9
84 Earth a nd Planetat T Science Letters, 76 (1985/'86) 84 92 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - Printed in The Nether lands [5] Harzburgite and lherzolite subtypes in ophiolitic and oceanic environments F. Boudier and A. Nicolas Laboratoire de Tectonophysique, 2 rue Itoussini&e, 44072 Nante s (France) Resubmitted May 9, 1985; revised version accepted September 18, 1985 In most ophiolites the uhramafic section is harzburgitic. It is rarely composed of residual lherzolites, except for the local occurrence of impregnation lherzolites within harzburgitic massifs. Seve ral cha racters ( environmental formations, thickness and composition of the crust, geometry of the asthenospheric flow, serpentinization) validate the distinction between an harzburgite and a Iherzolite ophiolitic subtype. The harzburgite subtype can be derived from any oceanic spreading center, provided the rate is larger than 1 era/yr. The lherzolite subtype would correspond to situations (vicinity of transform fault, very slow spreading rates) where the lithospheric front penetrates at 20-30 km into the mantle below the spreading center. These lherzolitic massifs are best explained as being derived from slow-spreading rifts. Finally the particular asthenospheric flow discovered in these massifs is discussed. 1. Introduction Nicolas and Jackson [1] have shown that in the ophiolite complexes known at that time, the man- tle section was composed of harzburgites compris- ing also dunite and orthopyroxenite layers. They interpreted this suite as exposed suboceanic upper- most mantle. In contrast they regarded the lherzo- lite massifs as representative of less depleted or undepleted subcontinental upper mantle or deeper suboceanic mantle. However, more recent studies have shown that the association of plagioclase lherzolites with ophiolitic suites was not so uncom- mon. Nicolas and Dupuy [2] have discussed the prob- lem of the origin of plagioclase lherzolites from oceanic occurrences and from ophiolites as well as other ultramafic massifs, using microstructural and geochemical criteria. Their conclusions were that in terms of mantle melting, such facies represent either a slightly depleted mantle (see also [3,4]), or a more depleted mantle (harzburgites and dunites) affected by a secondary magmatic impregnation introducing clinopyroxene and plagioclase. The massifs belonging to the group with mod- erately depleted mantle rocks are mainly com- posed of homogeneous plagioclase lherzolite in which local evidence of partial melting is still preserved; this is the case of the Lanzo massif in the Western Alps [5,6] and of the Trinity massif in 0012-821X/85/$03.30 ~ 1985 Elsevier Science Publishe rs B.V. California [7]. In the massifs where the plagioclase lherzolites are ascribed to a secondary impreg- nation, these facies are only locally represented within the dominant harzburgites and dunites. For instance in the Belep-Poum massif of New Cale- donia [8] and in the Canyon Mountain massif of Oregon [9,10] they are restricted to shear zones; in the Bay of Islands of Newfoundland [11] they are located at the base of the massif in a thrust zone above a metamorphic aureole; in Polar Ural [12] the lherzolites are scattered in irregular patches. In this paper we will not discuss further the problem of lherzolitic impregnation (see [2]), and will compare from a general and structural point of view the lherzolite and harzburgite residual types in their association with ophiolites. We will show that the lherzolite ophiolite subtype (LOS) and the harzburgite ophiolite subtype (HOS) have distinct characters and will propose to explain them in terms of different lithospheric coolings. 2. Distinctive characters of the harzburgite (H OS) and Iherzolite (LOS) subtypes The specific characters of each type have been defined by studies in the following massifs for the HOS: Oman [13,14], Bay of Islands in Newfound- land [11,15-17], Zambales in the Philippines [18,19], Troodos in Cyprus [19], Antalya and Pozanti-Kersanti in Turkey [20,21], Massif du Sud

Boudier Nicolas Ofi Types Tema 9

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84 Earth and Planetat T Science Letters, 76 (1985 /'86 ) 84 92

Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amst erda m - Printed in The Nether lands

[5]

H a r z b u r g i t e a n d l h e r z o li te s u b t y p e s i n o p h i o l it i c a n d o c e a n i c e n v i r o n m e n t sF . B o u d i e r a n d A . N i c o l a s

Laboratoire de Tectonophysique, 2 rue Itoussini&e, 44072 Nantes (France)

Resubmitted May 9, 1985; revised version accepted September 18, 1985

In most ophiolites the uhramafic section is harzburgitic. It is rarely composed of residual lherzolites, except for the

local occ urrence of i mpregnation lherzolites within harzburgitic massifs. Several cha racters ( environment al formations,

thickness and composition of the crust, geometry of the asthenospheric flow, serpentinization) validate the distinction

between an harzburgite and a Iherzolite ophiolitic subtype. The harzburgite subtype can be derived from any oceanic

spreading center, provided the rate is larger than 1 era/yr. The lherzolite subtype would correspond to situations

(vicinity of transform fault, very slow spreading rates) where the lithospheric front penetrates at 20-30 km into themantle below the spreading center. These lherzolitic massifs are best explained as being derived from slow-spreading

rifts. Finally the particular asthenospheric flow discovered in these massifs is discussed.

1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n

N i c o l a s a n d J a c k s o n [1 ] h a v e s h o w n t h a t i n t h e

o p h i o l i t e c o m p l e x e s k n o w n a t t h a t t im e , t he m a n -

t l e s e c t i o n w a s c o m p o s e d o f h a r z b u r g i t e s c o m p r i s -

i n g a l s o d u n i t e a n d o r t h o p y r o x e n i t e l a y e r s . T h e y

i n t e r p r e t e d t h is s u i te a s e x p o s e d s u b o c e a n i c u p p e r -

m o s t m a n t l e . I n c o n t r a s t t h e y r e g a r d e d t h e l h e r z o -l i t e m a s s i f s a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f l e s s d e p l e t e d o r

u n d e p l e t e d s u b c o n t i n e n t a l u p p e r m a n t l e or d e e p e r

s u b o c e a n i c m a n t l e . H o w e v e r , m o r e r e c e n t s t u d i e s

h a v e s h o w n t h a t t h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f p l a g i o c l a s e

l h e r z o l i t e s w i t h o p h i o l i t i c s u i t e s w a s n o t s o u n c o m -

m o n .

N i c o l a s a n d D u p u y [ 2] h a v e d i s c us s e d t h e p r o b -

l e m o f t h e o r i g i n o f p l a g i o c l a s e l h e r z o l i t e s f r o m

o c e a n i c o c c u r r e n c e s a n d f r o m o p h i o l i t e s a s w e ll a s

o t h e r u l t r a m a f i c m a s s i fs , u s in g m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l a n d

g e o c h e m i c a l c r i t e r i a . T h e i r c o n c l u s i o n s w e r e t h a t

i n t e r m s o f m a n t l e m e l t i n g , s u c h f a c i e s r e p r e s e n t

e i t h e r a s l i g h t l y d ep l e t ed m an t l e ( s ee a l s o [ 3 ,4 ] ) , o r

a m o r e d e p l e t e d m a n t l e ( h a r z b u r g i t e s a n d d u n i t e s )

a f f e c t e d b y a s e c o n d a r y m a g m a t i c i m p r e g n a t i o n

i n t r o d u c i n g c l i n o p y r o x e n e a n d p l a g io c l a se .

T h e m a s s i fs b e l o n g i n g t o th e g r o u p w i t h m o d -

e r a t e l y d e p l e t e d m a n t l e r o c k s a r e m a i n l y c o m -

p o s e d o f h o m o g e n e o u s p l a g i o c l a s e l h e r z ol i te i n

w h i c h l o c a l e v i d e n c e o f p a r t i a l m e l t i n g i s s t i l l

p r e s e r v e d ; t h is i s t h e c a s e o f t h e L a n z o m a s s i f in

t h e W e s t e r n A l p s [ 5,6 ] a n d o f t h e T r i n i t y m a s s i f i n

0012 -82 1X/ 85/$ 03. 30 ~ 1985 Elsevier Science Publishe rs B.V.

