized foreign or corrupted foreign words are interspersed with English, these words are treated as dialect and contractions are used. True False

9. When letters from non-Latin languages such as Greek, Russian, or Hebrew appear in English text, the braille equivalents of these letters are used and they are preceded

by dot 5, the non-Latin letter indicator. True False dot 2.

10. Words such as those often found in science fiction and verse can be regarded as foreign; therefore, they are contracted in the same manner as English words. True False cannot be regarded as foreign.

11. In words such as those often found in science fiction and verse it is suggested that a contraction or short-form not be used if the letter combination bridges two words in a coined word. True False

58.D.1

corrupt words dialect made-up or coined words

specialized terminology hybrid interspersed



12. The appropriate single or double capital indicator is used before uppercase Greek letters. True False

13. Foreign words are frequently used in specialized material, such as books on law, medicine, music, and cooking, and for scientific classifications in fields such as botany and zoology. True False

14. If the meanings are explained in the text or in a glossary, such terms are contracted like English words, even though some of them may not be found in the dictionary. True False

15. A non-Latin letter indicator (dot 2) must precede each Greek letter or letter grouping that stands for words, not a letter. True False stands for letters, not a word

16. The only non-Latin languages for which there are official BANA codes are German, Russian, and Hebrew. True False

17. When a non-Latin letter indicator and braille equivalents for non-Latin letters are used, they must be listed on a transcriber’s notes page. True False special symbols page

18. Old and Middle English employing letters not used in modern English, such as the edh (ð) or thorn (Þ), should be considered as foreign and transcribed in uncontracted braille. True False

19. The braille equivalents of Greek letters are listed in Appendix B of English Braille American Edition 1994. True False

20. To, into, and by can be contracted when they precede a foreign letter indicator. True False cannot be contracted

21. Contractions should be used in archaic spellings found in later writings unless their use would cause difficulty in the recognition of a word. True False

22. In general literature, the letter indicator (dots 46) precedes each word of a passage consisting of three or fewer Greek or other non-Latin words. True False

23. In passages of more than three or fewer Greek or other non-Latin words, a double letter indicator is used before the first word and a single letter indicator is used before the last word. True False

24. When a single or double letter indicator is used before such words, this usage must be explained in a transcriber's note or on a special symbols page. True False

25. For rules regarding letters no longer in use, refer to Braille Formats: Principles of Print to Braille Transcription. True False

26. If the ity contraction is used in the archaic spelling of city (citye), it would be read as city-e. True False 58.D.1



Answers to Lesson 16.6-16.8: Test (58.D.2)

Fill in the word that matches the definition.

1. corrupt words: contain errors or alterations.

2. made-up or coined words: have been fabricated or invented.

3. specialized terminology: having a specific field of study.

4. dialect: a variety of speech differing from the standard literary language or speech from the literary language or speech pattern of the culture that exists.

5. hybrid: a word whose elements are derived from different languages.

6. interspersed: distribute randomly.

Answer True or False.

7. In braille many Greek letters are the same as their English counterparts (A and B, for

instance), while others have unique configurations (H, P, Y, etc.). True False 16.7b

8. When transcribing dialect that is a hybrid of English and some foreign language, those emphasized (usually bold) sentences or phrases that are purely foreign are brailled

uncontracted. True False usually italicized 16.6a

9. When unemphasized foreign or corrupted foreign words are interspersed with English, these words are treated as dialect and contractions are used. True False 16.6a

10. When letters from non-Latin languages such as Greek, Russian, or Hebrew appear in English text, the braille equivalents of these letters are used and they are preceded

by dot 5, the non-Latin letter indicator. True False dot 2. 16.7a

11. Words such as those often found in science fiction and verse can be regarded as foreign; therefore, they are contracted in the same manner as English words. True False cannot be regarded as foreign. 16.6b

12. In words such as those often found in science fiction and verse it is suggested that a contraction or short-form not be used if the letter combination bridges two words in

a coined word. True False 16.6b

13. The appropriate single or double capital indicator is used before uppercase Greek letters. True False 16.7b 58.D.2

corrupt words dialect made-up or coined words

specialized terminology hybrid interspersed



14. Foreign words are frequently used in specialized material, such as books on law, medicine, music, and cooking, and for scientific classifications in fields such as botany and zoology. True False 16.6c

15. If the meanings are explained in the text or in a glossary, such terms are contracted like English words, even though some of them may not be found in the dictionary.

