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Bosons and Photons and Gluons, Oh My(My apologiesto Frank Baum!)
Brian Toren and Hank Lederer
TopicsThe Beginning
The Scientific Method
Create, Detect and Display
Particle Discovery
Particles
Timelines
Analyze and Apply
Higgs
Workshop
Short and long term Futures
In the beginning there was a void. Then a God Created Light, Earth and Stars
(not necessarily in that order)
The Laws of Physics are no different
They all have one thing in common, “A Trigger”
This is true in all religions from the Judeo/Christian to
the Muslims, to the Buddhists to the Hindus to
the Native Americans
The Beginning
And Then
And light was created
And then Matter
And here we are; All because of the Big Bang
Scientific Method
Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.
It must be repeatable and can always be disproven.
Hypothesis - Theory - Law
HYPOTHESIS - an educated guess, based on observation.
THEORY - A scientific theory summarizes a hypothesis or group of hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing.
One definition of a theory is to say it's an accepted hypothesis.
LAW - a body of observations. At the time it is made, no exceptions have been found to a law.
Then Man Discovered Physics
E = mc2
Particle Discovery Process
Question
Hypothesis
Test
Produce
Detect
Record
Display
Analyze
Repeat
Theory
Apply
Law?
Particle Sources
Man Made
Stars
Radioactive Materials
Particle Detectors
Cloud Chanbers
Bubble Chambers
Photo
Energy
Big Undeground Pools
Laser Interferometer (gravity waves)
Colliders
Linear Accelerator ( Linac) Circular Accelerator (Synchrotron)
ALONG COMES THE LHC
Accelerator – accelerates particles to a smidge SOL.
Calorimeter Detector – measures the energy of the created particles; Atlas and CMS among others.
Computers – record data and display on digital displays.
Analyze – crowd computmg with 100,000 computers.
Cloud Chamber Image
Sealed Chamber with supersaturated liguid
A charged particle (alpha or beta particle for example) interacts with the mixture, and ionizes it
A mist forms around the ionized particle
a
Since many ions are produced, a trail is left
Each particle leaves a different trial
Bubble Chamber
Seeing the invisibleMaking the Invisible Visible
Superheated liquid used to detect electrically charged particles moving through it
Bubbles grow until large enough to be photographed
Atlas Calorimeter
Atlas CalorimeterMeasures Particle’s Energy
Resultng Comuter Generated Image
Analyze
Early DiscoveriesTimeline 1
460 BC – Democritus held that everything is composed of "atoms”,1803 - John Dalton defined the atom and created atomic weights
1897 – J. J. Thomson discovered the electron1899 – Ernest Rutherford finds the alpha and beta particles, models HE atom
1900 – Paul Villard discovered the Gamma ray1900 – Planck stated these packets of energy must be discrete wave-packets
These were named photons1905 – Albert Einstein stated the packets of energy must be discrete wave-packets, which he called light quantum or photons.
1919 - Ernist Rutherford hypothesized the proton
Particle discovery Timeline 2
1955 – Erwin Muehler first saw an atom, using a field ion microscope
1956 – Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines discovered the neutrino mass
1977 –Fermilab demonstrated the existence of the bottom quark
1983 – Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer discovered the W and Z bosons
1995 – Top quark discovered at Fermilab;
2012 – Higgs-Boson-like particle at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
What Are FieldsFields are a mathematical representation of how forces act on particles. There are 3 basic field in The standard theory, four if Higgs boson is real. The fields require two things, a mediator and something to mediate. The exchange of the mediator particle creates the force field. The fields are:
Field Mediator Mediatee Type FieldElectromagnetic Photon Electron VectorWeak W & Z bosons Radioactive Matter VectorStrong Gluons Quarks VectorGravitation Higgs Boson Gravitons (hypothetical) Scalar
Higgs bosons, excitations of one component of the Higgs
field, which gives mass to fundamental particles
Gravitation Force Field
The Feynman diagram for the hypothetical Graviton as described in “Loop Gravity” equations
Source [Open in new window]
http
Particle FamilyForce Carriers are required for our existence. This is where Higgs Fits
Also need nuetrinofor our existance
Required for our existance
MediatorsThe Standard Model explains forces as resulting from matter particles exchanging other particles, known as force mediating particles. When a force-mediating particle is exchanged, at a macroscopic level the effect is equivalent to a force influencing both of them, and the particle is therefore said to have mediated that force.