C a l i f o r n i a [ 7]. I n t h e m a s s i f s w h e r e t h e p l a g i o c l a s e

l h e r z o l i t e s a r e a s c r i b e d t o a s e c o n d a r y i m p r e g -

n a t i o n , t h e s e f a c i e s a r e o n l y l o c a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d

w i t h i n t he d o m i n a n t h a r z b u r g i t e s a n d d u n i te s . F o r

i n s t a n c e i n th e B e l e p - P o u m m a s s i f o f N e w C a l e -

d o n i a [ 8] a n d i n t h e C a n y o n M o u n t a i n m a s s i f o f

O r eg o n [ 9 ,1 0 ] t h ey a r e r e s t r i c t ed t o s h ea r zo n es ; i n

t h e B a y o f I s l a n d s o f N e w f o u n d l a n d [1 1] t h e y a r el o c a t e d a t t h e b a s e o f t h e m a s s i f i n a t h r u s t z o n e

a b o v e a m e t a m o r p h i c a u re o l e ; i n P o l a r U r a l [ 12 ]

t h e l h e r z o l i t e s a r e s c a t t e r e d i n i r r e g u l a r p a t c h e s .

I n t h i s p a p e r w e w i l l n o t d i s c u s s f u r t h e r t h e

p r o b l e m o f l h e r z o l i t i c i m p r e g n a t i o n ( s e e [ 2 ] ) , a n d

w i ll c o m p a r e f r o m a g e n e ra l a n d s t r u c tu r a l p o i n t

o f v i e w t h e l h e r z o l i t e a n d h a r z b u r g i t e r e s i d u a l

t y p e s i n t h e i r a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h o p h i o l i t e s . W e w i l l

s h o w t h a t t h e lherzolite ophiolite subtyp e ( L O S )

a n d t h e harzburgite ophiolite subtyp e ( H O S ) h a v e

d i s t i n c t c h a r a c t e r s a n d w i l l p r o p o s e t o e x p l a i n

t h e m i n t e r m s o f d i f f e r e n t l i th o s p h e r i c c o o l i n g s .

2 . D i s t i n c t i v e c h a r a c t e r s o f th e h a r z b u r g i t e ( H O S )

a n d I h e r z o l i t e ( L O S ) s u b t y p e s

T h e s p e c if ic c h a r a c t e r s o f e a c h t y p e h a v e b e e n

d e f i n e d b y s t u d i e s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g m a s s i f s f o r t h e

H O S : O m a n [ 13 ,1 4] , B a y o f I s l a n d s in N e w f o u n d -

l a n d [ 1 1 , 1 5 - 1 7 ], Z a m b a l e s i n th e P h i l i p p i n e s

[ 1 8 ,1 9 ] , T r o o d o s i n C y p r u s [ 1 9 ] , A n t a l y a an d

P o z a n t i - K e r s a n t i i n T u r k e y [2 0,2 1], M a s s i f d u S u d

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T A B L E 1

D i s t i n c t iv e c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e h a r z b u r g i t e o p h i o l i te s u b t y p e ( H O S ) a n d t h e l h e rz o l i te o p h i o l i t e s u b t y p e ( L O S )

85

H a r z b u r g i t e o p h i o l i t e s u b t y p e ( H O S ) L h e r z o l i te o p h i o l i t e s u b t y p e ( L O S )

M a s s i f s c o n s i d e r e d ( 1 ) S e m a i l ( O m a n ) , ( 2 ) B a y o f I s l a n d s ( N e w - ( 9 ) T r i n i t y ( C a l i f o r n ia ) , ( 1 0 ) P i e m o n t - L i g u r i a

f o u n d l a n d ) , ( 3 ) Z a m b a l e s ( P h i l ip p i n e s ) , ( 4 ) ( w e s t e r n I t al y ) a n d M o n t e M a g g i o r e ( C o r s i c a ),

T r o o d o s ( C y p r u s ) , ( 5 ) A n t a l y a ( T u r k e y ) , ( 6 ) ( 1 1 ) L a n z o ( w e s t e r n I ta l y ), ( 1 2 ) O t h r i s ( G r e e c e ),

P o z a n t i - K a r s a n t i ( T u r k e y ) , ( 7) M a s s i f d u S u d ( 1 3 ) Z a b a r g a d ( E g y p t )

( N e w C a l e d o n i a ), ( 8 ) C a n y o n M o u n t a i n ( O r e g o n )

m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s a n d v o l c a n i c s : 1 , 2 , 3 . 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ,

8

s o l e o f m e t a m o r p h i c o c e a n i c c r u s t : 1 , 2 , 5 , 6

S u r r o u n d i n g f o r m a t i o n s

C r u s t a l s e c t io n :

m a x i m u m t h ic k n e ss

c u m u l a t e g a b b r o s

n a t u r e o f i n t r u s i v e sn a t u r e o f b a s a l t d i r e c t ly

a s s o c i a t e d w i th t h e

o p h i o l i t e

M a n t l e s e c t i o n :

n a t u r e o f m a n t l e r o c k s

i n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e s

H P p l a s t i c f l o w

n e o b l a s t s g r a i n s iz e

c h r o m i t e p o d s

d i a b a s e o c c u r r e n c e

s e r p e n t i n i z a t i o n

2 - 3 k m : 3 , 4 , 8

- 7 k m : 1 , 2 , 5 , 6

t h i c k a n d u s u a l l y c o n t i n u o u s : 1 . 2 , 3 , 5 , 6

dikes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8thole i i t i c : 1, 2, 4, 5, 6

h a r z b u r g i t e s a n d d u n i t e s :

a b u n d a n t d u n i t e s d o w n t o a b o u t 1 0 k m b e l o w

t h e t o p o f t h e m a n t l e s e c t i o n : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8

f l a t fo l i a t i on : 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 7

l o c a l l y v e r t i c a l w i t h v e r t i c a l l i n e a t i o n : 3 , 4 , 5 . 8

l a rge ( - 4 mm ) : 1 , 2 . 3 , 4 , 7 , 8

pre se n t : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4~ 5 , 6 , 7 .8

u n c o m m o n : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 7

l izardi te : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8

m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s a n d v o t c a n i c s : 9 , 1 0 . 11 , 1 2, 1 3

bre c c i a s : 9~ 10

m e t a m o r p h i c c o n t i n e n t a l c r u s t: 1 1, 1 2, 1 3

s o l e o f m e t a m o r p h i c c r u s t: 9

1 k m : 1 0

2 - 3 k m : 9 , 1 2

t h i n , l oc a l i z e d t o r e s t r i c t e d a re a : 9 , 10 , 12

a b u n d a n t d i k e s a n d s i l ls : 9, 1 0 , 1 2t ho l e i i t i c : 9 , 10 , 12

a l ka l i ne : 12~ 13

p l a g i o c l a s e I h e r z o l i t e s :

d u n i t e s a b u n d a n t w i t h i n ~< 2 k m b e l o w t h e t o p

o f t h e m a n t l e s e c t i o n : 9 , 1 1

u s u a l l y s t e e p f o l ia t i o n a n d s u b h o r i z o n t a l l i n e a-

t i on : 9 , 10 , 11 , 13

s m a l l ( - 0 . 5 m m ) : 9 , 1 1

a bse n t : 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13

c o m m o n i n t o p s e c t i o n : 9 , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 3

l i z a r d i t e a n d a n t i g o r i t e : 9 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 2

o p h i c a l c i t e s : 1 0

o f N e w C a l e d o n i a [2 2,2 3] , C a n y o n M o u n t a i n

[9,1 0, 24 ], an d fo r L O S: T r i n i t y in t h e K l a m a t h

M o u n t a i n s [ 7 , 25 - 2 7 ] , P i e m o n t - L i g u r i a i n n o r t h e r n

I t a l i a ( [ 2 8 - 3 0 ] , a n d u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a ) , C o r s i c a

[31 ,32] , Lanzo in the wes tern Alps [33] , Othr i s in

G r eec e [3 ,4 ,3 4 ], Z a b a rg a d i n t h e R ed Sea [3 5 ,3 6 ].

