~Literature RECENT TITLES Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (Distrib-uted by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Nor-well, Massachusetts 02061.)

Laser Surface Treatment of Metals. Ed-ited by Clifton W. Draper and Paolo Mazzoldi. List Price: U.S. $134.00. ISBN 90-247-3405-3. Science and Technology of the Under-cooled Melt. Edited by P.R. Sahm, et al. List Price: U.S. $68.00. ISBN 90-247-3386-3.

Materials Research Society, 9800 McKnight Road, Suite 327, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15237.

Beam-Solid Interactions and Transient Processes. Edited by Michael O. Thomp-son, S. Thomas Picraux and James S. Williams. List Price: U.S. $47.00. MRS Member Price: U.S. $39.00. ISBN 0-931837-40-5. Materials Problem Solving with the Transmission Electron Microscope. Ed-ited by L.W. Hobbs, et al. List Price: U.S. $46.00. MRS Member Price: U.S. $37.00. ISBN 0-931837-27-8. Science and Technology of Microfabri-cation. Edited by R.E. Howard, E.L. Hu, S. Namba and S.W. Pang. List Price: $46.00. MRS Member Price: U.S. $37.00. ISBN 0-931837-42-1.

Metal Powder Industries Federation, 105 College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540.

Metal Powder Industries Federation An-nual Powder Metallurgy Conference Proceedings. Editor not given. Price not given. ISBN 0-918404-71-1.

Noyes Data Corporation, Noyes Build-ing, Mill Road, Park Ridge, New Jer-sey 07565.

Materials Analysis by Ultrasonics; Met-als, Ceramics, Composites. Edited by Alex Vary. List Price: U.S. $42.00. ISBN 0-8155-1116-7.

Pergamon Press, Inc., Maxwell House-Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York 10523.

Perspectives in Hydrogen in Metals. Ed-ited by M.F. Ashby a:nd J.P. Hirth. Price not given. ISBN 0-08-034813-0.

Van Nostrand Reinhold, Co., Inc., 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003.

Applied Metallography. Edited by George F. Vander Voort. Price not given. ISBN 0-442-28836-0.

Welding Institute, Abington Hall, Abington, Cambridge CB1 6A, UK.

International Conference on Surface En-gineering. Editor not given. Price not given. ISBN 0-85300186-3.

46

PERIODICAL PREVIEWS Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals October 1987 Aoba Aramaki, Sendai 980, Japan. Monthly.

This issue contains: "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Amorphous PdsJ)i20 Al-loy," "Optimization of Composition for the Appearance of Pseudoelasticity due to Consecutive ~,~~i~ai Transformations in Cu-Al-Ni Alloy Single Crystals," "Me-chanical Properties of 7075 Aluminum Alloy at 6-130 K.," "Influence of Tin on Lead Activity in Cu-Pb-Sn Dilute Solutions," "Influence of Hf Addition to Fe-10%Al Alloy on the Protectiveness of Preformed Al20 a Scale Against Sulfidation," "Inverse Chill in Cast Iron," "Graphite Morphology in Vacuum-Treated Fe-C-Si Alloys" and "Ther-mal Conductivity, Electrical Conductivity and Specific Heat of Copper-Carbon Fiber Composites. "

Materials Science and Technology October 1987 The Institute of Metals, 1 Carlton House Terrace, London SWIY 5DB, U.K. Monthly.

This issue contains: "Advanced Applications for Materials Implanted Within the Human Body," "Laboratory Scale Erosion Testing of a Wear Resistant Glass-Ce-ramic," "Influence of Surface Treatment on Adhesion of Polyethylene Fibres," "Nu-

BOOK REVIEWS ___________ _ Applied Metallography. Edited by a.F. Vander Voort. 1986, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003. 301 pages, hardcover, U.S. $43.95.

This volume compiles seventeen articles on the practical uses of metallography. The articles were written by specialists who have either developed or applied the dif-ferent techniques in the solution of actual metallurgical problems.

