BOVINE MASTITIS: AN BOVINE MASTITIS: AN

UPDATEUPDATE ByBy

Dr S.V. Singh,Dr S.V. Singh,

Assistant professor,Assistant professor,

Deptt. of Vet. Clinical Medicine Deptt. of Vet. Clinical Medicine

College of Veterinary SciencesCollege of Veterinary Sciences

N.D.U.A. & T.N.D.U.A. & T.

MASTITISMASTITIS

Inflammation of mammary gland Inflammation of mammary gland parenchymaparenchyma

Characterised by: Characterised by: abnormalities of milkabnormalities of milk & & abnormalities of abnormalities of udderudder

Development of mastitisDevelopment of mastitis

A

Organisms remain on .the udder surface.

B

Organisms enter teat canal and disrupt the teat canal barrier.

C

Organisms move further and affect the udder immune barrier.

D

Organisms establish and multiply in the udder.

Inflammation and damage to the udder

Somatic cells engulfing bacteria

PREDISPOSING FACTORSPREDISPOSING FACTORSInteraction of bacterial, host and environmental Interaction of bacterial, host and environmental factors leading to mastitisfactors leading to mastitis

Bacterial FactorBacterial Factor Host FactorHost Factor Environmental Environmental

factorfactor

Bacterial FactorsBacterial Factors

Ability to survive in the immediate environment of the Ability to survive in the immediate environment of the animal animal

Ability to colonise the teat duct. Ability to colonise the teat duct. Ability to adhere to mammary epithelium and not be Ability to adhere to mammary epithelium and not be

flushed out with the milk flowflushed out with the milk flow The degree of invasiveness. For example, streptococci The degree of invasiveness. For example, streptococci

cause little pathological change to secretory cells but cause little pathological change to secretory cells but staphylococci initiate degenerative changes. staphylococci initiate degenerative changes.

Ability to resist phagocytosis and antibacterial Ability to resist phagocytosis and antibacterial substances in udder, including resistance to substances in udder, including resistance to antibiotics. antibiotics.

Host FactorsHost Factors Genetic predisposition to mastitis - teat shape, Genetic predisposition to mastitis - teat shape,

sphincter tone, anatomy of the teat canal and sphincter tone, anatomy of the teat canal and susceptibility to weakening of suspensory susceptibility to weakening of suspensory ligament. (Pendulous udder)ligament. (Pendulous udder)

Age: older cows, especially after four lactations.Age: older cows, especially after four lactations. Stage of lactation: more susceptible just after Stage of lactation: more susceptible just after

calving and for the following 2 months. calving and for the following 2 months. Presence of lesions on the teats that may Presence of lesions on the teats that may

predispose to inadequate milking orpredispose to inadequate milking or may harbour may harbour mastitis producing bacteria. mastitis producing bacteria.

Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors Presence of large numbers of potential pathogens in Presence of large numbers of potential pathogens in

the immediate environment of the animal. (poor the immediate environment of the animal. (poor hygiene )hygiene )

General management of animals. For example, General management of animals. For example, ‘Coliform’ mastitis is much more frequent in housed ‘Coliform’ mastitis is much more frequent in housed cattle. cattle.

Milking machine malfunction or inadequate design.Milking machine malfunction or inadequate design. Milking shed environment including poor milking Milking shed environment including poor milking

techniques and hygiene. techniques and hygiene. External traumas such as that arising from rough, External traumas such as that arising from rough,

middy approaches to the milking shed or with cause, middy approaches to the milking shed or with cause, the sucking of large vigorous lambs. the sucking of large vigorous lambs.

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

Per acute Per acute AcuteAcute Sub-acuteSub-acute ChronicChronic SubclinicalSubclinical

Peracute formPeracute form:: hot, hot, swollen and painful swollen and painful quarter, abnormal quarter, abnormal milk, systemic milk, systemic disturbance - fever, disturbance - fever, depression, anorexia, depression, anorexia, weakness and a rapid weakness and a rapid weak pulseweak pulse

Acute formAcute form: : severe severe inflammation, but inflammation, but systemic reaction is systemic reaction is not so marked. not so marked.