T r a n s i t i o n a l o p h i o l i t e su i te s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e

X i g a z e o p h i o l i t e i n T i b e t [ 3 7 - 3 9 ] i n w h i c h t h e

c r u s t a l s e c t io n a b o v e c l i n o p y r o x e n e - r i c h h a r z b u r -

g i t e s r e s e m b l e s v e r y m u c h t h a t d e s c r i b e d f o r t h e

L O S . T h e s e f i f t e e n m a s s i f s w e r e s e l e c t e d b e c a u s e

t h e y a r e c o m p a r a t i v e l y l it tl e d i s m e m b e r e d a n d t h e y

r e p r e s e n t t h o s e f o r w h i c h w e h a v e d i r e c t i n f o r m a -

t i o n o n m o s t p o i n t s c o n s i d e r e d i n T a b l e 1 . A l l t h e

d a t a i n t h i s t a b l e h a v e n o t t h e s a m e s t a n d a r d o f

g e n e r a l i t y a n d c o n f i d e n c e d u e t o f r a g m e n t a l i n f o r -

ma t i o n o n t h e co n s i d e red mas s i f s . F i g . 1 i l l u s t r a t e s

t y p i c a l s e c t io n s in t h e H O S a n d L O S .

2.1. Environmental formations

H O S a r e u s u a l l y c o v e r e d b y m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s ,

m a i n l y u m b e r s a n d c h e r t s . L O S c o r r e s p o n d t o

m o r e c o m p l e x e n v i r o n m e n t s . T h e e a s t e r n m a r g i n

o f t h e O t h r i s o p h i o l i t e i s i n c o n t a c t w i t h u n d e r -

s a t u r a t e d b a s a l t i c l a v a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f r a g m e n t s

o f o p h i o l i t e s , s h a l l o w - w a t e r m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s a n d

c o n t i n e n t a l m a r g i n f o r m a t i o n s [ 3 4 ] . T h e T r i n i t y

o p h i o l i t e is c o v e r e d b y a b r e c c i a c o n t a i n i n g o p h i o -

l i t e x en o l i t h s i n a ma t r i x o f s h a l l o w mar i n e s ed i -

m e n t s [ 25 ]. T h e P i e m o n t - L i g u r i a n l h e r z o li t e lo c a l ly

f o r m e d t h e s e a f l o o r o f t h e P i e m o n t e s e b a s i n

[ 4 0 , 4 1 ] ; t h i s i s r e c o r d e d i n l i m e s t o n e / s e r p e n t i n i t e

b r e c c i a s k n o w n a s o p h i c a l c it e s [4 2] . T h e Z a b a r g a d

p e r i d o t i t e i s i n p r i m a r y c o n t a c t w i t h m e t a m o r p h i c

r o c k s a n d i s c o v e r e d b y s h a l l o w - w a t e r m a r i n e s e d i -

ments [36 ,43] .

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86

} A S A L T S

D Y K E •

• . . , " .

" ' . .

G A B B R OS " . " " . . "

. . - , ,

) CUMU :_ ATES - .

T E C U M UL AT E - - -D 2b --e se---- ~ - - -

T I O N Z O N E ~ # . 7 ~ / 1

- R Z O L I T E S I I ] 1 ,]

/ i / k !I f i l l

I ,, m _ b _

Fig. 1. Typical sections (a) in the harzburgite (Sem ail ophiolitein O ma n). (b) in the lherzolite (Trinity in C alifornia) ophiolite

subtypes.

M a n y H O S c o m p l e x e s re s t o n a s o le o f m e t a -

m o r p h o s e d o c e a n i c c r u s t a l f o r m a t i o n s b e l o w a n

i n t r a o c e a n i c t h r u s t [ 44 ,4 5]. W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f

t h e T r i n i t y co m p l ex [ 4 6 ,4 7 ] w h i ch h as s u ch a s o l e ,

a l l t h e o t h e r L O S m a s s i f s a r e in d i r e c t c o n t a c tw i t h, o r i n t h e v i c i n i ty o f m e t a m o r p h i c c o n t i n e n t a l

c r u s t .

2 . 2. C r u s t a l s e c t i o n

A s s e e n i n T a b l e 1 a n d F i g . 1 , t h e c r u s t a l

s e c t i o n o v e r l y i n g t h e u l t r a m a f i c s e c t i o n i s t h i c k e r

i n t h e H O S c a s e . I n O m a n , w h e r e t h i s s e c t i o n i s

t h e b e s t e x p o s e d a n d l e a s t d i s m e m b e r e d , t h e t h i c k -

n e s s r a n g e s f r o m 3 t o 7 . 5 k m i n a l o n g i t u d i n a l

c r o s s - s e c t i o n [1 4]. T h e i n t e r n a l c o m p o s i t i o n a n d

o r g a n i z a t i o n a r e c o n f o r m a b l e ( F ig . l a ) w i th t h e

g e n e r a l m o d e l o f o p h i o l i t e c r u s t [ 4 8 ] a n d i n p a r -

t i c u l a r t h e g a b b r o s e q u e n c e i s w e l l d e v e l o p e d .

I n c o n t r a s t t h e L O S c r u s t a l s e c t i o n ( F ig . l b ) i s

a l t o g e t h e r t h i n n e r ( T a b l e 1 ) a n d m o r e p o o r l y

o r g a n i z e d , o r a b s e n t . I n t h e w e l l - e x p o s e d c r u s t a l

s e q u e n c e o f t h e T r i n i t y b o d y , t h e c u m u l a t e g a b -

b r o s a n d p y r o x e n i t e s a r e n o t u b i q u i to u s : t h e y a re

a p p a r e n t l y d e p o s i t e d w i t h i n s m a l l a n d d i s c o n t i n u -

o u s m a g m a c h a m b e r s . T h e r e i s a w i d e s p r e a d d e -

v e l o p m e n t o f m a g m a t i c b r e c c i a s w h i c h w e a s c r i b e

t o h y d r o u s a n a t e x i s r e l a t e d t o h y d r o t h e r m a l c i r c u -

l a t io n . F i n a l l y t h e c r u s t a l s e c t i o n is i n v a d e d b y

s i l l s an d d i k es , t h e l a t t e r b e i n g p r ev a l en t i n i t s

u p p e r p a r t . T h e c r u s t a l s e c t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e

P i e m o n t - L i g u r i a o p h i o l i t e s w h e n i t e x i s t s a l s o

s h o w s a l i m i t e d e x t e n t o f c u m u l a t e s . F i n a l l y , it

s e e m s t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n c r u s t a l t h i c k n e s s b e -

t w e e n t h e t w o t y p e s i s m a i n l y d u e t o t h e d i f f e r e n t

d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c u m u l a t e g a b b r o s e q u e n c e s .

