Uses and dangers of ionizing radiation

Book page 216 ndash 223

Syllabus 213 ndash 714

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Starter Who is this man What happened to him Alexander Litvinenkos murder_ The inside story - BBC Newsnight - YouTube [720p]mp4

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32

01

6

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rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Starter Who is this man What happened to him Alexander Litvinenkos murder_ The inside story - BBC Newsnight - YouTube [720p]mp4

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6

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com

Aim bull What effect does Nuclear Radiation have on the human body

bull What are the problems of disposing of nuclear waste

bull Explain how ionising radiation can be used

Key words

bull cell damage

bull 세포 손상

bull tissue damage

bull 조직의 손상

bull Mutation (형태구조상의) 변화변형

bull Cancer 암

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

The big picture

Why is Nuclear Radiation so dangerous

to humans

Have you ever wondered

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Alpha Beta and Gamma Radiation will

harm living cells

When they enter the cells they collide with the molecules and cause ionisation

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull Lower doses usually cause minor damage to the cell and tissue

bull It can result in mutant cells that divide uncontrollably

bull This is CANCER

bull Higher doses tend to kill the cells completely which causes radiation sickness

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dangers of ionizing radiation

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull Damage rarely leads to cancer because DNA can repair itself

bull Radiation-damaged DNA in a sperm or ovum can produce

genetic defects

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull OUTSIDE the body Beta amp Gamma radiation are more dangerous as Alpha radiation is blocked by the skin

bull INSIDE the body an Alpha source causes the most damage because it is the most ionising

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

The extent to which your cells are damaged depends on

bull How long you are exposed to the source and

bull How strong the radiation source is

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity

16

32

01

6

Sterilising medical instruments and food

bull Gamma rays can be used to kill and sterilise germs without the need for heating

bull The same technique can be used to kill microbes in food so that it lasts longer

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity - Tracers

16

32

01

6

A tracer is a small amount of radioactive material used to detect things eg a leak in a pipe

Gamma source

Tracers can also be used in medicine to detect tumours

The radiation from the radioactive source is picked up above the ground enabling the leak in the pipe to be detected

For medicinal tracers you would probably use a beta source with a short half life ndash why

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of Radioactivity - Treating Cancer

16

32

01

6

bull High energy gamma radiation can be used to kill cancerous cells

bull Care must be taken in order to enure that the gamma radiation does not affect normal tissue as well

bull Radioactive iodine can be used to treat thyroid cancer

bull Iodine is needed by the thyroid so it naturally collects there

bull Radioactive iodine will then give out beta radiation and kill cancerous cells

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

Oetzi was found in 1991 encased in ice in the alps He had with him an axe bow and arrows How could scientists work out how long ago Oetzi died

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Carbon dating

bull Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon (it has two extra neutrons in its nucleus making it unstable)

bull Theres a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 in all living organisms

bull When they die no new carbon-14 is taken in by the dead organism

bull Measurements of the beta decay activity of a buried piece of wood provides a measurement of the time elapsed since it was living

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dating materials using half-lives

16

32

01

6

Question Uranium decays into lead The half life of uranium is 4 billion years A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium Calculate the age of the sample

hellipof the sample was

uranium

Now only 48 of the uranium remains ndash

the other 48 is lead

Now only 28 of uranium remains ndash

the other 68 is lead

Now only 18 of uranium remains ndash

the other 78 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 18 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead) Each half life is 4 billion years so the sample is 12 billion years old

88 48 28 18

1 half life laterhellip

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

The big picture

Why is Nuclear Radiation so dangerous

to humans

Have you ever wondered

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Alpha Beta and Gamma Radiation will

harm living cells

When they enter the cells they collide with the molecules and cause ionisation

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull Lower doses usually cause minor damage to the cell and tissue

bull It can result in mutant cells that divide uncontrollably

bull This is CANCER

bull Higher doses tend to kill the cells completely which causes radiation sickness

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dangers of ionizing radiation

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull Damage rarely leads to cancer because DNA can repair itself

bull Radiation-damaged DNA in a sperm or ovum can produce

genetic defects

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull OUTSIDE the body Beta amp Gamma radiation are more dangerous as Alpha radiation is blocked by the skin

bull INSIDE the body an Alpha source causes the most damage because it is the most ionising