Chronic fromChronic from: : Absence Absence of systemic signs, very of systemic signs, very few external signs of few external signs of change in the udder, change in the udder, recurrent episodes of recurrent episodes of mild inflammation and mild inflammation and slight change in milk. slight change in milk.

Subclinical formSubclinical form: : No No visible abnormality in visible abnormality in udder and milk , milk udder and milk , milk appears normal unless appears normal unless tested, positive in tested, positive in laboratory. laboratory.

Gangrenous mastitisGangrenous mastitis

Cracked skin of Cracked skin of teats/udderteats/udder

Reddish to bluish Reddish to bluish black discolorationblack discoloration

Hard, cold and Hard, cold and painful with honey painful with honey like discharge from like discharge from fissuresfissures

Sloughing offSloughing off

Gangrenous mastitis in Gangrenous mastitis in goatgoat

Sloughed off teatSloughed off teat

Udder abscessUdder abscess

Udder edemaUdder edema

DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS

STEPS INVOLVEDSTEPS INVOLVED1.Thorough examination of udder,1.Thorough examination of udder,

2. Examination of individual quarters 2. Examination of individual quarters

3. Examination of milk.3. Examination of milk.

EXAMINATION OF UDDEREXAMINATION OF UDDER

Inspection, Inspection, Palpation, Palpation, Inspection of the udder secretionInspection of the udder secretion

INSPECTION INSPECTION

The size and shape of the The size and shape of the udder, individual quarters udder, individual quarters and the teats should be and the teats should be inspected by viewing it inspected by viewing it from front, on each side, from front, on each side, and from behind. and from behind.

Preferably the udder should Preferably the udder should be examined from the back be examined from the back with hind legs held apart with hind legs held apart and tail lifted upwards. This and tail lifted upwards. This position allows view of position allows view of whole udder.whole udder.

PALPATION PALPATION

The teatThe teat: : Palpated with Palpated with the finger tips,the finger tips,

The quartersThe quarters: : Palpated Palpated (preferably after (preferably after milking) with the flat of milking) with the flat of the hand, first feeling the hand, first feeling the surface, then the the surface, then the deeper tissue. deeper tissue.

A convenient A convenient procedure is to start at procedure is to start at the tip of the teat and the tip of the teat and proceed upwards. proceed upwards.

The teatThe teat (streak canal) normally feels firm (streak canal) normally feels firm when rolled between the fingers and all when rolled between the fingers and all four teats should feel the same.four teats should feel the same.

AbnormalitiesAbnormalities include swelling, injury and include swelling, injury and neoplasia of the tip and teat canal: also neoplasia of the tip and teat canal: also abnormal tenderness and increased abnormal tenderness and increased warmth. warmth.

PatencyPatency of the teat canal is tested by of the teat canal is tested by drawing off a few streams of milk (into a drawing off a few streams of milk (into a stripping cup-not onto the ground).stripping cup-not onto the ground).

Udder skinUdder skin is palpated for is palpated for Surface temperature (exceptionally warm in Surface temperature (exceptionally warm in

mastitis accompanied by cellulitis; cold in mastitis accompanied by cellulitis; cold in gangrenous mastitis), gangrenous mastitis),

Tenderness, Tenderness, Thickening, Thickening, Hardening and Hardening and Elasticity. The skin of milked out udder should Elasticity. The skin of milked out udder should

be more so elastic that a fold can be pulled be more so elastic that a fold can be pulled out. out.

EXAMINATION OF THE MILKEXAMINATION OF THE MILK

Broadly classified under two categories Broadly classified under two categories i.e. i.e.

(i)(i) The detection of alteration in milk as The detection of alteration in milk as a consequence of a consequence of pathophysiological changes due to pathophysiological changes due to an inflammatory response and an inflammatory response and

(ii)(ii) The direct detection of The direct detection of microorganisms in milk by culture.microorganisms in milk by culture.