2 .3 . N a t u r e o f t h e u lt r a m a f i c r o c k s

T h e H O S m a s s i fs ar e d o m i n a n t l y c o m p o s e d o f

h a r z b u r g i t e s w i t h a n o r t h o p y r o x e n i t e l a y e r i n g a n d

s u b s i d i a r y d u n i t e b o d i e s . T h e d u n i t e s a r e o b s e r v e d

t h r o u g h o u t t h e e x p o s e d s e q u e n c e s , b u t t h e i r a b u n -

d a n c e i n c re a s es u p w a r d t o b e c o m e d o m i n a n t i nt h e t r a n s i t i o n z o n e b e l o w t h e c r u s t a l f o r m a t i o n s

[ 4 9 ] . I n t y p i c a l s e c t i o n s o f t h e O m a n o p h i o l i t e ,

c l i n o p y r o x e n e a n d f e l d s p a r a re l o c a l ly p r e s e n t

m a i n l y in t h e u p p e r m o s t h a r z b u r g i t e s a n d d u n i t e s .

T h e o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e s e m i n e r a l s i s a s c r i b e d t o a

s e c o n d a r y m a g m a t i c i m p r e g n a ti o n .

T h e L O S m a s s if s a r e c o m p o s e d o f h o m o g e -

n e o u s f e l d s p a t h i c l h e r z o l i t e s w i t h w e b s t e r i t i c l a y e r -

i n g. A l t h o u g h t h e d is t i n c t i o n i s s o m e t i m e s u n e a s y ,

c r i t e r i a c a n b e f o u n d [ 2 , 4 7 ] t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t

t h e f e l d s p a r d e v e l o p s f r o m p a r t i a l m e l t i n g o f t h er o c k w h i c h c o n t a i n s i t a n d n o t f r o m a s e c o n d a r y

i m p r e g n a t i o n . T h e o n l y s i g n i fi c a n t v o l u m e s o f

d u n i t e s a r e p r e s e n t i n th e u p p e r m o s t p a r t o f t he

s e c t i o n .

D i a b a s e d i k e s a n d s il ls a r e c o m p a r a t i v e l y m o r e

a b u n d a n t i n t h e u p p e r u l t r a m a f i c s e c t i o n o f L O S

t h a n i n H O S . A c ri t ic a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o

s u b t y p e s i s t h a t c h r o m i t e p o d s a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o

H O S .

2 . 4 . S t r u c t u r e s a n d m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s i n m a n t l e r o c k s

T h e p a t t e r n o f h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e ( n e a r s o l i d u s

o r a b o v e s o l i d u s ) p l a s t i c f l o w d e d u c e d f r o m t h e

i n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e s i s a l s o d i st i n c t. N i c o l a s a n d

V i o l e t t e [5 0] h a v e s h o w n t h a t t h e a s t h e n o s p h e r i c

f l o w p a t t e r n i n H O S i s e i t h e r f l a t w i t h a r e g u l a r

f l o w d i r e c t io n , o r o r g a n i z e d f o l l o w i n g a d i a p i ri c

m o d e l ( s t e e p f o l i a t i o n s d e f i n i n g l a r g e - s c a l e f o l d s

w i t h s t e e p a x e s , a n d c o a x i a l f l o w l i n e a t io n s ) . I n

t h e L O S w h e r e t h e p l a s ti c f lo w s t r u c t u re s h a v e

b een s t u d i ed ( T r i n i t y [ 2 6 ] , L an zo [ 3 3 ] , C o r s i ca [ 3 2 ] ,

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L i g u r i a ( p e r s o n a l o b s e r v a t i o n ) ) , f l o w p l a n e s a r e

s t eep an d p a ra l l e l , an d f l o w l i n e s f l a t o r mo d -

e ra t e l y d i p p i n g (F i g . 2 ) . T h e s h ea r f l o w r eco rd s t h e

s a m e s e n s e o f s h e a r o v e r k i l o m e t e r s a c r o s s t h e

mas s i f s .M i c r o s t r u c t u r e s i n m a n t l e r o c k s a r e p o r p h y r o -

c l a s t i c ( e x c e p t i n s h e a r z o n e s w h e r e t h e y a r e

my l o n i t i c ) w i t h n eo b l a s t s s ize a ro u n d 0 .5 mm [51 ]

i n L O S a n d a r o u n d 3 . 0 - 5 . 0 m m ( [2 3] a n d u n p u b -

l i s h ed d a t a ) i n H O S. T h i s r eco rd s a h i g h e r f l o w

s t r e s s i n L O S t h an i n H O S [5 2 ] .

2.5. Serpentinization

T h o u g h d i f f ic u l t t o g e n e r a li z e b e c a u s e t h e s t u d -

i es o n t h e s e r p e n t i n i z a t i o n o f u l t r a m a f i c s e q u e n c e s

a r e n o t e x h a u s t i v e , s o m e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n H O S

a n d L O S c a n b e e m p h a s i z e d .

T h e h a r z b u r g i t e m a s s i fs a r e v a r io u s l y

s e r p e n t i n i z e d , b u t i n a p e r v a s i v e w a y o n l y b y t h e

l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e a n d p o s t - d e f o r m a t i o n a l c h r y s o -

t i l e - b r u c i t e - l i z a r d i t e a s s e m b l a g e [ 5 3 ] . T h e d i a b a s e

d i k e s w h i c h a r e c o m p a r a t i v e l y e x c e p t i o n a l i n t h e

p e r i d o t i t e s a n d t h e g a b b r o d i k e s a r e u s u a l l y u n a l -

t e r e d . T h i s s e r p e n t i n i z a t i o n c a n b e a s c r i b e d t o

c o n t a m i n a t i o n b y s e a o r g r o u n d w a t e r a t l o w

t e m p e r a t u r e [ 5 3 - 5 5 ] . I n c o n t r a s t , m o s t l h e r z o l i t e

m a s s i f s s h o w a n e a r l y e p i s o d e o f a n t i g o r i t i c

CRUST

F i g . 2 . R e c o n s t r u c t e d s t r u c t u r e o f t h e T r i n i t y o p h i o l i t e [ 2 6 ] . I n

t h e m a n t l e s e c t i o n , t h e a c t i v e f l o w p l a n e ( f u l l l i n e s ) d e d u c e d

f r o m t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e f o l i a t io n S 1 ( b r o k e n

l i n e ) i s s t r o n g l y d i p p i n g a n d t h e f l o w l i n e h o r i z o n t a l ; b o t h a r e

p a r a l l e l t o t h e p a l e o s p r e a d i n g a x i s , d e f i n e d b y s h e e t e d d i k e s

o r i e n t a t i o n . D i a b a s e d i k e s a n d s i l l s : t h i c k b l a c k l i n es ; d u n i t e

b o d i e s : d o t s .

87

s e r p e n t i n i z a t i o n ( w i t h a c c e s s o r y m a g n e t i t e , t r e m o -

l it e a n d t a lc ) d e v e l o p e d i n a t e c t o n i c e n v i r o n m e n t

a n d p r e c e d i n g t h e l i z a r d i t e e p i s o d e . T h e d i a b a s e

d i k e s a n d t h e g a b b r o d i k e s a r e m o r e c o m m o n l y

a l t e r e d t o r o d i n g i t e . T h e s e e a r l y s e r p e n t i n i z a t i o na n d r o d i n g i t i z a t i o n r e c o r d c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e

g reen s ch i s t f ac i e s an d t h ey a r e a s c r i b ed t o t h e

h y d r o t h e r m a l a l t e r a t i o n t a k i n g p l a c e c l o s e t o t h e

s p r e a d i n g c e n t e r w h e r e t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g o c e a n i c

c ru s t h a s b een fo rmed [5 6 ] .