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

The extent to which your cells are damaged depends on

bull How long you are exposed to the source and

bull How strong the radiation source is

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity

16

32

01

6

Sterilising medical instruments and food

bull Gamma rays can be used to kill and sterilise germs without the need for heating

bull The same technique can be used to kill microbes in food so that it lasts longer

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity - Tracers

16

32

01

6

A tracer is a small amount of radioactive material used to detect things eg a leak in a pipe

Gamma source

Tracers can also be used in medicine to detect tumours

The radiation from the radioactive source is picked up above the ground enabling the leak in the pipe to be detected

For medicinal tracers you would probably use a beta source with a short half life ndash why

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of Radioactivity - Treating Cancer

16

32

01

6

bull High energy gamma radiation can be used to kill cancerous cells

bull Care must be taken in order to enure that the gamma radiation does not affect normal tissue as well

bull Radioactive iodine can be used to treat thyroid cancer

bull Iodine is needed by the thyroid so it naturally collects there

bull Radioactive iodine will then give out beta radiation and kill cancerous cells

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

Oetzi was found in 1991 encased in ice in the alps He had with him an axe bow and arrows How could scientists work out how long ago Oetzi died

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Carbon dating

bull Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon (it has two extra neutrons in its nucleus making it unstable)

bull Theres a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 in all living organisms

bull When they die no new carbon-14 is taken in by the dead organism

bull Measurements of the beta decay activity of a buried piece of wood provides a measurement of the time elapsed since it was living

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dating materials using half-lives

16

32

01

6

Question Uranium decays into lead The half life of uranium is 4 billion years A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium Calculate the age of the sample

hellipof the sample was

uranium

Now only 48 of the uranium remains ndash

the other 48 is lead

Now only 28 of uranium remains ndash

the other 68 is lead

Now only 18 of uranium remains ndash

the other 78 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 18 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead) Each half life is 4 billion years so the sample is 12 billion years old

88 48 28 18

1 half life laterhellip

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Alpha Beta and Gamma Radiation will

harm living cells

When they enter the cells they collide with the molecules and cause ionisation

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull Lower doses usually cause minor damage to the cell and tissue

bull It can result in mutant cells that divide uncontrollably

bull This is CANCER

bull Higher doses tend to kill the cells completely which causes radiation sickness

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dangers of ionizing radiation

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull Damage rarely leads to cancer because DNA can repair itself

bull Radiation-damaged DNA in a sperm or ovum can produce

genetic defects

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull OUTSIDE the body Beta amp Gamma radiation are more dangerous as Alpha radiation is blocked by the skin

bull INSIDE the body an Alpha source causes the most damage because it is the most ionising

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

The extent to which your cells are damaged depends on

bull How long you are exposed to the source and

bull How strong the radiation source is

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity

16

32

01

6

Sterilising medical instruments and food

bull Gamma rays can be used to kill and sterilise germs without the need for heating

bull The same technique can be used to kill microbes in food so that it lasts longer

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity - Tracers

16

32

01

6

A tracer is a small amount of radioactive material used to detect things eg a leak in a pipe

Gamma source

Tracers can also be used in medicine to detect tumours

The radiation from the radioactive source is picked up above the ground enabling the leak in the pipe to be detected

For medicinal tracers you would probably use a beta source with a short half life ndash why

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of Radioactivity - Treating Cancer

16

32

01

6

bull High energy gamma radiation can be used to kill cancerous cells

bull Care must be taken in order to enure that the gamma radiation does not affect normal tissue as well

bull Radioactive iodine can be used to treat thyroid cancer

bull Iodine is needed by the thyroid so it naturally collects there

bull Radioactive iodine will then give out beta radiation and kill cancerous cells

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

Oetzi was found in 1991 encased in ice in the alps He had with him an axe bow and arrows How could scientists work out how long ago Oetzi died

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Carbon dating

bull Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon (it has two extra neutrons in its nucleus making it unstable)

bull Theres a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 in all living organisms

bull When they die no new carbon-14 is taken in by the dead organism

bull Measurements of the beta decay activity of a buried piece of wood provides a measurement of the time elapsed since it was living

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dating materials using half-lives

16

32

01

6

Question Uranium decays into lead The half life of uranium is 4 billion years A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium Calculate the age of the sample

hellipof the sample was

uranium

Now only 48 of the uranium remains ndash

the other 48 is lead

Now only 28 of uranium remains ndash

the other 68 is lead

Now only 18 of uranium remains ndash

the other 78 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 18 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead) Each half life is 4 billion years so the sample is 12 billion years old

