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Borchert’s Epochs
Urbanization Mirrors Technological Change
Sail-Wagon Epoch 1790-1830• Wind and water power• Most urban places were ports or water
power sites• Major cities: New York, Boston,
Philadelphia - oriented towards European trade
• Water transportation critical• Overland travel slow
Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870)• Steamboats and railroads diffuse
– Great Lakes and Mississippi River system key• Industrialization & coal mining boom• Coal powered steam engine revolutionizes
overland transport
Railroads 1870
Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920)• Industrial Revolution diffuses, steel industry
develops• Coal power generators allowed manufacturing to
take place away from water power sites• Coal & iron ore from Appalachia & Minnesota’s
Mesabi Range• Steel railroad tracks replace iron = heavier trains,
faster speeds, longer distances = lower transportation costs
• Continental U.S. stitched together by railroad network
Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-Present)
• Gasoline powered combustion engines
• Trucks, automobiles & airplanes• Dense network of roads makes
travel easier• Suburbanization• Sun Belt development
Interstate Highway System
Urban MorphologyThe layout of a city, its physical form
and structure
Functional Zonation
The division of the city into zones for certain functions
North American City ModelsBurgess Concentric Zones 1920s
Cities grow in rings radiating out from the Central Business District.
Bid Rent Curve
The closer you are to the CBD, the more expensive the land.
Hoyt Sector Model 1930s
Cities grow in wedges following transportation corridors.
Harris & Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model1940s
Cities grow and develop around clusters of economic activity.
Ex: university node, airport node
Vance’s Urban Realms Model 1960’s To Present
Urban area is comprised of a series of independent suburban downtowns within a larger metropolitan area.
Galactic City Model
European Cities
Green Belt Maphttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/greenpolitics/planning/9708387/Interactive-
map-Englands-green-belt.html
• More compact than U.S.• Some greenbelts (esp. UK)• Focus on healthy CBDs• More mass transit, less car
focused• More mixed use zoning• Higher income housing
closer to city center, lower income housing in suburbs (opposite of U.S.)
Cities Around the World Have Different Structures Based on
Their Unique Histories
See detailed explanations in text,
Kaplan Review Guide and on Models To
Know page.
Griffin-Ford Latin American City Model
deBlij’s African City Model
See detailed explanation in text,
Kaplan Review Guide and on Models To
Know page.
McGee’s Southeast Asian City Model
See detailed explanation in text,
Kaplan Review Guide and on Models To
Know page.
Middle Eastern City Model
Mosque is focus and bazaars
(marketplaces) are common in city
centers.