I t i s k n o w n i n r o c k m e c h a n i c s t h a t b e y o n d 1

k b a r o f c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e t h e o p e n c r a c k s t e n d t o

c l o s e [5 7 ] . T h i s i n d i ca t e s t h a t s ea w a t e r can

p e n e t r a t e i n t o t h e m a n t l e s e q u e n c e i n a p e r v a s i v e

w a y , o n l y i f t h e o v e r l y i n g c r u s t d o e s n o t e x c e e d 3

k m i n t h ick n es s . Co n s i d e r i n g t h e r e s p ec t i v e c ru s t a l

t h i c k n e s s e s e s t i m a t e d i n L O S ( 3 k m ) a n d H O S ( 6

k m ) m a s s i f s , t h is e x p l a i n s w h y o n l y t h e L O S u p p e r

p e r i d o t i t e s a r e a f f e c t e d i n a p e r v a s i v e w a y b y t h i s

h y d r o t h e r m a l a l t e r a t i o n .

3 . D i s c u s s i o n

H O S w h i c h r e p r e s e n t t h e m a j o r i t y o f o p h i o l i t e s

h a v e b e e n f o r m e d a t o c e a n i c s p r e a d i n g c e n t e r s

[48 ,5 8] , w h e t h e r i n a n o rm a l o c ean o r i n a b ack a r c

b a s i n. L O S o b v i o u s l y c o r r e s p o n d t o s p e ci a l

s p r e a d i n g s i t u a t i o n s i n w h i c h a p a r t o f t h e m a g m aw a s n o t e x t r a c t e d a t s h a l l o w d e p t h , n a m e l y i n t h e

p l ag i o c l a s e l h e r zo l i t e s t ab i l i t y f i e l d , t h a t i s ab o v e

3 0 k m [5 9 ] , a s s h o w n b y t h e p e r s i s t en ce , i n t h e s e

r o c k s , o f f e l d s p a t h i c l e n s e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g a t o n e

t im e t o m a g m a p o c k e ts .

T h i s s u g g e st s d i f f e r e n t t h e r m a l r e g im e s b e t w e e n

H O S a n d L O S s p r e a d in g c e n t e rs . G e o p h y s i c a l d a t a

s u p p o r t t h e i d e a t h a t f o r m e d i u m - t o f a s t - s p r e a d -

i n g r a t e s , l o n g - l i v e d m a g m a c h a m b e r s c a n b e p r e -

s e n t [ 6 0 - 6 2 ] . T h e c o n t i n u i t y a n d t h e t h i c k n e s s o f

c u m u l a t e s i n m a n y H O S o p h i o l i t e s , l i k e i n O m a n

s u g g e s t s c o m p a r a b l e s p r e a d i n g r a t e s f o r t h e i r s i t e

o f o r i g i n . F o r o t h e r H O S l i k e T r o o d o s [ 6 3 ] o r

X i g aze [3 7 , 3 9 ] w h e re d i s co n t i n u o u s cu mu l a t e s h av e

b e e n r e p o r t e d , i t i s e n v i s a g e d t h a t t h e m a g m a

c h a m b e r s w e r e o n l y e p i s o d i c p o i n t i n g t o l o w e r

s p r e a d i n g r a t e s . H o w e v e r , i n a l l t h e H O S m a s s i f s ,

t h e r e i s e v i d e n c e o f i n t e n s e m a g m a t i c a c t i v i t y i n

t h e u p p e r m o s t m a n t l e t h a t p r o d u c e d t h e d u n i t e s ,

t h e m a g m a t i c i m p r e g n a t i o n s , a n d t h e g e n e r a t i o n

o f ch ro mi t e p o d s [4 9 ] . T h u s , i n t h e H O S cas e , t h e

a d i a b a t i c c o n d i t i o n s a c h i e v e d i n t h e r i s i n g m a n t l e

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88

b e n e a t h t h e r i d g e w e r e m a i n t a i n e d a l l t h e w a y u p

t o t h e b a s e o f t h e c r u s t . A c o o l e r r e g i m e i n t h e

L O S c a s e i s s u g g e s t ed b y ( 1 ) t h e s c a r c i ty o f

c u m u l a t e s i n t h e c r u s t a l s e q u e n c e , ( 2 ) t h e f a c t t h a t

t h e f e l d s p a th i c m e l t s p r o d u c e d d u r i n g a d i a b a t i c

a s c e n t h a v e c r y s t a l li z e d d u r i n g t h e p l a s t ic f l o w

r e l a t ed t o t h e a s cen t [ 5 ,6 ] , an d ( 3 ) t h e h i g h e r

m a n t l e v i sc o s i ty t h a n i n H O S d e d u c e d f r o m t h e

h i g h e r f l o w s t r e s s ( s e e a b o v e ) .

I n a r i s i n g a s t h e n o s p h e r e b e l o w a s p r e a d i n g

c e n t e r , a d i a b a t i c c o n d i t i o n s a r e p r e s e r v e d u n t i l t h e

l i t h o s p h e r e i s m e t . T h e s u b s e q u e n t c o o l i n g o p e r -

a t e s b y h e a t c o n d u c t i o n w i t h a t h e r m a l g r a d i e n t

s t e e p e r t h a n t h e p e r i d o t i t e s o l i d u s o n e , t h u s p r e -

v e n t i n g f u r t h e r m e l t i n g d u r i n g a s c e n t . T h e d a t a

p r e s e n t e d a b o v e a n d i n p a r t ic u l a r t h e c o n c l u s io n

t h a t m a g m a w a s o n l y l o c a ll y e x t r a c t e d s h a l l o w e r

t h a n 3 0 k m i m p l i e s f o r L O S a t h i c k e r l i t h o s p h e r e

t h a n t h e 6 k m o n e , c o m m o n l y e s t i m a t e d f o r oc e -

a n i c s p r e a d i n g c e n t e r s h e r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e

H O S c a s e w h e r e h y p e r s o l i d u s c o n d i t i o n s a r e m a i n -

t a i n e d u p t o t h e M o h o [ 4 9 ] . T o e x p l a i n t h e

a b n o r m a l t h i c k n e ss o f li t h o s p h e r e in a s p r e a d i n g

e n v i r o n m e n t , w e w i l l e n v i s a g e a p a r t i c u l a r l y s l o w

s p r e a d i n g r a t e a n d t h e l o c a l i n f l u e n c e o f a t r a n s -

f o r m f a u l t .

3.1. Very-slow-spreading rate

I n m a n t l e d i a p i rs , d e p a r t u r e f r o m a d i a b a t i c

c o n d i t i o n s i s e s t i m a t e d t o b e a r o u n d 2 5 k m d e p t h

i f t h e a s c e n t v e l o c i t y is lo w e r t h a n 1 c m / y r [6 4,6 5]

d u e t o t h e p e n e t r a t i o n o f t h e c o n d u c t i v e c o o l i n g

f r o n t a t t h e s e d e p t h s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y f o r a s c e n t

r a t e s h ig h e r t h a n 1 c m / y r t h e a d i a b a t i c r e g i m e is

p r e s e r v e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e m a n t l e s e c t i o n . A t t h e

s p r e a d i n g c e n t e r i t s e l f i t s u p p e r l i m i t i s w h e r e i t

m e e t s t h e h y d r o t h e r m a l l y - c o o l e d l i th o s p h e re . F o r

a s c e n t r a te l o w e r t h a n 1 c m / y r , w h e r e t h e m e l t in g

i n th e d i a p i r c e a s e s a t d e p t h s h a l l o w e r t h a n 2 5 k m ,

o n l y a r o u n d 1 0 % m e l t i s e x t r a c t e d , r e s u l t i n g i n a

l h e r z o l i t i c r e s i d u a l m a n t l e , a h a l f - t h i n n e r c r u s t ,

a n d p o s s i b l y a m o r e a l k a l in e m a g m a t i s m [ 65 ]. F o r

a s c e n t r a t e l a rg e r t h a n 1 c m / y r , t h e m e l t i n g c e a s e s

a t t h e M o h o , 2 0 % m e l t i s e x t r a c t e d , r e s u l t i n g i n a

h a r z b u r g i t e r e s i d u e , a t h i c k e r c r u s t a n d i n a t h o l e i -

i t i c m a g m a . T h e s e t h e o r e t i c a l e s t i m a t e s a r e s u p -

p o r t e d b y R e i d a n d J a c k s o n ' s [6 6] se i s m i c s t u d i e s

w h i c h s ho w t h a t be l o w 1 - 2 c m / y r s p r e a di n g ra t e s

( w h i c h c a n b e i n a f i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n e q u a t e d

w i t h a s c e n t r a t e s ) t h e t o t a l t h i c k n e s s o f o c e a n i c

l a y e r s b e c o m e s t h i n n e r t h a n 6 k m .