True False 16.6c

16. A non-Latin letter indicator (dot 2) must precede each Greek letter or letter grouping

that stands for words, not a letter. True False stands for letters, not a word 16.7b

17. The only non-Latin languages for which there are official BANA codes are German, Russian, or Hebrew. True False Greek, Russian, or Hebrew. 16.7a

18. When a non-Latin letter indicator and braille equivalents for non-Latin letters are used, they must be listed on a transcriber’s notes page. True False special symbols

page 16.7a

19. Old and Middle English employing letters not used in modern English, such as the edh (ð) or thorn (Þ), should be considered as foreign and transcribed in uncontracted braille. True False 16.8

20. The braille equivalents of Greek letters are listed in Appendix B of English Braille American Edition 1994. True False 16.7b

21. To, into, and by can be contracted when they precede a foreign letter indicator. True

False cannot be contracted 16.7b

22. Contractions should be used in archaic spellings found in later writings unless their use would cause difficulty in the recognition of a word. True False 16.8

23. In general literature, the letter indicator (dots 46) precedes each word of a passage consisting of three or fewer Greek or other non-Latin words. True False dots 56

16.7c

24. In passages of more than three or fewer Greek or other non-Latin words, a double letter indicator is used before the first word and a single letter indicator is used before the last word. True False 16.7c

25. When a single or double letter indicator is used before such words, this usage must

be explained in a transcriber's note or on a special symbols page. True False 16.7c

26. For rules regarding letters no longer in use, refer to Braille Formats: Principles of Print to Braille Transcription. True False 16.8

27. If the ity contraction is used in the archaic spelling of city (citye), it would be read as city-e. True False 16.7c 58.D.2



Braille BINGO (58.F.1)

Lesson 16

1. Name three of the items from Lesson 16.

Answer: Accent Symbol, Foreign Words in English Text, Anglicized Words, Corrupted

Words, Coined Words, Specialized Terminology, Non-Latin Alphabets, Old and Middle

English, Foreign Punctuation

2. What braille configuration is the accent symbol?

Answer: (dot 4).

3. What kind of sign is the accent symbol?

Answer: composition sign.

4. In braille, the accent symbol is placed immediately ____ a letter that, in general

literature, is printed with an accent or diacritical mark.

Answer: before

5. In literary braille, where only a few words or sentences are in a foreign language, no

distinction is made between different kinds of ____ marks.

Answer: accent

6. When brailling foreign words printed in regular typeface in English text, accented

letters must not form part of a ____.

Answer: contraction

7. An accent mark in an English word indicates an entire ____ syllable—not just a letter—

and contractions are used.

Answer: stressed

8. When an accent mark is used, it must be listed on a ____ ____ ____.

Answer: special symbols page

9. True or False: The distinction between the various accent marks is made when brailling textbooks in which diacritic markings are used to study pronunciation, or when brailling

whole foreign language texts, such as those used in foreign-language instruction.

Answer: True

58.F.1



10. Braille configurations for special characters found in French, Italian, Spanish,

German, and Greek are listed in Appendix ____ of English Braille American Edition.

Answer: B

11. True or False: Braille codes for other languages can be found in World Braille Usage, available through the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically

Handicapped.

Answer: True

12. True or False: Transcribers unfamiliar with the rules of Braille Formats and those prescribed by the Braille Authority of North America's (BANA) Foreign Language Technical Committee should attempt to transcribe diacritics or foreign language books.

Answer: False, should not attempt

13. True or False: New rules for brailling foreign language texts are now under

production at BANA.