Sample collection, storage and transportSample collection, storage and transport

Storage-Storage- Sterilized glass or Sterilized glass or plastic tubes of 10-15 ml capacity plastic tubes of 10-15 ml capacity with appropriate tight fitting capswith appropriate tight fitting caps

UdderUdder - washed properly & dried - washed properly & dried with the help of a muslin cloth. with the help of a muslin cloth.

CollectionCollection -just prior to the -just prior to the milking particularly from the fore milking particularly from the fore milk which contains more milk which contains more mastitis organisms.mastitis organisms.

SamplingSampling- individually. - individually.

Herd testingHerd testing :a composite sample :a composite sample from all the quarters.from all the quarters.

TeatsTeats - scrubbed thoroughly within a cotton - scrubbed thoroughly within a cotton ball soaked in 70% alcohol.ball soaked in 70% alcohol.

Hands-Hands- gloved, rinsed in a germicidal gloved, rinsed in a germicidal solution and thoroughly dried or change the solution and thoroughly dried or change the gloves after taking the sample, from gloves after taking the sample, from proceeding to another animal.proceeding to another animal.

ExaminationExamination- immediately after the - immediately after the collection. collection.

Transport to laboratoryTransport to laboratory - in ice. - in ice. If stored for 15-30 minutesIf stored for 15-30 minutes it should be it should be

stored at 4-5stored at 4-5C. C.

Strip cup testStrip cup test

Routine examination of the milk using a filter cupRoutine examination of the milk using a filter cup Moak firstly made use of strip cup test for the Moak firstly made use of strip cup test for the

detection of visible particles of milkdetection of visible particles of milk Types of strip cups (Two)Types of strip cups (Two)

Fine screen typeFine screen type : Filters the pus, clots and flakes. : Filters the pus, clots and flakes. Black background typeBlack background type: Helps to detect the change in : Helps to detect the change in

colour as well as presence of particlescolour as well as presence of particles. .

NOTE:NOTE: Milk that is hotter than normal may be a good Milk that is hotter than normal may be a good indication of a indication of a Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus infection infection

California Mastitis Test (CMT)California Mastitis Test (CMT) Method described by Schalm Method described by Schalm et al.et al. (1971) (1971) Principle: Principle: reagents cause rupture of somatic reagents cause rupture of somatic

cells and release cellular proteins, including cells and release cellular proteins, including the DNA. These proteins unite with the the DNA. These proteins unite with the reagent causing it to precipitate. The reagent causing it to precipitate. The reaction is best seen in alkaline pH and reaction is best seen in alkaline pH and since pH of the mastitic milk is mostly since pH of the mastitic milk is mostly alkaline, therefore, it is most likely to give alkaline, therefore, it is most likely to give the above reaction. The reagent the above reaction. The reagent Bromocresol purple imparts purple colour to Bromocresol purple imparts purple colour to the mixture. the mixture.

CMT ReagentCMT Reagent

The test reagent maybe prepared as The test reagent maybe prepared as followsfollows

Bromocresol purple – 0.01 gmBromocresol purple – 0.01 gm

Sodium hydroxide – 1.5 gmSodium hydroxide – 1.5 gm

Teepol – 0.5 mlTeepol – 0.5 ml

Distilled water –100 mlDistilled water –100 ml

2-3 ml of milk + equal amount of CMT 2-3 ml of milk + equal amount of CMT reagent reagent

gentle circular motiongentle circular motion

Positive reaction : gel formation & change Positive reaction : gel formation & change of colourof colour

When the mixture is distinctly deep purple When the mixture is distinctly deep purple colourcolour : : + (Alkaline milk)+ (Alkaline milk)

INTERPRETATIONINTERPRETATION

ReactionReaction Degree of testDegree of test

No precipitate or colour changeNo precipitate or colour change - (Negative)- (Negative)

Slight precipitate Slight precipitate T (Trace)T (Trace)

A distinct precipitate without gel A distinct precipitate without gel formation and slight purplish colourformation and slight purplish colour

11++ (Weak (Weak positive)positive)

Viscosity of milk increased with Viscosity of milk increased with moderate gel formationmoderate gel formation

22++ (Positive) (Positive)

Immediate thick gel formation, Immediate thick gel formation, sticking at the bottom sticking at the bottom

33++ (Strong (Strong positive)positive)

Whiteside Test (WST)Whiteside Test (WST)

Based on the reaction between 4% sodium Based on the reaction between 4% sodium hydroxide and milk. hydroxide and milk.