88 48 28 18

1 half life laterhellip

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull Lower doses usually cause minor damage to the cell and tissue

bull It can result in mutant cells that divide uncontrollably

bull This is CANCER

bull Higher doses tend to kill the cells completely which causes radiation sickness

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dangers of ionizing radiation

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull Damage rarely leads to cancer because DNA can repair itself

bull Radiation-damaged DNA in a sperm or ovum can produce

genetic defects

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull OUTSIDE the body Beta amp Gamma radiation are more dangerous as Alpha radiation is blocked by the skin

bull INSIDE the body an Alpha source causes the most damage because it is the most ionising

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

The extent to which your cells are damaged depends on

bull How long you are exposed to the source and

bull How strong the radiation source is

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity

16

32

01

6

Sterilising medical instruments and food

bull Gamma rays can be used to kill and sterilise germs without the need for heating

bull The same technique can be used to kill microbes in food so that it lasts longer

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity - Tracers

16

32

01

6

A tracer is a small amount of radioactive material used to detect things eg a leak in a pipe

Gamma source

Tracers can also be used in medicine to detect tumours

The radiation from the radioactive source is picked up above the ground enabling the leak in the pipe to be detected

For medicinal tracers you would probably use a beta source with a short half life ndash why

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of Radioactivity - Treating Cancer

16

32

01

6

bull High energy gamma radiation can be used to kill cancerous cells

bull Care must be taken in order to enure that the gamma radiation does not affect normal tissue as well

bull Radioactive iodine can be used to treat thyroid cancer

bull Iodine is needed by the thyroid so it naturally collects there

bull Radioactive iodine will then give out beta radiation and kill cancerous cells

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

Oetzi was found in 1991 encased in ice in the alps He had with him an axe bow and arrows How could scientists work out how long ago Oetzi died

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Carbon dating

bull Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon (it has two extra neutrons in its nucleus making it unstable)

bull Theres a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 in all living organisms

bull When they die no new carbon-14 is taken in by the dead organism

bull Measurements of the beta decay activity of a buried piece of wood provides a measurement of the time elapsed since it was living

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dating materials using half-lives

16

32

01

6

Question Uranium decays into lead The half life of uranium is 4 billion years A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium Calculate the age of the sample

hellipof the sample was

uranium

Now only 48 of the uranium remains ndash

the other 48 is lead

Now only 28 of uranium remains ndash

the other 68 is lead

Now only 18 of uranium remains ndash

the other 78 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 18 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead) Each half life is 4 billion years so the sample is 12 billion years old

88 48 28 18

1 half life laterhellip

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dangers of ionizing radiation

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull Damage rarely leads to cancer because DNA can repair itself

bull Radiation-damaged DNA in a sperm or ovum can produce

genetic defects

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull OUTSIDE the body Beta amp Gamma radiation are more dangerous as Alpha radiation is blocked by the skin

bull INSIDE the body an Alpha source causes the most damage because it is the most ionising

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

The extent to which your cells are damaged depends on

bull How long you are exposed to the source and

bull How strong the radiation source is

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity

16

32

01

6

Sterilising medical instruments and food

bull Gamma rays can be used to kill and sterilise germs without the need for heating

bull The same technique can be used to kill microbes in food so that it lasts longer

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity - Tracers

16

32

01

6

A tracer is a small amount of radioactive material used to detect things eg a leak in a pipe

Gamma source

Tracers can also be used in medicine to detect tumours

The radiation from the radioactive source is picked up above the ground enabling the leak in the pipe to be detected

For medicinal tracers you would probably use a beta source with a short half life ndash why

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of Radioactivity - Treating Cancer

16

32

01

6

bull High energy gamma radiation can be used to kill cancerous cells

bull Care must be taken in order to enure that the gamma radiation does not affect normal tissue as well

bull Radioactive iodine can be used to treat thyroid cancer

bull Iodine is needed by the thyroid so it naturally collects there

bull Radioactive iodine will then give out beta radiation and kill cancerous cells

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

Oetzi was found in 1991 encased in ice in the alps He had with him an axe bow and arrows How could scientists work out how long ago Oetzi died

