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B OXWOOD B LIGHT A NEW DISEASE B OXWOOD B LIGHT , A NEW DISEASE OF BOXWOOD IN THE U.S.

Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

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Page 1: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

BOXWOOD BLIGHT A NEW DISEASEBOXWOOD BLIGHT, A NEW DISEASEOF BOXWOOD IN THE U.S.

Page 2: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

BOXWOOD BLIGHT, WHY THE?CONCERN?

Boxwood is an important landscape plant in American gardens and a valuable crop produced by nurseries

This fungal disease attacks all commercially available boxwood species and cultivars

Boxwood blight can defoliate a boxwood in one seasong

Boxwood cuttings, plants in containers and those established for decades are susceptible

F i id i d l Fungicides give moderate to poor control

Has been found in 9 states in the U.S. (MA, RI, CT, NY, PA, MD, VA, NC, OR); this number will likely increase

Page 3: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

BOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINEBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE

First reported in the United Kingdom in mid 1990’s (now considered widespreadmid‐1990 s (now considered widespread throughout Europe)

Reported in New Zealand in 2002 Reported in New Zealand in 2002

Reported in CT and NC in October 2011

By February 2012 reported in MA, MD, VA, RI,OR,NY, PA and British Columbia

Page 4: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

THE PATHOGENTHE PATHOGEN

Cylindrocladium buxicola (syn C. pseudonaviculatum)

L. Lacey & K.Ivors, NCSU

Page 5: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

BOXWOOD BLIGHTS *SYMPTOMS*

Tan‐to‐brown circular spots on leaves

With time whole leaves turn brown and are shed

Tan‐to‐black lesions develop on twigs

Root system is not affected, at least initially; as plant declines the root system will be affected

* Disease symptoms – visible damage to leaves, stems or other plant parts

Page 6: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

BOXWOOD BLIGHT SIGNS*BOXWOOD BLIGHT SIGNS

During humid, wet conditions the fungus may sporulate on the underside of leaves and stemsp

Spore masses  are white on infected leaves and stems

* Sign – visible signs of the pathogen (masses of spores, mycelium)

Page 7: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OFB BBOXWOOD BLIGHT

Photos courtesy of S. Douglas, CT Ag Exp Station

Page 8: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

BOXWOOD BLIGHT, SYMPTOMS ON STEM

Photo courtesy of S. Douglas, CT Ag Exp Station

Page 9: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

BOXWOOD BLIGHT DAMAGE TOC P BCUTTINGS IN PROPAGATION BED

Page 10: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

CONTAINER NURSERY: PLANTS7 10 WERE DEFOLIATED IN 7-10 DAYS

Page 11: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

BOXWOOD BLIGHT OFBBOXWOOD

Defoliation of boxwood in one season d bdue to box blight

Photos courtesy of M. Inman, CT Ag Exp Station

Page 12: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

BOXWOOD BLIGHTBOXWOOD BLIGHT

D f li i fDefoliation of box wood due to box blight infection

Photo courtesy of S. Douglas, CT Ag Exp Station

Page 13: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

SPREADSPREAD

Short distance the fungal spores can be splash dispersed or by wind driven rainsplash dispersed or by wind driven rain

Long distance spread via infected plant material

Wet foliage and warm, humid conditions favor disease developmentp

Fungus  can survive for years in leaf litter via micro‐sclerotia

Page 14: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

Host Cultivar

Buxus microphylla var. japonica ‘North Star’

‘Green Beauty’

‘Baby Gem’

Buxus sempervirens ‘Suffruticosa’

‘Elegantissima’

‘Artic Emerald’

‘Jade Pillar’ght in CT

Jade Pillar

‘Graham Blandy’

Buxus sinica var. insularis ‘Winter Gem’

oxwoo

d Blig

‘Winter Green’

Buxus sinica var. insularis X Buxus ‘Green Mountain’

sempervirens hybrid ‘Green Gem’Hosts fo

r Bo

p y

‘Green Velvet’

‘Chicagoland’

‘Green Ice’

H

‘Green Ice’

‘Big Leaf Gordo’

All commercially produced boxwood species/cultivars are considered hosts

Page 15: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

BEST MANAGEMENTP LPRACTICES FOR LANDSCAPES

Be extremely cautious if buying boxwood this season

Examine plants carefully before buying; if not healthy, walk away

Fungicides slow, but do not eliminate the disease

Isolate new plants from established plantings

Contact your local Extension Agent for more finformation

Page 16: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

BEST MANAGEMENTP NPRACTICES FOR NURSERIES

Train staff to recognize boxwood blight signs and symptoms

Closely inspect incoming boxwood and isolate new plants from older blocks of boxwood

Scatter boxwood blocks throughout nurseryg y

If possible, use drip irrigation

Take cuttings for propagation from healthy plants

Keep up‐to‐date on developments in fungicide trials

Contact your plant inspector or Extension agent if you see anything suspicioussee anything suspicious

Page 17: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

LOOK-A-LIKE DISEASESLOOK A LIKE DISEASES

Phytophthora root rot

Volutella blight

Page 18: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROTPHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT

Roots are killed; foliage dies once roots are deadroots are dead

Problem in nurseries and newly established plants in landscapes

Page 19: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROTPHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT

Page 20: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROTPHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT

Healthy Phytophthora root rot; note discolored roots

Page 21: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

VOLUTELLA BLIGHTVOLUTELLA BLIGHT

A minor problem compared to boxwood blight

Shoots may be killed

Sign of disease‐ pink‐to‐salmon colored spores lon leaves

Page 22: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

VOLUTELLA BLIGHTVOLUTELLA BLIGHT

P Bachi, Univ of KY, ipmimages.orgS Douglas, CT Ag Exp Stat

Page 23: Box Blight, a new disease of boxwood › spp › SPP Publications › Boxblight.pdfBOXWOOD BLIGHT TIME LINE First reported in the United Kingdom in mid‐19901990s’s (now considered

FURTHER READINGFURTHER READING

Boxwood Blight, CT Ag Exp Station

Boxwood Blight, NC State University