Answer: True

14. All dictionaries of the English language contain both words of English origin and words that have a foreign origin but have been so incorporated into English that they

are considered "_____," i.e., part of the language.

Answer: anglicized

15. Many dictionaries also include foreign words that have not acquired an anglicized ____ but are often used by English speakers.

Answer: status

16. These foreign words are either incorporated in the body of the dictionary, and clearly designated as foreign by a special mark, such as a dagger, or they are listed

separately under a ____ such as "Foreign Words and Phrases."

Answer: heading

17. Any word listed in the A to Z entries in the body of an English dictionary is considered

an ____ word unless specifically designated as foreign.

Answer: English

18. The rules for brailling foreign words that are distinguished in English text by a different ____, such as italics, differ from foreign words that are printed in regular

typeface.

Answer: typeface 58.F.1



19. When foreign words, phrases, or names within English text are printed in a typeface

different from the surrounding text, and/or enclosed in quotation marks, follow ____.

Answer: print

20. Use/do not use contractions or letter indicators in foreign words, phrases, or names within English text that are printed in a typeface different from the surrounding text.

Answer: do not use

21. Use/do not use the contractions for to, into, or by before foreign words, phrases, or names within English text that are printed in a typeface different from the

surrounding text.

Answer: do not use

22. When, in English text, a foreign name is printed in a distinctive typeface such as

italics, the italics have been used to ____ it both as foreign and as a proper noun.

Answer: distinguish

23. When, in English text, a foreign name is printed in a distinctive typeface such as

italics contractions are/are not used.

Answer: are not used.

24. True or False: Contractions are not used in English names when they appear within foreign phrases that are set off in a distinctive typeface.

Answer: True

25. True or False: When foreign words and names are printed in regular typeface,

contractions and letter indicators are not used.

Answer: False, are used

26. Sometimes a foreign word has the same spelling as an English word, or a braille contraction for an English word, but the meaning, pronunciation, and/or syllable

division is ____.

Answer: different

27. True or False: Where the use of a contraction could cause difficulty in the recognition of such a word, the contraction is not used.

Answer: True

58.F.1



28. Use a ____ ____before any free-standing, accented or unaccented, single foreign

letter in regular typeface.

Answer: letter indicator

29. A letter indicator should also be placed before any letter ____that could be mistaken for a short-form word.

Answer: combination

30. True or False: A good rule of thumb to use when dividing foreign words is to keep prefixes and suffixes intact and divide compound words into their component parts.

Answer: True

31. The practice of keeping prefixes and suffixes intact and dividing compound words into their component parts can be ____ for a transcriber who is not familiar with the

language.

Answer: troublesome

32. Spanish words ____ divide between double ll's, rr's, or between c and h.

Answer: never

33. True or False: After consulting all available resources, proper division still cannot be

determined, do not divide the word.

Answer: True

34. Punctuation used in foreign languages generally follows that used in ____.

Answer: English

35. When French uses guillemets (« ») to enclose conversation, these are represented in

braille by the appropriate English inner or outer ____ mark symbols.

Answer: quotation

36. True or False: When German uses inverted quotation marks („ “) to enclose conversation, these are represented in braille by the appropriate English inner or

outer quotation mark symbols.

Answer: True

37. When using German inverted quotation marks or French guillemets you should

explain to the braille reader on a ____ ____ ____.

Answer: transcriber's notes page 58.F.1



38. True or False: When dashes are used to enclose foreign-language dialogue instead of

quotation marks, in braille they are spaced in the same way as quotation marks.

Answer: True

39. When a dash is used in braille to introduce foreign conversation, this usage must be explained on a ____ ____ ____.


40. In Spanish a question is ____ in question marks, the first one inverted and placed at the beginning of the question.

Answer: enclosed

41. In braille, both the opening and closing question marks are represented by dots

____, different from the English question mark.

Answer: 26

42. Spanish exclamations begin with an ____ exclamation mark.

Answer: inverted

43. Spanish exclamation marks are represented by dots ____—just as in English braille.

Answer: 235

44. Spanish punctuation marks must be explained on a ____ ____ ____.


45. True or False: The emphasis indicator is placed before the opening punctuation—but

following the opening dash.