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Carbon dating

bull Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon (it has two extra neutrons in its nucleus making it unstable)

bull Theres a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 in all living organisms

bull When they die no new carbon-14 is taken in by the dead organism

bull Measurements of the beta decay activity of a buried piece of wood provides a measurement of the time elapsed since it was living

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dating materials using half-lives

16

32

01

6

Question Uranium decays into lead The half life of uranium is 4 billion years A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium Calculate the age of the sample

hellipof the sample was

uranium

Now only 48 of the uranium remains ndash

the other 48 is lead

Now only 28 of uranium remains ndash

the other 68 is lead

Now only 18 of uranium remains ndash

the other 78 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 18 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead) Each half life is 4 billion years so the sample is 12 billion years old

88 48 28 18

1 half life laterhellip

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull Damage rarely leads to cancer because DNA can repair itself

bull Radiation-damaged DNA in a sperm or ovum can produce

genetic defects

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull OUTSIDE the body Beta amp Gamma radiation are more dangerous as Alpha radiation is blocked by the skin

bull INSIDE the body an Alpha source causes the most damage because it is the most ionising

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

The extent to which your cells are damaged depends on

bull How long you are exposed to the source and

bull How strong the radiation source is

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity

16

32

01

6

Sterilising medical instruments and food

bull Gamma rays can be used to kill and sterilise germs without the need for heating

bull The same technique can be used to kill microbes in food so that it lasts longer

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity - Tracers

16

32

01

6

A tracer is a small amount of radioactive material used to detect things eg a leak in a pipe

Gamma source

Tracers can also be used in medicine to detect tumours

The radiation from the radioactive source is picked up above the ground enabling the leak in the pipe to be detected

For medicinal tracers you would probably use a beta source with a short half life ndash why

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of Radioactivity - Treating Cancer

16

32

01

6

bull High energy gamma radiation can be used to kill cancerous cells

bull Care must be taken in order to enure that the gamma radiation does not affect normal tissue as well

bull Radioactive iodine can be used to treat thyroid cancer

bull Iodine is needed by the thyroid so it naturally collects there

bull Radioactive iodine will then give out beta radiation and kill cancerous cells

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

Oetzi was found in 1991 encased in ice in the alps He had with him an axe bow and arrows How could scientists work out how long ago Oetzi died

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Carbon dating

bull Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon (it has two extra neutrons in its nucleus making it unstable)

bull Theres a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 in all living organisms

bull When they die no new carbon-14 is taken in by the dead organism

bull Measurements of the beta decay activity of a buried piece of wood provides a measurement of the time elapsed since it was living

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dating materials using half-lives

16

32

01

6

Question Uranium decays into lead The half life of uranium is 4 billion years A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium Calculate the age of the sample

hellipof the sample was

uranium

Now only 48 of the uranium remains ndash

the other 48 is lead

Now only 28 of uranium remains ndash

the other 68 is lead

Now only 18 of uranium remains ndash

the other 78 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 18 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead) Each half life is 4 billion years so the sample is 12 billion years old

88 48 28 18

1 half life laterhellip

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

bull OUTSIDE the body Beta amp Gamma radiation are more dangerous as Alpha radiation is blocked by the skin

bull INSIDE the body an Alpha source causes the most damage because it is the most ionising

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

The extent to which your cells are damaged depends on

bull How long you are exposed to the source and

bull How strong the radiation source is

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity

16

32

01

6

Sterilising medical instruments and food

bull Gamma rays can be used to kill and sterilise germs without the need for heating

bull The same technique can be used to kill microbes in food so that it lasts longer

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity - Tracers

16

32

01

6

A tracer is a small amount of radioactive material used to detect things eg a leak in a pipe

Gamma source

Tracers can also be used in medicine to detect tumours

The radiation from the radioactive source is picked up above the ground enabling the leak in the pipe to be detected

For medicinal tracers you would probably use a beta source with a short half life ndash why

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of Radioactivity - Treating Cancer

16

32

01

6

bull High energy gamma radiation can be used to kill cancerous cells

bull Care must be taken in order to enure that the gamma radiation does not affect normal tissue as well

bull Radioactive iodine can be used to treat thyroid cancer

bull Iodine is needed by the thyroid so it naturally collects there

bull Radioactive iodine will then give out beta radiation and kill cancerous cells

