1 221
100%
Actual Size
Fit Width
Fit Height
Fit Page
Automatic
book on science articles
Embed Size (px)
344 x 292
429 x 357
514 x 422
599 x 487
DESCRIPTION
Citation preview
1. -
2. -: : . : . . , -400088 : , : , : . . : , 2013 , , , :- ( ://
. .http www wikipedia org) :- :// . .http commons wikimedia
org
3. -: /. v /. vi01. - 1. 02. : 11. . 03. : 19. 04. - 25. 05.
33. . . 06. - 44. 07. - 54. 08. : 70.
4. 09. - 95. 10. - 108. 11. 113. 12. 126. 13. : 133. 14. 148 .
15. 163. 16. 173. 17. 187 18. 197 ......
5. -: :- , , ( ),TIFR 2010 18 . , . ( )v
6. -: :- ( )ICT -, - - ( )TIFR , - - ( :// . . . .http ehindi
hbcse tifr res in) 2008 - 2008 2010 ( )vi
7. - , 15 , "-: " 2009 , -, -, - , -, -, -,-, , , , , , , , - ,
2010 18 26 , - - @ . . .ehindi hbcse tifr res in . :- . . ,
-400088- 022-25072210-: @ . . .kkm hbcse tifr res in( )vii
8. -
9. - ( :// . . . .http ehindi hbcse tifr res in) . ( )ICT , , ,
- - - , 2008 , ( ),TIFR - - ( :// . . . .http ehindi hbcse tifr res
in) , , - -,- ( ), -, -,-, -, - , , , ,, , - -: 1
10. , , , - - , , - () ( )WWW- - , , , -, , , , , - , , , , ,
-: 2
11. ( )http ( )html - - - , - ,, - - - - ,. .www gmail com, .
.www yahoo com, . .www rediffmail com www , ,, , , - , , , - - - -:
3- - -
12. - - , - , , /, , , - ( - )CD ROM - ( ),HBCSE ( )TIFR - , ,
, , , , , , , , , , - - -: 4
13. ( :// . . . .http ehindi hbcse tifr res in) ( )TIFR , - (
:// . . .http ehindi hbcse tifr res.in) 2008 -, - ( ),-, -,-, -, -
: , ,, ,, - -: 5 Http://ehindi.hbcse.tifr.res.in
14. , 2008 " - " 2009 15 -: , ( :// . . . .http ehindi hbcse
tifr res in) 15 -: 6
15. 2010 : 26 43 - - . .www youtube com ( ) 2005NCF - - -:
7
16. - - , Small Science - , 3 4 ( )NBT ( )NCERT -: 8
17. - , - - - 10 , , , ,, , - " " , -: 9
18. - , -: -, -, , , - - - - - - - , . . , -400088-: . .
.kkm@hbcse tifr res in-: 10-
19. : . . " "- 12 , 1910 , , , 1923 1926 , , - , , , ; " " 10 ,
. .. - -: 11 (1910-1994)
20. , , ( , ),Sir John Leman Grammar School Beccles1921-1928 ,
(Geldeston in Norfolk) 1928 18 , - , , - 1914 1932 , , - -. -:
12
21. - - ? ? - - - - - 1934 , , - , - , , 1937 , (1938 ), (1941
) (1946 ) , 1935 , , - (1937),(1945), B12 (1954), 1969 -: 13
22. 30 !: .. , , , 74 , 46 ,27 , , , , , / : , , -: 14
23. , ! , , 1943 - ,-G - , , , - 1947 , 287 B12: B12 B12 , B12
- -: 15 B12
24. , B12 1948 1956 B12 -F , 1956 B12 B12 C63H88N14O14PCo , 181
1964 B12 : () 1869 , - () , , , ( )Islets of Langerhans -: 16
25. 1926 1934 - - 1934 , 1939 1966 1969 50 , 50 8-10
C256H381N65O79S6, 700 - - , : (1976-1988) , 1995 . 1970 (1988) ,-:
17
26. B12, , , - (, B12, ) - -.. () , DNA 80 1994 - . . ,