The leukocytes of mastitic milk gets The leukocytes of mastitic milk gets disintegrated upon contact with sodium disintegrated upon contact with sodium hydroxide. The nucleic acid forms a sodium salt hydroxide. The nucleic acid forms a sodium salt in the presence of sodium hydroxide, producing in the presence of sodium hydroxide, producing a gelatinous mass to which serum solids and fat a gelatinous mass to which serum solids and fat globules become adsorbed to produce globules become adsorbed to produce characteristic precipitate.characteristic precipitate.

ProcedureProcedure:: Five drops of milk + 2 drops of Five drops of milk + 2 drops of reagent (Stirring for about 20 seconds )reagent (Stirring for about 20 seconds )

REACTIONREACTION DEGREE OF TESTDEGREE OF TEST

Mixture remain opaque & free of particlesMixture remain opaque & free of particles - (negative)- (negative)

No apparent reaction during stirring, close No apparent reaction during stirring, close inspection reveals finely dispersed particlesinspection reveals finely dispersed particles

Thickening during stirring with little or no tendency Thickening during stirring with little or no tendency for the mass to adhere to the stick; on continued for the mass to adhere to the stick; on continued stirring the mixture separate into milky whey and stirring the mixture separate into milky whey and white particleswhite particles

1 +1 +

Thickening, the coagulum follows the stick and Thickening, the coagulum follows the stick and finally separated into a clear whey and white, finally separated into a clear whey and white, thread-like whorlsthread-like whorls

2 +2 +

A tenacious mass forms immediately adhering to A tenacious mass forms immediately adhering to the stick;the stick; the mass separates into whey and the mass separates into whey and thready, clumped, opaque materialthready, clumped, opaque material

3 +3 +

A tenacious coagulum with little or no tendency to A tenacious coagulum with little or no tendency to break down into whey and particulate materialbreak down into whey and particulate material

4 +4 +

Mastrip Test (MST)Mastrip Test (MST)

Cellulose based bromothymol blue strip Cellulose based bromothymol blue strip impregnated with stabilized ionimpregnated with stabilized ion

One drop of milk is placed on the mastrip One drop of milk is placed on the mastrip The colour reaction is graded asThe colour reaction is graded as ReactionReaction Degree of testDegree of test No change in colour (yellow)No change in colour (yellow) --

Light greenLight green ++ Dark greenDark green ++ ++ Bluish greenBluish green +++ +++

Electrical ConductivityElectrical Conductivity

The electrical conductivity of milk increases The electrical conductivity of milk increases in mastitis owing to altered concentration of in mastitis owing to altered concentration of ions in mastitic milk. ions in mastitic milk.

Measured by using electrical conductivity Measured by using electrical conductivity meter. meter.

Conductivity is measured in Siemens (S) and Conductivity is measured in Siemens (S) and is calculated by dividing amphere by voltage.is calculated by dividing amphere by voltage.

The electrical conductivity of normal milk The electrical conductivity of normal milk ranges between 4.0 – 5.5 mS/cm.ranges between 4.0 – 5.5 mS/cm.

Somatic Cell countSomatic Cell count

Interpretations..Interpretations..

Normal SCC in milk is generally below 200,000 Normal SCC in milk is generally below 200,000 per mlper ml

An SCC above 250,000 - 300,000 is considered An SCC above 250,000 - 300,000 is considered abnormal and nearly always is an indication of abnormal and nearly always is an indication of bacterial infection causing inflammation of the bacterial infection causing inflammation of the udder.udder.