The identification of phases or constit-uents in metals and alloys using selective etching techniques is described in the first chapter. Several excellent micrographs on ferrous and non-ferrous alloys accompany the article, illustrating the importance of etching toward providing useful informa-tion on the nature of a material. Of prac-tical value to the metallographer is an etchants table which is included for differ-ent types offerrous and non-ferrous alloys. This is followed by a comprehensive chap-ter on potentiostatic etching. The author presents some theoretical background on applying this method for etching and of-fers a series of carefully prepared micro-structures. Also featured is a summary of several potentiostatic etching solutions for different materials.

Interference layer methods are being in-creasingly used by several researchers, and the thoery, as well as the importance of specimen preparation, are highlighted in a special chapter. Excellent color micro-graphs demonstrate the importance of using interference techniques to identify phases that are not normally highlighted in a straightforward metallographic study. The use of evaporated layers to reveal some of the normally difficult-to-identify phases is also described, as are the typical optical characteristics of these layers. The subject of magnetic etching via colloid application is presented as a short chapter. The actual technique (use of ferrofluids) and the ap-plication of the method in various ferrous

alloys is illustrated through some micro-graphs.

Basically a layer-forming method, gas contrasting has been used by some re-searchers to study several complex metals, composites and ceramic microstructures. The author provides useful theory on the technique and supports his work with high-quality micrographs. A separate chapter addresses the routine methods used to pre-pare stainless steels for metallographic examination. Some of the normal difficul-ties are outlined.

Two comprehensive chapters are also presented with regard to the fields of quantitative fractography and quantita-tive stereology. The theories for determin-ing the geometry of microstructures and examining fracture surface are outlined with the help of several schematics and illustrations. Microhardness testing is treated in separate chapter. The problems associated with interconversion of read-ings from one scale to another, composite measurement, particle hardness measure-ment, and the need for carefully designed fixtures are emphasized. The next two chapters deal with using scanning and scanning transmission microscopy as tools in metallographic studies. Some basic the-ory for the use of these techniques is out-lined, and excellent micrographs are presented to reveal the subtle differences in microstructures that can be discerned using the tools.

The next three chapters focus on using metallography as a process control tool in welding, as an analytical tool in producing free machining steels, and as a research tool in titanium alloy development. The final three chapters are devoted to using microscopy in the analysis of failures, wear and corrosion.

T.S. Srivatsan Materials Modification Inc.

JOURNAL OF METALS. October 1987

cleation and Growth of Precipitates in Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloys," "Nature of Large Precipitates in Titanium-Containing HSLA Steels," "Importance of Carbide Density in Influencing Grain Boundary Thickness," "Effect of Precipitation on Hot Ductility of Niobium and Aluminium Microalloyed Steels," "Hardenability Effect of Boron on Carbon Steels" and "Basic Processes on Surface Preparation and Bond Formation of Adhesively Joined Aluminium."

Composites November 1987 Butterworth Scientific Ltd., P.D.Box 63, Westbury House, Bury Street, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5BH, U.K. Birmmthly.

Reviewing peel failures, the paper "Matrix Fractography of Fibre-Reinforced Ther-moplastics" is accompanied by "Shear Testing of Neat Thermoplastic Resins and Their Unidirectional Graphite Composites" and "Notch Sensitivity of Multi-Direci-tonal Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polyimides in Fatigue Loading as a Function of Stress Ratio." Other original articles include: "Analytical Compliance Method for Mode I lnterlaminar Fracture Toughness Test of Composites" and "The In-Situ SEM Ob-servation of Tensile Fracture Processes in B/Al Composites."

Phase Transformations. Edited by E.C. Aifantis and J. Gittus. 1986, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, 52 Vander-bilt Avenue, New York, New York 10017. 302 pages, hardcover, price not given.

As noted by J.L. Libowitz in the first chapter, "Phase transitions in macroscopic systems (are) cooperative phenomena which would be truly astonishing if they were not so familiar. Indeed, they are prime ex-amples of small causes having large ef-fects. A small change in the temperature or chemical potential in certain parts of the parameter space can result in enor-mous changes in the density or other mac-roscopic properties."