C o n d i t i o n s f o r v e r y s lo w s p r e a d i n g r a t e s c a n b e

a c h i e v e d in o c e a n i c e n v i r o n m e n t s [ 67 ,6 8]. H o w -

ev e r , a s a l r ea d y p r o p o s ed [ 34 ,6 9] , a j u v e n i l e r i f t i n g

e n v i r o n m e n t c a n b e a g o o d c a n d i d a t e . F o r e x a m -

p l e L e P i c h o n a n d F r a n c h e t e a u [7 0] h a v e e s ti -

m a t e d t h e s p r e a d i n g r a t e in t h e R e d S e a a t 5 .0 7 .5

m m / y r f o r t h e m o s t r e c e n t 4 5 M y r a n d a t 2 .1

m m / y r i n t h e ri ft o f E t h i o p ia .

3.2. Trans form fau l t env ironm ent

T h e i s o t h e rm s i n t h e m a n t l e a t s p r e a d i n g c e n t e rs

c l o s e t o a t r a n s f o r m f a u l t a r e p e r t u r b e d o v e r s e v e r a l

k i l o m e t e r s a l o n g s t r i k e b y t h e e f f e c t o f t h e o l d e r

a n d c o o l e r t r u n c a t i n g l i t h o s p h e r e w a l l . T h i s

t r a n s f o r m f a u l t e f f e c t i n c r e a s e s f o r d e c r e a s i n g r a t e s

o f s p r e a d i n g [ 71 ,7 2]. F o r s p r e a d i n g r a t e s l o w e r

t h a n 3 0 m m / y r a n d a t r a n s f o rm f a u l t b r in g i n g a

n e w l y c r e a t e d a s t h e n o s p h e r e i n c o n t a c t w i t h a

l i t h o s p h e r e o l d e r t h a n 1 0 M y r , t h e c o n d u c t i v e

c o o l i n g f ro n t r e a c h t h e d e p t h o f 2 0 - 3 0 k m w h e r e

d e p a r t u r e f r o m a d i a b a t i c c o n d i t i o n s s e e m s n e ce s -

s a r y t o g e n e r a t e l h e r z o l i t e s . S u c h a n e n v i r o n m e n t

h a s b e e n p r o p o s e d f o r t h e P i e m o n t - L i g u r i a

l h e r zo l i t e o p h i o l i t e s [ 2 8 ] .

T h e e v i d e n c e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e v a r i o u s s i t u a t i o n sa n a l y z e d s o f a r is n o w p r e s e n t e d w i t h i n v i e w t o

c o m p a r e t h e s e t w o e n v i r o n m e n t s .

( 1) P l a g i o c l a s e l h e r z o l i t e s a r e r e p o r t e d f r o m

b o t h e n v i r o n m e n t s . T h e y a r e k n o w n i n a r i f t , l i k e

i n t h e Z a b a r g a d I s l a n d ( R e d S e a ) , w h e r e t h e y

o r i g i n a t e d a l o n g a s l o w - s p r e a d i n g s e g m e n t . T h e y

h a v e b e e n d r e d g e d i n t h e l a r g e t r a n s f o r m f a u l t s

[ 7 3 , 7 4 ] w h e r e s o m e o f t h e m d i s p l a y e v i d e n c e o f a

s e c o n d a r y o r i g i n b y m a g m a i m p r e g n a t i o n [ 2 , 7 4 ] ;

o t h e r s , h o w e v e r , s h o w a c o m p l e t e s i m i l a r i t y w i t h

p r i s t i n e t e x t u r e s l i k e t h o s e f r o m t h e L a n z o m a s s i f .

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , d r e d g e s f r o m l a rg e t r a n s f o r m

f a u l ts c o l l e c t in r e l a ti v e l y g re a t a b u n d a n c e

a m p h i b o l i t e s [7 5] w h i c h h a v e n o t b e e n o b s e r v e d i n

t h e c o n s i d e r e d l h e r z o l i t e m a s s i f s .

( 2 ) 2 3 k m t h i ck o ce an i c c r u s t s ex i s t i n

s l o w - s p r e a d i n g e n v i r o n m e n t s l i k e r i f t s s u c h a s t h e

R e d S e a [7 6] a n d t h e G u l f o f C a l i f o r n i a - I m p e r i a l

V a l l e y [7 7] o r m i d - o c e a n r i d g e s s u c h a s t h e B a f f i n

B ay [ 7 8 ] o r t h e A r c t i c O cean [ 6 7 ] . S u ch t h i n c r u s t s

a r e a l s o w e l l k n o w n i n t h e v i c i n i ty o f t r a n s f o r m

f a u l t s w h e r e t h e c r u s t t e n d t o b e t h i n n e r t h a n

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L• ~ C r u s tiill:illl'l i ) ~ L ith os ph ere

~ I ; i ' I , ) } ~ . ~ - - ~ _ a sth en osp he re

" " ' , ' 1 ' , '

m T T I T m T

i , I i , I ~ j ~ , \ \ \

i i i I I \ \ \ \ \ x ,

' - - ~ / / J , ' j ~ ' J ~h ~ \\ ,\ " "I / ~ ' . ' " / l ~ , ' l l / , i i S t ,/ t l\\ 'X \,~ " "

_a_ _b_

Fig. 3. (a) The rolling mill model [84] of m antle flow beneath a medium- to fast-spreading center (HOS. corresponding to the m ostcomm on oceanic environment), opposed to (b) the funn el model beneath slow-spreading center (LOS). Dots and dashes: zone s ofpartial melting.

a w a y f r o m t h e f a u l t ( ty p i c a l l y 2 3 k m v e r s u s 6

k m ) [ 71 ]. H y d r o t h e r m a l a l t e r a t i o n d e v e l o p i n g a n t i -

g o r i t e p l u s t a l c w h i c h i s k n o w n i n L O S h a s b e e n

d e s c r i b e d i n p e r i d o t it e s f r o m t r a n s f o r m f a u lt s

( [ 7 9 , 8 0 ] a n d u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a ) , a l t h o u g h t h e m o s t

c o m m o n s e r p e n t i n i z a t i o n d e v e l o p s o r t h o c h r y s o t i l e

a n d l i z a r d i t e a t t e m p e r a t u r e a b o u t 2 0 0 ° C [ 5 5 ] .

( 3) L O S m a s s i f s h a v e v e rt i c a l f lo w p l a n e s a n d

m o d e r a t e l y p l u n g i n g f l o w li n e s (F i g . 2) . T h i s f l o w

g e o m e t r y su g g e s t s a t r a n s f o r m f a u lt e n v i r o n m e n t .

I n d e e d , t h e P o u m - B e l e p o c c u r r e n c e o f N e w C a l e-

d o n i a [ 8] w h e r e p l a g i o c l a s e a n d s p i n e l l h e r z o l i t e s

c r o p o u t w i t h i n h a r z b u r g i t e s w i t h t h is f l o w g e o m -e t r y h a s b e e n i n t e r p r e t e d a s a p a l e o t r a n s f o r m f a u lt .