TREATMENTTREATMENT

Antibiotics SystemicAntibiotics Systemic

IntramammaryIntramammary

Preferably the same antibiotic should Preferably the same antibiotic should be used be used

Anti inflammatory drugsAnti inflammatory drugsAnti histaminesAnti histamines

Antibiotic therapyAntibiotic therapy

Mastitis is the most common reason for Mastitis is the most common reason for antibiotic use in the dairy industryantibiotic use in the dairy industry

Properties of antibiotic therapy intended for Properties of antibiotic therapy intended for mastitis therapymastitis therapy The bioavailability from intravenous administration The bioavailability from intravenous administration

with with low plasma protein binding and high milk, plasma low plasma protein binding and high milk, plasma ratio. ratio.

The antibiotic should have The antibiotic should have low minimum effective low minimum effective concentration (MEC)concentration (MEC) against major causative against major causative pathogens pathogens with longer elimination half-life from the with longer elimination half-life from the udder tissueudder tissue..

Drugs of choiceDrugs of choice

Aminoglycosides neomycin, Framycetin, Aminoglycosides neomycin, Framycetin, ampicillin & cloxacillin and third generation ampicillin & cloxacillin and third generation cephalosporinscephalosporins

Best performance: Best performance:

Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Erythromycin & TylosinAmpicillin, Amoxycillin, Erythromycin & Tylosin

Medium performance: Medium performance:

Penicillin G, Cloxacillin & TetracyclinesPenicillin G, Cloxacillin & Tetracyclines

Poor diffusers which do have a longer T1/2 : Poor diffusers which do have a longer T1/2 : Streptomycin & NeomycinStreptomycin & Neomycin

Trial reports (gangrenous mastitis)Trial reports (gangrenous mastitis)

Treatment Treatment groupgroup

% efficacy% efficacy Reference Reference

Ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone 66.666.6 Singh, 2004Singh, 2004

CeftriaxoneCeftriaxone 93.7593.75 Singha Singha et alet al, , 20042004

Ceftriaxone + Ceftriaxone + gentamicingentamicin

9292 Sharma, 2004Sharma, 2004

Ceftriaxone + Ceftriaxone + gentamicingentamicin

83.3383.33 Singh Singh et et alal ,2008 ,2008

Failure of antibiotic therapyFailure of antibiotic therapy

Development of resistance:Development of resistance: indiscriminate use of antibioticsindiscriminate use of antibiotics the ubiquitous nature of the ubiquitous nature of

mastitogens.mastitogens.

The bacteria too sometimes become The bacteria too sometimes become refractory to the effects of the drug.refractory to the effects of the drug.

Demerits of intramammary Demerits of intramammary therapytherapy Makes animal susceptible Makes animal susceptible

to the injury to teat canalto the injury to teat canal if sterile conditions- if sterile conditions-

places microbes directly places microbes directly into the udderinto the udder

Causes the dilation of Causes the dilation of teat canal lumen, and teat canal lumen, and enhancing bacterial enhancing bacterial penetration. penetration.

The inflammation, edema The inflammation, edema or fibrosis of the or fibrosis of the mammary gland results in mammary gland results in a poor distribution of the a poor distribution of the drug within the udder. drug within the udder.

ALTERNATE THERAPYALTERNATE THERAPY

ANTIOXIDANT THERAPYANTIOXIDANT THERAPY PHYTOTHERAPYPHYTOTHERAPY HOMEOPATHYHOMEOPATHY CYTOKINE THERAPYCYTOKINE THERAPY OXYTOCIN THERAPYOXYTOCIN THERAPY

Entry of bacteria into mammary gland

Mobilisation of PMN cells

Engulf and kill bacteria through RESPIRATORY BURST

Release of free radicals

Adequate antioxidant

Allow a more active and more prolonged effect of a cow’s natural immune

system on invading bacteria

Insufficient antioxidant

Free radicals accumulate

OXIDATIVE STRESS

Cells can tolerate a mild oxidative stressCells can tolerate a mild oxidative stress Antioxidants- scavange and minimize the Antioxidants- scavange and minimize the

formation of ROS, but they are not 100% effective.formation of ROS, but they are not 100% effective. When ROS are not effectively and safely removed, When ROS are not effectively and safely removed,

oxidative stress may impair health in dairy cows oxidative stress may impair health in dairy cows both directly and indirectlyboth directly and indirectly