-400088-:vsingh . . .@hbcse tifr res in-: 18
27. : . , , , , , - , - , , , -: 19
28. , , , , , , , : , , ( ),, , - , , , , , , , ? , ,,, , , ,
-: 20
29. , , -- , , , , , , , - -: 21
30. , , , - - , , - , - -: 22
31. , , , , - , , , , .. , , - 56% , -: 23
32. - , , , , , , - - . -211002- .dhananjai_c@rediffmail com-:
24
33. - . , , , , - - - , , , , (, ,, ) 2025 , ? - () - -, , -
/--: 25
34. , , - , - - , - , - -- - - , , ,- ()- - -CO2 + 2H2
--------------O > CH2 +O O2 + H2O -: 26
35. 1. (- )2. ( , -, ) , - - , - , -, - - , - - - -: 27
36. - |1. 2. - 3. , , - , , , , ,, , , -: 28
37. ( , ) 40 2 3 3000 .. 45 8-10 , - -100 + 24 + 2.50 = 100 +
26 -: 29
38. , , , , , , ,, - -1 (../. 6-8 15-18 16-20 30 33 45 48 6-9
17 20-35-: 30
39. 33-50 50 () 50 () 551 = 0.23905 1 / = 239.05 /..-2 - () 107
107 106 105 1014 13 10x3- 60 10x3-3 ( ) 1.3 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.45-4 CO2
(%) CH4 (%) 50 50 (1) 38 62-: 31
40. (2) 38 72 24-31 76-79 , -1. / , / 2. , , 3. - 4. - 5. 6. ()
() 7. , , , - . () -211002-: 32
41. . . . 175 82 41 60 - 2008-09 12.90 13.4 45.77 , , , 162 6
1991 2001 21.34 23.86 1.95 2050 1.65 -1 -1 ( ) ( )2005 06 10.31
10.81-: 33
42. 2011 12 13.52 14.002020 21 15.09 16.0 80 20 10 , 138 6 8 -2
-2 ( ) -: 342005-06 2011-12 2020-21020406080100120140160
43. ( )()( ) 390 13 2060 300 1 940 ..1000 100 6160 140 - 270
120 10 1490 300 14 10580 2250 138 21500- -12 , -: 35 ..
44. 80% - ( , 1999) 39 14 5 (,1999) (3) - 3 77.0 69.0 68.0 58.0
74.0 82.0 23.0 15.0 87.5 56.0 51. 65.0 28.0 - 68.0 82.0 75.0 30.0
75.0 78.0 45.0 65.0 42.0 27.0 58.0 45.0-: 36
45. 13.0 15.0 52.0 46.0 : ( , 1999) , - , -6, - , -4 , , , , ,
, , - , , , ,-:
3702040608010012014016018053%54%47%61%61%44%100%45%71%
66%41%61%56%46%100%53%47%46%53%39%39%56%0%55%29%34%59%39%44%54%0%47%
46. , , , , , , , , (6.3, (9.5 ), (4.2 ) , (3.1 ) 40 , , , -:
38
47. (23/100 ), (40 80 /100 ), (144 /100 ) (5) -5 -3- -, , , ,,
, , -: 39
48. 1. () 2. () , (6) --6 () (/.) 50-60 260() 4 6400 () 0.1
-0.7 4-5 () 200-400 1600 () 1-3 5 (, 0.5 1 ) 10-40 50 () ... . ( )
.... .... .... (7) -: 40
49. -7 .... . ... 1770 1260 980 () 909 890 841 713 450 400 390
377 () 364 313 301 207 201 189 , ,, , , (8) --: 41
50. -8 1. - - () () 2. - , , , , , , , 3.- . 4. - , , , , , , ,
, , , , 5.- , 6.- , , , , -: 42
51. 7.- , , , , ,, 8.- , , , , , , , -221305-: . 1 .pandey ajai
@gmail com-: 43
52. - . - - ( )ageing ( )universal - , , , - ( )ageing - - -1.
, -: 44
53. 2. " "" 3. " - - 4. "" (1992) " " ? , Ao - , -: 45
54. ( )ROS ROS - , , , , , - , , , ROS ? -1. 2. ROS 3. " " 4.