Answer: True

46. True or False: Many words that were once considered foreign have been anglicized.

Answer: True

47. When anglicized words such as carte blanche, enfant terrible, vis-à-vis, coup d'état, or sans serif, which are no longer designated as foreign in the dictionary, are printed in italics, we must assume that the author has chosen to italicize them for emphasis or distinction—in which case the italics are kept and ____ are used.

Answer: contractions

58.F.1



48. When in doubt consult a reputable dictionary less than ____ years old.

Answer: ten

49. When transcribing dialect that is a hybrid of English and some foreign language, those emphasized (usually ____) sentences or phrases that are purely foreign are

brailled uncontracted.

Answer: italicized

50. True or False: When unemphasized foreign or corrupted foreign words are interspersed with English, these words are treated as dialect and contractions are not

used.

Answer: False, contractions are used

51. Made-up words such as those often found in science fiction and verse cannot be regarded as ____; therefore, they are contracted in the same manner as English

words.

Answer: foreign

52. In made-up words such as those often found in science fiction and verse it is suggested, however, that a contraction or short-form be/not be used if the letter

combination bridges two words in a coined word.

Answer: not be used

53. Foreign words are frequently used in ____ material, such as books on law, medicine, music, and cooking, and for scientific classifications in fields such as botany and

zoology.

Answer: specialized

54. If the meanings are explained in the text or in a glossary, such terms are contracted like ____ words, even though some of them may not be found in the dictionary.

Answer: English

55. When letters from non-Latin languages such as Greek, Russian, or Hebrew (the only non-Latin languages for which there are official BANA codes) appear in English text, the braille equivalents of these letters are used and they are preceded by dot ____, the non-Latin letter indicator.

Answer: 2

58.F.1



56. When a non-Latin letter indicator and braille equivalents for non-Latin letters are

used, they must be listed on a ____ ____ ____.


57. The braille ____ of Greek letters are listed in Appendix B of English Braille American Edition 1994.

Answer: equivalents

58. True or False: In braille many Greek letters are the same as their English counterparts (A and B, for instance), while others have unique configurations (H, P,

Y, etc.).

Answer: True

59. A ____-____ letter indicator (dot 2) must precede each Greek letter or letter

grouping that stands for letters, not a word.

Answer: non-Latin

60. True or False: The appropriate single or double capital indicator is used before

uppercase Greek letters.

Answer: True

61. Emphasis indicators and letter indicators are/are not used in Greek letter or letter grouping that stands for letters.

Answer: are not used

62. True or False: To, into, and by cannot be contracted when they precede a foreign

letter indicator.

Answer: True

63. The letter indicator (dots 56) precedes each word of a passage consisting of ____ or

fewer Greek or other non-Latin words.

Answer: three

64. In passages of more than three such words, a ____ letter indicator is used before the

first word and a single letter indicator is used before the last word.

Answer: double

58.F.1



65. True or False: When a single or double letter indicator is used before Greek and other non-Latin words, this usage must be explained in a transcriber's note or on a special symbols page.

Answer: True

66. Old and Middle English employing letters not used in modern English, such as the

edh (ð) or thorn (Þ), should be considered as foreign and transcribed in ____ braille.

Answer: uncontracted

67. True or False: For rules regarding letters no longer in use, refer to Braille Formats: Principles of Print to Braille Transcription.

Answer: True

68. Contractions should be used in archaic spellings found in later writings unless their

use would cause difficulty in the ____ of a word.

Answer: recognition

69. True or False: If the ity contraction is used in the archaic spelling of city (citye), it

would be read as city-e.

Answer: True

58.F.1



Braille BINGO Ribbons (58.F.2)

58.F.2

I Won the

BINGO

Game!!!

BINGO

CHAMPION!!!

BRAILLE BINGO VICTOR!!!

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