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

Oetzi was found in 1991 encased in ice in the alps He had with him an axe bow and arrows How could scientists work out how long ago Oetzi died

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Carbon dating

bull Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon (it has two extra neutrons in its nucleus making it unstable)

bull Theres a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 in all living organisms

bull When they die no new carbon-14 is taken in by the dead organism

bull Measurements of the beta decay activity of a buried piece of wood provides a measurement of the time elapsed since it was living

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dating materials using half-lives

16

32

01

6

Question Uranium decays into lead The half life of uranium is 4 billion years A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium Calculate the age of the sample

hellipof the sample was

uranium

Now only 48 of the uranium remains ndash

the other 48 is lead

Now only 28 of uranium remains ndash

the other 68 is lead

Now only 18 of uranium remains ndash

the other 78 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 18 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead) Each half life is 4 billion years so the sample is 12 billion years old

88 48 28 18

1 half life laterhellip

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

The extent to which your cells are damaged depends on

bull How long you are exposed to the source and

bull How strong the radiation source is

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity

16

32

01

6

Sterilising medical instruments and food

bull Gamma rays can be used to kill and sterilise germs without the need for heating

bull The same technique can be used to kill microbes in food so that it lasts longer

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity - Tracers

16

32

01

6

A tracer is a small amount of radioactive material used to detect things eg a leak in a pipe

Gamma source

Tracers can also be used in medicine to detect tumours

The radiation from the radioactive source is picked up above the ground enabling the leak in the pipe to be detected

For medicinal tracers you would probably use a beta source with a short half life ndash why

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of Radioactivity - Treating Cancer

16

32

01

6

bull High energy gamma radiation can be used to kill cancerous cells

bull Care must be taken in order to enure that the gamma radiation does not affect normal tissue as well

bull Radioactive iodine can be used to treat thyroid cancer

bull Iodine is needed by the thyroid so it naturally collects there

bull Radioactive iodine will then give out beta radiation and kill cancerous cells

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

Oetzi was found in 1991 encased in ice in the alps He had with him an axe bow and arrows How could scientists work out how long ago Oetzi died

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Carbon dating

bull Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon (it has two extra neutrons in its nucleus making it unstable)

bull Theres a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 in all living organisms

bull When they die no new carbon-14 is taken in by the dead organism

bull Measurements of the beta decay activity of a buried piece of wood provides a measurement of the time elapsed since it was living

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dating materials using half-lives

16

32

01

6

Question Uranium decays into lead The half life of uranium is 4 billion years A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium Calculate the age of the sample

hellipof the sample was

uranium

Now only 48 of the uranium remains ndash

the other 48 is lead

Now only 28 of uranium remains ndash

the other 68 is lead

Now only 18 of uranium remains ndash

the other 78 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 18 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead) Each half life is 4 billion years so the sample is 12 billion years old

88 48 28 18

1 half life laterhellip

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity

16

32

01

6

Sterilising medical instruments and food

bull Gamma rays can be used to kill and sterilise germs without the need for heating

bull The same technique can be used to kill microbes in food so that it lasts longer

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity - Tracers

16

32

01

6

A tracer is a small amount of radioactive material used to detect things eg a leak in a pipe

Gamma source

Tracers can also be used in medicine to detect tumours

The radiation from the radioactive source is picked up above the ground enabling the leak in the pipe to be detected

For medicinal tracers you would probably use a beta source with a short half life ndash why

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of Radioactivity - Treating Cancer

16

32

01

6

bull High energy gamma radiation can be used to kill cancerous cells

bull Care must be taken in order to enure that the gamma radiation does not affect normal tissue as well

bull Radioactive iodine can be used to treat thyroid cancer

bull Iodine is needed by the thyroid so it naturally collects there

bull Radioactive iodine will then give out beta radiation and kill cancerous cells

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

Oetzi was found in 1991 encased in ice in the alps He had with him an axe bow and arrows How could scientists work out how long ago Oetzi died

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Carbon dating

bull Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon (it has two extra neutrons in its nucleus making it unstable)

bull Theres a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 in all living organisms

bull When they die no new carbon-14 is taken in by the dead organism

bull Measurements of the beta decay activity of a buried piece of wood provides a measurement of the time elapsed since it was living

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dating materials using half-lives