Directly: per oxidative damage to important Directly: per oxidative damage to important lipids and macromoleculeslipids and macromolecules

Indirectly: by changes induced in cellular Indirectly: by changes induced in cellular membranes and componentsmembranes and components

Tissue injury contributes to the development of Tissue injury contributes to the development of disease conditions, mastitis being one of themdisease conditions, mastitis being one of them

Commonly used Commonly used antioxidantsantioxidants

Vitamin E Vitamin E Vitamin A Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin C SeleniumSelenium ZincZinc

VitaminE SupplementationVitaminE Supplementation

Most important lipid soluble antioxidant.Most important lipid soluble antioxidant. An integral component of all lipid membranes An integral component of all lipid membranes

and protects lipid membranes from attack by and protects lipid membranes from attack by Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS. Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS.

Plays a regulatory role in the biosynthesis of Plays a regulatory role in the biosynthesis of various inflammatory mediators and various inflammatory mediators and influences both cellular and humoral influences both cellular and humoral immunity.immunity.

Increases intracellular killing of both Increases intracellular killing of both Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus and and Escherchia coliEscherchia coli (Hogan (Hogan et al.,et al.,1993)1993)

Vit E conc. during periparturient Vit E conc. during periparturient

periodperiod Declines around 7 to 10 daysDeclines around 7 to 10 days prior to calving, prior to calving,

and first two to three weeks of lactationand first two to three weeks of lactation Large quantity of the vitamin E is Large quantity of the vitamin E is secreted in the secreted in the

colostrum causing a 47% drop in maternal colostrum causing a 47% drop in maternal Vitamin E concentrationVitamin E concentration

Increased cortisol concentration in the blood Increased cortisol concentration in the blood prior to calving reduces vitamin Eprior to calving reduces vitamin E content in content in neutrophils.neutrophils.

Therefore, Vitamin levels are Therefore, Vitamin levels are lowest around lowest around calvingcalving, the time of maximum susceptibility., the time of maximum susceptibility.

Nauriyal (1996) Nauriyal (1996) Dose: 1000 IU of tocopherol during the dry period Dose: 1000 IU of tocopherol during the dry period

and during early lactation and during early lactation Result: Result:

Supplemented group - 12.5% incidence Supplemented group - 12.5% incidence Unsupplemented group -56.25% incidenceUnsupplemented group -56.25% incidence

Singh Singh et al.et al. (2000) (2000) 80% efficacy in animals administered Vitamin E 80% efficacy in animals administered Vitamin E

and Selenium injections (E care Se) and and Selenium injections (E care Se) and gentamicingentamicin

60% efficacy in gentamicin treated group.60% efficacy in gentamicin treated group.

Dose recommendationsDose recommendations

Dry cows :1000 IU/day Dry cows :1000 IU/day Lactating cows :500 IU/dayLactating cows :500 IU/day

Injection of selenium and vitamin E or Injection of selenium and vitamin E or feeding supplemental amounts of these feeding supplemental amounts of these nutrients during the 3 weeks prepartum nutrients during the 3 weeks prepartum may reduce the incidence of post may reduce the incidence of post lactational disorders.    lactational disorders.   

PHYTOTHERAPYPHYTOTHERAPYIngredients/ Ingredients/ Product Product

Findings Findings References References

MastilepMastilep (Dabur (Dabur Ayurvet Ltd.)Ayurvet Ltd.)

Efficacious in Efficacious in treatment and treatment and prophylaxis of prophylaxis of SCMSCM

Saxena Saxena et alet al., 1995, ., 1995, Madan Madan et alet al., 1996. ., 1996.