10 20 5. 6. -, , , , ROS ( )ROS ... -: 46
55. ..., , -, , , , , ,, , , , : ( )Free radical scavengers ROS
- ROS (1) ( )Primary Defence - , , ,, -- (2) ( )Secondary Defence
ROS () ( ) (), , : ) 8 , , , , -: 47
56. ( )Warfarin : - , ,, , : -: 48
57. ( )Proantioxidant " , , "" "" "" -: 49
58. " " ,, , , Ros , "" " " , ,, -: 50
59. "" LDL "" , 29 10 14%, 27% 5 , , , -: 51
60. , , , ; ( )Bioactive compounds , , , , , "" , , "" -: 52 ()
( )
61. ( , 300)AA E ( 306)E ( ,PG310),E - ( ),TBHQ ( , 320)BHA E (
, 321)BHT E (400 ..) - (Let your food be your medicine and your
medicine be your)food ... -: 53
62. - . , , , , , 1968 , , , 1950-51 5.0 2007-08 23.67 2000 - ,
, , , " " / -,, , , , - , , , , , -: 54
63. (2007-2008) ( ) : 328.73 ( ) : 124.44 () : 1136.50 ( ) :
230.67 (/) : 439.30 ( ) : 22.57( ) .. : 116.5 : ,N P2O5,K2O ,N
P2O5, K2O(4:2:1 ) : 5.5:2.1:1.0 / : 0.480 , , (..) , , , , -:
55
64. : -8 - . (1922) - , : : "- - , , , , - ( 100-1000 . ) , ,
(60 ), / 70 25.0 .... : -: 56-
65. - (10), (5), (2), (8), (8), (7), (1), (13) 60 90 , 90 , 85
65 -, , , 2000 , , 2000 , , 10 ... - , - , 2000 (....) ( ) .... -
-: 57
66. (....) - / (-) 2004 10 , 57.05 / , ( )FAO / /3003TCP IND ,
-- - - (Participatory Guarantee- )System PGS , , , , ( , ) ,
(INDOCERT ) - (SKAL ) - (IMO CONTROL ... ) - INCOCERT - NOCA - -:
58
67. ONE CERT ASIA - BIO INSPECTA - (SGS ...) - (LACON ) -
(USOCA ) - BVQU () - - 100 - 24.0( .) .... (2004) .... 2005 - 26.0
(%) / - 42.0 - 24.20 - 23.00 - 26.0 2004-05 2009-10 ( ) - 100.00 ..
123456. .
10.000002.96000.95000.72450.69690.00452.201.700.234.224.100.05138017796949406915628250-:
59
68.
78910110.30120.00050.03700.00020.00150.060.100.030.080.652910-51474053301
24.0700 1.60 462475( : .... , 2004) : , , : , , , : , , ,, , : , ,
, ,, : , , , ,, : , : . : 2-5 ( ) : 115,238 : 332 : 158 : 11 : 35 :
6472 .. (2003-2004): 95 : 100 -: 60
69. .. (.)1. 1661.422. 557.763. 1817.504. 293.165. 1658.716.
5555.077. 1627.068. 3437.529. 22315.9210. 5.011. 4117.1712.
15474.4713. 347.6514. 18786.6915. 16581.3716. 300.4017. 378.8918.
718.7619. 26387.8620. 3779.3121. 22104.9122. 177.6423. 20.8724.
5423.6325. 3033.9726. 5915.8927. . 6732.4328. 824.73 : : 173682-50(
)NDOF - 2007-: 61
70. 2025 1.5 42 : 21.3 42.0 (2001-2025)/ 2001 2011 2021 2025
1032 1267 1542 1690 1032 1237 1429 1504 ( ) 206 315 385 423 206 253
308 338 : (1997) 2006-07 179 900 522 1/5 0 0 1/3 : 22-23 -: 62
71. / ( ) 83.2 1.6 23.1 3.3 4.5 12.3 ( ) 18.9 21.2 : (2009)
5000 ( ) 1961-2007 ( ) : 1961 468.7 2007 439.3 2000 1.8 2.8 1.0
2020 2.96 3.75 0.81 0.67 , 2025 0.78 25 75 -: 63
72. : ( ) : , , , , (...)( ) = 2.2 . . = 500 . = 300 . = 285. =
14. = 28 . = 10000 . 20 ..100 . 100 .134 . 1.5 . 7.0 . 10000
1.01.501.502.000.200.300.24362.50 . 6.74 ( )0.5-2.0% N 0.5-1.0%
P2O5 2007-8 22.57 .1.5-2.0% K2O:- , (2005) : 30-50-: 64
73. , , ./. (.)(.) (.)(.)