In the text, the terms "phase transition" or "phase transformation" are used in a broad sense to cover various kinds of ab-rupt, spontaneous changes of the state of a system. The effects range from the clas-sical phase transition of the first kind (e.g., a liquid-vapor transition) to non-equilib-rium phase transformations represented in physical, chemical or biological systems by instabilities leading to the formation of spatially or temporally ordered or chaotic structures. The "familiarity" comes from our everyday experience with some phase transformations, as, for example, boiling water. However, an understanding of why phase transformations occur, what are their microscopic causes and mechanisms, what is their meaning in non-equilibrium situ-ations as well as their rigorous mathe-matical description, are still far from being accomplished.

The book consists of fourteen contribu-tions of various length and depth. Twenty-one authors participated. The articles are based on presentations given at the Sym-posium on Phase Transformations-An Interdisciplinary Gathering held in New-ark, Delaware, in August of 1983.

The first two chapters outline the sta-tistical approach to first order phase tran-

JOURNAL OF METALS. October 1987

sitions and application of scaling and renormalization group concepts to the crit-ical dynamics of systems far from equilib-rium. Unfortunately, these two articles give only short and incomplete reviews of the present activity in these important fields of theoretical physics. On the other hand, three other broad, actual problems are de-scribed in more detail. Three chapters (4-6) are devoted to martensitic transforma-tions and memory alloys, including a col-orful description of a practical implication of these phenomena for thermal energy conversion. Four complementary articles (chapters 7-10) study from various points of view the role of elastic strain energy on phase transformation processes in solids and nonlinear effects in spinodal decom-position. The instabilities of systems treated as phase transformations are described in three chapters (3,11,14), including micro-and macro-aspects of unstable plastic flow and Aifantis' attempt to set up a general framework for phase transformation phe-nomena. The mathematical and compu-tational methods employed for analysis and solution of phase transformation problems are illustrated by numerical integration of a Riemann problem for a van der Waals fluid (chapter 12) and methods for solving Stefan type problems (chapter 13).

Despite a certain inevitable imbalance in coverage, the presentations nonetheless provide a vivid picture of high research activity and multi-fold interest in the field. The book is unique in the current litera-ture in the degree of its interdisciplinary approach and in the wide range of aspects of the phase transformations described. A broad range of researchers, university teachers and students in the field of phase transformations should find the book use-ful and interesting.

Jan Kratochvil University of Kentucky

HELPFUL LITERATURE

~ 86 Microscopy Applications: A series of 16 information bulletins provides infor-mation on microscopes as well as illumi-nating and photo-documentation equipment for materials testing and metallography. The bulletins recommend which configurations of equipment to use when viewing polished sections, thin sections (ground or cut) and dispersed specimens. Methods covered in-clude transmitted-light brightfield micros-copy, reflected-light brightfield or darkfield microscopy, phase contact and polarizing techniques, and differential interference contrast.

Carl Zeiss, Inc.

~ 87 Molten Metal Filtration: A two-page brochure gives information on a soft-ware program developed for analyzing production cost factors along with those of reduced rejects. Named AmPorOx Filter Computer Analysis for Profits (AFCAP) , this program uses a simplified approach to factor in metal, yield, casting rework, scrap and filter costs with expected higher qual-ity and resulting additional profit multi-ples.

Astro Met Associates, Inc.

~ 88 Statistical Pro~ess Control: An information sheet describes the statistical process control computer software which features advanced data selection criteria.

National-Standard

~ 89 Sintering Furnaces: A two-page bulletin features belt conveyors, pushers, walking beams and vacuum furnaces, and atmosphere generators for sintering ap-plications.

Seco/Warwick

~ 90 Vibraflame Cables: A color cata-log features Vibraflame high-temperature electrical cables. They can maintain cir-cuit integrity at 2,850°F, which is 1,000 degrees higher than other heat-resistant cables. Further, the cable can function for a minimum of 15 minutes while sub-merged or covered by molten steel or alu-minum.

Sefranex Corporation

~ 91 Steel Degassing: An eight-page brochure describes new techniques in processing engineering and computer-aided controlling for vacuum steel treatment, including unalloyed structural and tool steels; alloyed case-hardening and heat-treatable steels; and stainless, acid-resis-tant and heat-resistant steels with charge weights ranging from 25 to 40 metric tons.

Leybold-Heraeus Technologies, Inc.

~ 92 Thermoplastics and Compos-ites: A video is available which illustrates six industrial processes for joining/weld-ing thermoplastics and composites.

Edison Welding Institute

47