16

32

01

6

Question Uranium decays into lead The half life of uranium is 4 billion years A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium Calculate the age of the sample

hellipof the sample was

uranium

Now only 48 of the uranium remains ndash

the other 48 is lead

Now only 28 of uranium remains ndash

the other 68 is lead

Now only 18 of uranium remains ndash

the other 78 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 18 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead) Each half life is 4 billion years so the sample is 12 billion years old

88 48 28 18

1 half life laterhellip

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of radioactivity - Tracers

16

32

01

6

A tracer is a small amount of radioactive material used to detect things eg a leak in a pipe

Gamma source

Tracers can also be used in medicine to detect tumours

The radiation from the radioactive source is picked up above the ground enabling the leak in the pipe to be detected

For medicinal tracers you would probably use a beta source with a short half life ndash why

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of Radioactivity - Treating Cancer

16

32

01

6

bull High energy gamma radiation can be used to kill cancerous cells

bull Care must be taken in order to enure that the gamma radiation does not affect normal tissue as well

bull Radioactive iodine can be used to treat thyroid cancer

bull Iodine is needed by the thyroid so it naturally collects there

bull Radioactive iodine will then give out beta radiation and kill cancerous cells

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

Oetzi was found in 1991 encased in ice in the alps He had with him an axe bow and arrows How could scientists work out how long ago Oetzi died

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Carbon dating

bull Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon (it has two extra neutrons in its nucleus making it unstable)

bull Theres a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 in all living organisms

bull When they die no new carbon-14 is taken in by the dead organism

bull Measurements of the beta decay activity of a buried piece of wood provides a measurement of the time elapsed since it was living

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dating materials using half-lives

16

32

01

6

Question Uranium decays into lead The half life of uranium is 4 billion years A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium Calculate the age of the sample

hellipof the sample was

uranium

Now only 48 of the uranium remains ndash

the other 48 is lead

Now only 28 of uranium remains ndash

the other 68 is lead

Now only 18 of uranium remains ndash

the other 78 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 18 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead) Each half life is 4 billion years so the sample is 12 billion years old

88 48 28 18

1 half life laterhellip

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Uses of Radioactivity - Treating Cancer

16

32

01

6

bull High energy gamma radiation can be used to kill cancerous cells

bull Care must be taken in order to enure that the gamma radiation does not affect normal tissue as well

bull Radioactive iodine can be used to treat thyroid cancer

bull Iodine is needed by the thyroid so it naturally collects there

bull Radioactive iodine will then give out beta radiation and kill cancerous cells

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

Oetzi was found in 1991 encased in ice in the alps He had with him an axe bow and arrows How could scientists work out how long ago Oetzi died

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Carbon dating

bull Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon (it has two extra neutrons in its nucleus making it unstable)

bull Theres a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 in all living organisms

bull When they die no new carbon-14 is taken in by the dead organism

bull Measurements of the beta decay activity of a buried piece of wood provides a measurement of the time elapsed since it was living

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dating materials using half-lives

16

32

01

6

Question Uranium decays into lead The half life of uranium is 4 billion years A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium Calculate the age of the sample

hellipof the sample was

uranium

Now only 48 of the uranium remains ndash

the other 48 is lead

Now only 28 of uranium remains ndash

the other 68 is lead

Now only 18 of uranium remains ndash

the other 78 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 18 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead) Each half life is 4 billion years so the sample is 12 billion years old

88 48 28 18

1 half life laterhellip

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

Oetzi was found in 1991 encased in ice in the alps He had with him an axe bow and arrows How could scientists work out how long ago Oetzi died

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Carbon dating

bull Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon (it has two extra neutrons in its nucleus making it unstable)

bull Theres a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 in all living organisms

bull When they die no new carbon-14 is taken in by the dead organism

bull Measurements of the beta decay activity of a buried piece of wood provides a measurement of the time elapsed since it was living

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dating materials using half-lives

16

32

01

6

Question Uranium decays into lead The half life of uranium is 4 billion years A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium Calculate the age of the sample

hellipof the sample was

uranium

Now only 48 of the uranium remains ndash

the other 48 is lead

Now only 28 of uranium remains ndash

the other 68 is lead

Now only 18 of uranium remains ndash

the other 78 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 18 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead) Each half life is 4 billion years so the sample is 12 billion years old