H o w e v e r , t h e s e l h e r z o l i t e s a r e t h e r e s u l t o f a s e c -

o n d a r y i m p r e g n a t i o n [2 ] a n d a r e n o t L O S . T h e

s h e a r z o n e a n a l o g y o f t h e p l a s ti c f l o w p a t t e r n w i t h

t h a t e x p e c t e d f o r a t r a n s f o r m f a u l t m a y b e m o r e

a p p a r e n t t h a n r e a l. I n th e d o c u m e n t e d c a s e s o f a

t r a n s f o r m f a u l t a c t i v i t y i n o p h i o l i t e s [ 2 2 , 8 1 , 8 2 ] , t h e

u p p e r m o s t m a n t l e - l o w e r c r u s t d o m a i n s d i s p l a y

l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e / h i g h - s t r e s s ( m y l o n i ti c to s u b -

m y l o n i t i c ) t e x t u r e s. S u c h t e x t u r e s a r e e i t h e r a b s e n t

o r l o c a l i n t h e l h e r z o l i t e m a s s i f s c o n s i d e r e d h e r e

w h e r e t h e t e x t u re s a r e o n t h e c o n t r a r y t y p i c a l o f a

h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e / l o w - s t r e s s r e g im e . M o r e o v e r ,

t h e d o m a i n s a s c r i b e d t o p a l e o - t r a n s f o r m f a u lt s in

o p h i o l i t e s a r e o n l y 3 - 4 k m w i d e w h e r e a s i n t h e

L a n z o [ 33 ] a n d T r i n i t y [ 2 6 ] m a s s i f s t h e o b s e r v e d

w i d t h s o f th e d e f o r m e d d o m a i n s a r e r e s p e c t iv e l y

1 0 - 1 5 k m a n d 5 0 k m . A 3 - 4 k m w i d e d i s t u r b a n c e

i n u p p e r m o s t m a n t l e s t r u c t u r e s w o u l d r e q u i r e a

l a r g e f a u lt ; a 2 0 - k m d i s t u r b a n c e w o u l d r e q u i r e a

t r a n s f o r m f a u l t a s l a r g e a s t h e V e m a t r a n s f o r m

[ 831 .

( 4 ) F i n a l l y , t h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e L O S w i t h

c o n t i n e n t a l f o r m a t i o n s a n d s h a l l o w - w a t e r s e d i -

m e n t s a r g u e s f o r a r if t e n v i r o n m e n t r a t h e r t h a n a n

o c e a n i c t r a n s f o r m f a u l t .

C o n s e q u e n t l y w e f a v o r , f o r t h e l h e r z o l i t e m a s -

s i fs c o n s i d e r e d h e r e , t h e e a r l i e r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n p r o -

p o s e d b y M e n z i e s [ 3 4] a s c r i b i n g a t y p i c a l L O S , t h e

O t h r i s l h e r z o l i t ic o p h i o l i t e , t o a n i n c i p i e n t o c e a n

f o r m i n g i n a r i f t o p e n i n g a t s p r e a d i n g r a t e s i n t h e

r a n g e o f o r b e l o w 1 0 m m / y r . I t s h o u l d b e c le a r ,

h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e L O S c a n a l s o o c c u r i n o c e a n i c

l i t h o s p h e r e s e g m e n t s g e n e r a t e d a l o n g t r a n s f o r m

f a u l t s . T h e r e c o n s t r u c t e d s t r u c t u r e o f t h e T r i n i t yc o m p l e x [ 2 6 ] , w h i c h i s s o f a r t h e m o s t c o m p l e t e

l h e r z o l i t i c o p h i o l i t e o f t h i s t y p e , c o n s t i t u t e s a n

e x a m p l e o f t h e g e n e r a l s t r u c t u r e a s c r i b e d h e r e t o a

r i f t e n v i r o n m e n t ( F i g s . 2 a n d 3 ). T h e r e s u l t s o f a

r e c e n t s t r u c t u r a l s t u d y o f t h e Z a b a r g a d I s l a n d

w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d s t o a n e a r l y s t a g e o f r i f t i n g i n

t h e R e d S e a [3 6 ] s u p p o r t t h i s m o d e l . T h e h i g h -

t e m p e r a t u r e f o l i a t io n s i n p l a g i o c l a s e l h e rz o l i te s a r e

v e r t i c a l a n d s t r i k e p a r a l l e l t o t h e R e d S e a d i r e c t i o n

a n d t h e f l o w l i n e a t io n s p l u n g e a t 5 0 ° t o t h e n o r t h -

w e s t .

4 . C o n c l u s i o n s

T h e l h e r z o l i t e s u b t y p e i n o p h i o l i t e s c o r r e s p o n d s

t o a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n a t a s p r e a d i n g c e n t e r

w h e r e t h e r i s i n g m a n t l e m e t , a t d e p t h s h a l l o w e r

t h a n 3 0 k m , c o n d i t i o n s s u c h t h a t h e a t l o s s b y

c o n d u c t i o n t o t h e s u r f a c e b e c a m e m o r e e f f i c i e n t

t h a n t h e h e a t s u p p l y b y a d v e c t i o n . A s a c o n s e -

q u e n c e , ( 1 ) m e l t s w e r e n o t f u r t h e r e x p e l l e d a n d

c r y s t a l l i z e d y i e l d i n g a f e l d s p a t h i c l h e r z o l i t e i n s t e a d

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90

o f t h e c o m m o n l y o b s e r v e d h a r z b u r g i te s , ( 2 ) t h e

o v e r l y in g n e w c r u s t w a s p r o d u c e d t h i n n e r t h a n

n o r m a l ( 3 - 6 k m ) w i t h o n l y li m i t e d f o r m a t i o n o f

c u m u l a t e s i n r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l m a g m a c h a m b e r s ;

h y d r o t h e r m a l c i r c u l a t i o n r e a c h e d t h e m a n t l e f o r -

m a t i o n s ( s e r p e n t i n iz a t i o n i n a n ti g o r i te a n d r o d i n -

g i t i z a t i o n ) a n d i n t e n s e h y d r o u s a n a t e x i s o c c u r r e d

i n t h e d e e p e r c r u st , (3 ) c o m p a r a t i v e l y h i g h v i sc o s -

i t y a n d a p a r t i c u l a r d i a p i r i c s t r u c t u r e i n t h e m a n t l e

a r e d e d u c e d f r o m h i g h - s t r e s s p l a s t ic f l o w s t r u c -

t u r e s in m a n t l e r o c k s ; t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f si ll s w a r m s

i n t h e c r u s t a l s o s u g g es t s a p a r t i cu l a r s t r e s s f i e l d

[ 8 5 ] . T h e t h e r m a l r e g i m e i n t h e m a n t l e r e s p o n s i b l e

f o r t h e L O S g e n e r a t i o n c a n b e a s c r i b e d t o t h e

c o o l i n g e f f e c t o f t r a n s f o r m f a u l t s o r t o s p r e a d i n g

r a t e s s m a l l e r th a n 1 0 1 5 m m / y r . I n t h e i n v e s t i-

g a t e d m a s s i f s t h e s e c o n d p o s s i b i l i t y i s f a v o r e d a n dt h e s i t e m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f

L O S s e e m s t o b e a j u v e n i l e o c e a n l i k e th e R e d S e a ,

a s e x a m p l i f ie d b y t h e c a se o f th e Z a b a r g a d I s l a nd .