Feynman Force diagrams
Electomagnetic
Weak
Stong
TimelinesPARTICLE PHYSICS TIMELINE
Other Timelines
Big Bang timeline - chronical of the universe
Cosmology history timeline
Age of the unverse
Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics
Quantum physics timeline.html
Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity
Big Bang Time Line http://tinyurl.com/9zqhpdd [Open in new window]
Higgs
Charlie Rose With Brian Greene and Michael Tuts
The Higgs boson is named for Peter Higgs because he was the only one to explicitly predict the massive particle and identify some of its theoretical properties
In 1964 three teams proposed related but different approaches to explain how mass could arise in local gauge theories. 1.Robert Brout and François Englert,[1][2]
2.Peter Higgs,[3] and Gerald Guralnik,3.C. Richard Hagen, and Tom Kibble,[4][5]
¾ ths Higgs
Higgs Past Prediction: circa 2008
A pair of otherwise distinguished physicists have suggested that the hypothesized Higgs boson, which physicists hope to produce with the collider, might be so abhorrent to nature that its creation would ripple backward through time and stop the collider before it could make one, like a time traveler who goes back in time to kill his grandfather.
Remember when the LHC was having so many problems?
They Were wr wr Wrong!
How do we know it’s Higgs
That’s how
Photon
Photon
“Ever since physicists announced their discovery of the Higgs boson particle in Switzerland on July 4, I keep being told that its existence fundamentally alters our knowledge of the universe. I have no idea who this "our" refers to. My knowledge of the universe is that if I write stupid jokes, the universe gives me a really nice house and great meals. I do not believe mankind will ever develop a formula to explain this.”
Joe Klein Time Magazine
So What?
Well…First and foremost, is the scientific importance of this discovery.
Is this quest worth a few billion dollars in these difficult financial times and our immediate future?
The poplar answer is probably no. But what about 20 or 50 or 100 years down the road?
History has taught us that the fundamental research of today is the technology of tomorrow.
Could anyone have foreseen how quantum mechanics would become the bedrock of our current technology or how important Einstein's theory of general relativity would be?
Without Quantum With Quantum
ElectricityRadiosPhonographsMechanical thingsTube and relay computersTrains, Planes and AutomobilesSome Chemical compoundsNuclear BombRound World
TransistorsIntegrated CircuitsMicrochipsCell phonesiPads or iPodsGPS Quantum plus RelativityQuantum computersCommunications satellitesTrips to the Moon and MarsLasersPhoto opticsPhotocellsPacemakersAdvanced chemistryInternetFlat World
Now pretend you’ll live for another hundred years
What is possible ?
What you like to see technologically?
Workshop
Materials to Build the Future
Proton
Electron
Neutron
Photon
Wand Z Particles
Gluon
Future - Present to 10 YEARS
A new generation of scientists energized
Verify the new particle is Higgs, i.e.., 0 spin
Test how Higgs Interacts with other particles
Determine how many Higgs bosons there are
Innovation in techniques and products
Verify Supersymmetry
The Future 10 to 50 YearsQuantum Microscopes
Picotech
Femtotech
New Exotic Materials
New Medical Technology
Replicators
Measure Gravity Waves
Discover the Graviton
Far Future 50 – 100 Years
Antigravity Transportation
Transporters
Invisibility
Wormhole Creation
Speed of Light Travel
Time Travel
TOE?
Reference Library
Reference - Books4% Universe The - Richard Panek
Age Of Entanglement, The - Luisa Gilder
Book Of Nothing, The - John D Barrow
Dreams of a Final Theory – Steven Weinberg
First Three Minutes, The – Steven Weinberg
From Atoms To Quarks - James Trefill
Geons Black Holes and Quantum Foam – John Archer Wheeler
God Particle The - Leon Lederman
Grand Design, The - Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlowdinow
Inflationary Universe. - Alan H Guth
Key To The Universe, The - Nigel Calder
Last Three Minutes, The - Paul Davies
Matter Myth, The - Paul Davies and John Gribbin
Particle Hunters, The - Yuval Ne'Eman & Yuram Kirsh
Physics For The Rest Of Us - Roger S Jones
Physics Of The Impossible - Michio Kaku
Quantum World, The - Kenneth W Ford
Quark And The Jaguar, The - Murray Gell - Mann
Second Creation, The - Robert P Crease and Charles C Man
Something From Nothing - Laurence M Krause
Subatomic Particles – Steven Weinberg
Supersymmetry - Gordon Kane
Trouble With Physics the - Lee Smolin
Universe In A Nutshell, The - Stephen Hawking
Warped Passages - Liza Randall
What Is The World Made Of? - Gerald Feinberg
What Remains To Be Discovered - John Maddox
Reference VideosBrian Greene on multiple universes
Brian Greene makes sense of string theory
Larry Gell-Mann on truth and beauty in the universe
Brian Cox How the Super Hadron Collider Works
Garret Lisi The Theory of Everything (the beauty of partcle physics)
Brian Greene and Michael Tuts of Columbia on the discovery of the Higgs Boson 50 min
Patricia Burchat: Shedding light on dark matter
Michael KakuWhat is The Higgs Boson
The Mystery of Empty Space
Fini
Gravity Timelines
Aristotle - Earth the Center Discs contained starts and planets
Copernicus Kepler Tycho Brah Galileo - The earth revolves around the son
Newton - Force and gravity's attraction between planets
Einstein - Gravity based on curved space
Smolin and others – Quantum gravity