88 48 28 18

1 half life laterhellip

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Carbon dating

bull Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon (it has two extra neutrons in its nucleus making it unstable)

bull Theres a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 in all living organisms

bull When they die no new carbon-14 is taken in by the dead organism

bull Measurements of the beta decay activity of a buried piece of wood provides a measurement of the time elapsed since it was living

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dating materials using half-lives

16

32

01

6

Question Uranium decays into lead The half life of uranium is 4 billion years A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium Calculate the age of the sample

hellipof the sample was

uranium

Now only 48 of the uranium remains ndash

the other 48 is lead

Now only 28 of uranium remains ndash

the other 68 is lead

Now only 18 of uranium remains ndash

the other 78 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 18 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead) Each half life is 4 billion years so the sample is 12 billion years old

88 48 28 18

1 half life laterhellip

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Carbon dating

bull Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon (it has two extra neutrons in its nucleus making it unstable)

bull Theres a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 in all living organisms

bull When they die no new carbon-14 is taken in by the dead organism

bull Measurements of the beta decay activity of a buried piece of wood provides a measurement of the time elapsed since it was living

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dating materials using half-lives

16

32

01

6

Question Uranium decays into lead The half life of uranium is 4 billion years A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium Calculate the age of the sample

hellipof the sample was

uranium

Now only 48 of the uranium remains ndash

the other 48 is lead

Now only 28 of uranium remains ndash

the other 68 is lead

Now only 18 of uranium remains ndash

the other 78 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 18 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead) Each half life is 4 billion years so the sample is 12 billion years old

88 48 28 18

1 half life laterhellip

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Dating materials using half-lives

16

32

01

6

Question Uranium decays into lead The half life of uranium is 4 billion years A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium Calculate the age of the sample

hellipof the sample was

uranium

Now only 48 of the uranium remains ndash

the other 48 is lead

Now only 28 of uranium remains ndash

the other 68 is lead

Now only 18 of uranium remains ndash

the other 78 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 18 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead) Each half life is 4 billion years so the sample is 12 billion years old

88 48 28 18

1 half life laterhellip

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

An exam questionhellip

16

32

01

6

Potassium decays into argon The half life of potassium is 13 billion years A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium How old is the rock

The rock must be 2 half lives old ndash 26 billion years

4 potassium out of 4

2 potassium out of 4

1 potassium out of 4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radiation Safety How should radioactive sources be handled

safely

Radiation can contaminate people and their clothing

The safety precautions are

keep exposure times as short as possible

monitor exposure with a film dose badge

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Continuedhellip

use tongs or a robotic arm to

handle radioactive materials

label radioactive sources clearly

store radioactive sources in shielded

containers that must be capable of

containing the radioactive material for

enormously long periods of time

wear protective clothing

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

16

32

01

6

Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

16

32

01

6

copycg

rah

amp

hys

ics

com

Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

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Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

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Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

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Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

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Radioactive waste bull The waste from radioactive material is highly ionizing

and may remain radioactive for thousands of years

bull The waste may contaminate or irradiate the

environment

Contamination is when radioactive

particles escape into the environment

They may spread through the air

through water or through the

food chain

Irradiation occurs when alpha

beta or gamma radiation ionizes

atoms in material near to the waste

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Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

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Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

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Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

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163

20

16

Disposing of radioactive waste

High level waste is immobilised by mixing with ____ making ingredients melting and pouring the glass into steel containers

Intermediate waste is set in cement in _____ drums

The key to dealing with radioactive waste is to IMMOBILISE it There are a number of ways of doing this depending on how __________ the waste is

The containers are then kept in stores often _________

Words ndash glass steel underground radioactive

radioactive

steel

underground

glass

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Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

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Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

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Bikini atoll ndash atomic testing

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Original Colour Film of Baker Atom Bomb at Bikini Atoll 1946 - YouTube [720p]mp4 _Paradise Lost_ with Lijon Eknilang - Marshall Islands - YouTube [360p]mp4

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Aftermath

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6 Beneath this concrete dome on

Runit Island (part of Enewetak Atoll) built between 1977 and 1980 at a cost of about $239 million lie 84927 cubic meters of radioactive soil and debris from Bikini and Rongelap atolls The dome covers the 9 meter deep 107 meter wide crated created by the May 5 1958 Cactus test

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Dangers of radiation true or false

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Uses of radiation ndash activity

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Dangers of radiation true or false

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Uses of radiation ndash activity

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Uses of radiation ndash activity

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