4 .1 . M a n t l e s tr u c t u r e in a r i f t / j u v e n i l e o c e a n a n d

s e i s m i c ' a n i s o t r o p y

A p u z z l i n g f e a t u r e o f t h e m a n t l e f l o w p a t t e r n

r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g . 2 i s t h a t t h e f l o w l in e a t i o n s

b o r n b y t h e v e r t i c a l f o l i a t i o n p l a n e s o f t h e

a s t h e n o s p h e r e d i a p i r a r e h o r i z o n t a l o r m o d e r a t e l y

p l u n g i n g , a n d n o t v e r t i c a l a s s h o u l d b e e x p e c t e d

f o r a d i a p i r i c i n t r u s i o n . T h i s w o u l d i n d i c a t e t h a t

b e l o w a r i f t , t h e f l o w i n t h e r i s i n g m an t l e co u l d

h a v e a s t r o n g h o r i z o n t a l c o m p o n e n t , p a r a l l e l t o

t h e a x i s o f t h e r i f t . l n d e e d i n t h e Z a b a r g a d I s l a n d

o f t h e R e d S e a , th e f l o w l in e a t i o n w h i c h t r e n d s

p a r a l l e l t o t h e r i f t d i r e c t i o n i s m o d e r a t e l y p l u n g i n g

[ 3 6 ] . I n t h e w es t e r n A l p s , t h e av e r ag e s t r i k e o f t h e

f o l i a t i o n s r e c o r d e d i n t h e l h e r z o l i t e s o f C o r s i c a

[ 3 2 ] an d L an zo [ 3 3 ] ( t h e p l a s t i c f l o w s t r u c t u r e s i n

t h e L i g u r i a n l h e r z o l i t e s b e i n g m o r e o b s c u r e d u e t o

s e c o n d a r y a l p i n e d e f o r m a t i o n ) i s n o r t h - s o u t h t h a ti s p a r a l l e l t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e P i e m o n t e s e o c e a n

d e d u c e d f r o m p a l i n p s p a t i c r e c o n s t ru c t i o n s ,

w h e r e a s t h e f l o w l i n e a t i o n i n t h e s e m a s s i f s i s o n l y

m o d e r a t e l y p l u ng i n g . T h e s a m e p a t t e r n i s r e c o r d e d

i n t h e l h e rz o l i te m a s s i f s o f O j e n a n d B e n i B o u s e r a

o n e a c h s i d e o f t h e A l b o r a n S e a , w h e r e t h e f o l ia -

t i o n s w i t h f l a t l i n e a t i o n s a r e r e s p e c t i v e l y n o r t h e a s t

t r e n d i n g [ 8 6 ] , a n d n o r t h w e s t t r e n d i n g [ 8 7 ] a n d

w h e r e t h e p r e s u m e d r if t w a s o r i e n te d n o r t h - s o u t h

[8 8]. F i n a l l y , se i s m i c a n i s o t r o p y m e a s u r e m e n t s b e -

l o w t h e R h i n e g r a b e n a l s o s h o w t h a t t h e h i g h

v e l o c i t y is r o u g h l y p a r a l l e l t o t h e r i ft e l o n g a t i o n

[ 8 9 ] . I n t e r e s t i n g l y a r ecen t s t u d y [ 9 0 ] p r o p o s es an

a s t h e n o s p h e r i c f l o w m o d e l o f s i m i l a r g e o m e t r y i n

t h e c a s e o f r e d u c e d v e r t i c a l fl o w v e l o c i t y b e n e a t h a

s l o w - s p r e a d i n g r i d g e .

R e f e r e n c e s

1 A. Nicolas and E.D. Jackson, R6partition en deux provinces

des p6ridotites des cha]nes alpines longeant la m6diterran6e:

implications geotectoniques, Bull. Suisse Mineral. P6trogr.

52, 479-495, 1972.

2 A. Nicolas and C. Dupuy, Origin of ophiolitic and oceanic

lherzolites, Tectonop hysi cs 110, 177 187, 1984.

3 M. Menzies, Rare earth geochemistry of fused ophiolitic

and alpine lherzolites. Othris, Lanzo and Troodos, Geo-

chim. Cosm ochim . Acta 40, 645 656, 1976.

4 M. Menzies and C. Allen, Plagioclase iherzolite-residual

mantle relationships within two eastern Mediterranean

ophiolites, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 45, 197-213, 1974.

5 F. Boudier and A. Nicolas, Fusion partielle gabbroique

dans la lherzolite de Lanzo (Alpes Pi6montaises), Schweiz.

Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 52, 39-56, 1972.

6 F. Boudier and A. Nicolas, Structural controls on partial

melting in the Lanzo peridotite. Oreg. Dep. Geol. Min. Ind.

Bull. 96, 33-78, 1977.

7 J.E. Quick, Petrology and pet rogenesis of the Trinity peri-

dotite, an upper mantle diapir in the Eastern Klamath

Mountains, northern California, J. Geophys. Res. 86,

837-863, 1981.

8 D. Secher, Les lherzolites ophiol itiques de Nouvelle-Caledonie et leurs gisements de chromite, 228 pp., These,

Universite de Nantes, 1981.

9 G.R . Hi mmel berg and R.A. Loney, Petrology of ultrama fic

and gabbroic rocks of the Canyon Mountain ophiolite,

Oregon, Am. J. Sci. 280A, 232 268. 1980.

10 M. Misseri and F. Boudier, Structures in the Canyon

Mountain ophiolite indicate an Island arc intrusion,

Tectonophysics, in press, 1985.

11 J. Girardeau, Structure des ophiolites de Terre Neuve et

mod61e de crofite oc6anique , 154 pp.. Th6sc, Univers it+ de

Nanates, 1979.

12 A.A. Savelyev and G. N. Savelyeva, Ophioli tes of the Voykar

massif (Polar Ural), Memorial Univ. Newfoundl and, Dep.

Geol. Rep. 8, 127-140, 1979.13 F. Boudier and R.G. Coleman, Cross section through the

peridotite in the Samail Ophiolite, southeastern Oman

Mount ains , J. Geophy s. Res. 86, 2573-2592, 1981.

14 J.J. Pallister and C.A. Hopson, Samail ophiolite plutonic

suite: field relations, phase variation, cryptic variation and

layering, and a model is a spreading ridge magma chamber,

J. Geophys. Res. 86, 2593 2644, 1981.

15 J. Girardeau and A. Nicolas, The structures of two ophiolite

massifs, Bay of Islands, Newfoundland: a model for the

oceanic crust and upper mantle, Tectonophysics 77, 1-34,

1981.

16 W.R. Church and R.K. Stevens, Early Paleozoic complexes

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o f t h e N e w f o u n d l a n d A p p a l a c h i a n s a s m a n t l e -o c e a n i c c r u s t

s e q u e n c e s , J . G e o p h y s . R e s . 7 6, 1 4 6 0 - 1 4 6 6 , 1 9 7 1.

1 7 C . J . S u e n , F .A . F r e y a n d J . M a l p a s , B a y o f Is l a n d s o p h i o l i te

s u i te , N e w f o u n d l a n d : p e t r o l o g i c a n d g e o c h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r -

i s ti c s w i t h e m p h a s i s o n r a r e e a r t h e l e m e n t s g e o c h e m i s t r y ,

E a r t h P l a n e t . S c i . L e t t . 4 5 , 3 3 7 - 3 4 8 , 1 9 7 9 .1 8 J. W . H a w k i n s a n d C . A . E v a n s , G e o l o g y o f th e Z a m b a l e s

R a n g e , L u z o n , P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s : o p h i o l i t e d e r i v e d f r o m a n

I s l an d A r c - B a c k A r c b a s i n p a ir , A m . G e o p h y s . U n i o n ,

G e o p h y s . M o n o g r . S e r . 2 7~ 9 5 - 1 2 3 , 1 9 8 2 .

1 9 J . F . V i o l e tt e , S t r u c t u r e d e s o p h i o l i t e s d e s P h i l i p p i n e s

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