BonmilkBonmilk 100% recovery 100% recovery

79.55% cure rate79.55% cure rate

Kamal Kamal et al.,et al.,19981998

Pachauri Pachauri et al,. et al,. 19991999

Oil extract of Oil extract of Ocimum sanctumOcimum sanctum with Azaderachtawith Azaderachta

Aqueous extract of Aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifoliaTinospora cordifolia

88.88% 88.88%

  

  

100% recovery100% recovery

Dash, 2001Dash, 2001

AdvantagesAdvantages Nontoxic nature Nontoxic nature Cost effectivenessCost effectiveness The ingredients have antibacterial, anti-The ingredients have antibacterial, anti-

inflammatory, analgesic and immunostimulatory inflammatory, analgesic and immunostimulatory properties properties

Effective against not any specific organism but Effective against not any specific organism but plethora of organisms, plethora of organisms,

The immunopotentiating activity of these drugs The immunopotentiating activity of these drugs enhance the body’s defence mechanism along enhance the body’s defence mechanism along with udder immunity.with udder immunity.

HOMEOPATHYHOMEOPATHYBelladonna 1 Belladonna 1 mm: For acute postpartum mastitis. Udder very hot and : For acute postpartum mastitis. Udder very hot and

red, painful to the touch. Animal is hot, and pulse is quick and red, painful to the touch. Animal is hot, and pulse is quick and strong. 1 dose every hour. 4 doses.strong. 1 dose every hour. 4 doses.

Bryonia Alba 30 cBryonia Alba 30 c : : udder swollen, hard, Pain less intense when udder swollen, hard, Pain less intense when pressed. Animal is often Iying down. Especially good for chronic pressed. Animal is often Iying down. Especially good for chronic cases with fibrosis. Acute cases: 1 dose every 4 hours. 4 doses. cases with fibrosis. Acute cases: 1 dose every 4 hours. 4 doses. Chronic cases: 1 dose 2 times a week for one month.Chronic cases: 1 dose 2 times a week for one month.

  Phytolacca 30 cPhytolacca 30 c : : Clinical cases with sour, coagulated milk. Chronic Clinical cases with sour, coagulated milk. Chronic cases with small clots at mid-lactation. cases with small clots at mid-lactation.

Silicea 200 cSilicea 200 c : : Few flakes in thin yellow milk. Also useful for summer Few flakes in thin yellow milk. Also useful for summer mastitis cases with purulent abscess. 2 doses a week for 4 weeks.mastitis cases with purulent abscess. 2 doses a week for 4 weeks.

  Ipeca 30 cIpeca 30 c : : Useful for treating internal bleeding that produces pink or Useful for treating internal bleeding that produces pink or bloody milk. 3 doses a day for 3 days.bloody milk. 3 doses a day for 3 days.

    Calcaria florica with silicia:Calcaria florica with silicia: Chronic mastitis and fibrosisChronic mastitis and fibrosis.. Lachesis:Lachesis: Udder discoloration, fever and putrified curd like Udder discoloration, fever and putrified curd like

appearance of milkappearance of milk

PREVENTION & CONTROLPREVENTION & CONTROL Contagious mastitisContagious mastitis - break the chain of - break the chain of

transmission transmission Eliminating the source of infection Eliminating the source of infection

(the infected mammary gland, by isolation (the infected mammary gland, by isolation and quarantine) andand quarantine) and

With strict sanitation at the time of With strict sanitation at the time of milking.milking.

Environmental mastitisEnvironmental mastitis - restrict the - restrict the contact of populations of environmental contact of populations of environmental bacteria with the mammary gland.bacteria with the mammary gland. Good hygieneGood hygiene

Invasion stateInvasion state : : Avoid the animals to sit immediately after Avoid the animals to sit immediately after

calving, approx. 10 min (prevents the contact calving, approx. 10 min (prevents the contact of microbes to udder). of microbes to udder).

Teat dipping Teat dipping Infection stageInfection stage : :

Boosting udder immunity by supplementing Boosting udder immunity by supplementing different antioxidants different antioxidants

Inflammation stageInflammation stage : : immediate medical care immediate medical care animals should be segregated from the rest.animals should be segregated from the rest.

Satyavrat Singh, Sonu Jaiswal, Desh Deepak Singh, Harnam Singh