-1055.756.257.508.7510.00200001000011250122501500017500200000002000300035004000200001000011250150001800021000240009000750375070001050013500165000-8250-5250-15001500450075000-
1(19) , 2005 -: 65
74. 102 - 5620 . 14520 . . . ( ) ()
103071052050048032027026025022022018017017012010050181399965554433322132202460166011101860590460360470056030032023034023017020221711813432342222211-:
66
75. ( ) 40280.1562010010080480.3014520100100 8 - , / : -:
67
76. - ,, , - , , - - , , -, ,, , , , , - - -: 68
77. 6 2050 9 - () ( )-: 69
78. : . 2004 , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? () () ; - ( ) () -:
70
79. () () () 70 .. 70 300 .. ( ) ( ) - ( ) 300.. - () () ( ) ,
1964 -: 71
80. 8.7 , 1319 , 5.0 5.9 , 17 7.0 7.9 16 , 1881, 7 23 , 1882 22
1988 12 6 8 17-0 - 7-9 176-0 - 6-9 1345-0 - 5-9 13194-0 - 4-9
13,0003-0 - 3-9 130,0002-0 - 2-9 1,300,000( : ) -: 72
81. 1964 9.2 , , , ? - 350 , (384..-322 ..) (43 ..-17 ) -:
73
82. , - ( ) , - - - , ( ) - - .. .. - ( ) .. - - - , , , , , ,
, , , , , -: 74
83. - - - - - - - , , () - ( 1880-1930) 1915 - ( 1908-93) 1965
- , , , - - -: 75
84. - , ( ) ( ) -(-) ( ) () .. () 1-4 .. ( ) - 3-4 7.2 .. -:
76
85. (1842-1919) - - - , - - - , - ( ) -: 77
86. 81 , , , - 17 , , 26 2001 , 1956 -: 78
87. 65 , (...) - (...) ... , ... - 1898 - 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 1200
1819, 16 , 8.01869, 10 , 7.51885, 30 , 7.0-: 79
88. 1897, 12 , 8.71905, 4 , 8.01918, 8 7.61930, 2 , 7.11934, 15
8.31941, 26 8.11943, 23 7.21950, 16 , 8.51958, 21 , 7.01957, 10 ,
6.21975, 6 - 6.61988, 21 - 6.41991, 20 6.61993, 30 - () 6.31997, 22
. . 6.01999, 29 , 6.82001, 26 7.9 - -: 80
89. - () - -, - - - - - - - , () - - - - - - - - - ( ) () 132.
, -: 81
90. - ? ? () () - , ( ) - 1 () 2.0 : , 2.0 2.9 -: 82
91. 3.0-3.9 4.0-4.9 5.0-5.9 6.0-6.9 7.0-7.9 , 8.0 , - 1880 ( -
) ? , , -, , , - -, 12 1880 , - -: 83
92. -: :-1. 2. , , - 3. 4. , , 5. 6. 7. - , 8. , ,, -: 84
93. 9. 10. 11. : 12. - 120 - - , - -: 85
94. 1971 () - 1975 - - , - , , , , - -: 86
95. - 26 2001 , 2.5 1999 - , - - 26 2001 - (2.5 ) 1999 - -:
87
96. , , 1. ( )2. ( )3. ( )4. ( ) 1962 -1893 (..) :1.-1893 -1,
2002 , 2.-4326, 1993, , 3.-13827, 1993, - 4.-13828, 1993, , , , , ,
- -: 88
97. , , : , , :, , -: 89
98. : , , , , , -: 90
99. - , , , , , (, , ) , () , , , , , -: 91
100. , , , , ( ): , (): : (): : : , , - ( ): (): ( ): -: - -: ,
-: : : , -: 92
101. : : , : - : . . : : () -: - -: - : 1. . , , . . , ,19932.
, 30-39, 20003. 24-41, 19994. .. , , , 19885. , , -: 93
102. 52-60, 19996. , ? ,, .4-13, 19997. . . , - , 43-59, 20058.
, , , 9. , : , , , , 200910. : , , , , 2005 () ( )-50, -62,
-201307-: . .smahanti@vigyanprasar gov in,.subodhmhanti@gmail com-:
94
103. . / , -, ,, , , ? -: 95
104. () ( ) ( ) () 10-5 ( ) , 3,84,400 , - 3,84,400 1969 -2 ( )
-: 96
105. 15 , () () ( t ) ( t ) - ( ) -: 97
106. , , - 16 1960 - ( ) 1917 - 1954 -: 98
107. 1964 1958 , , , ( ) , 1959 - 16 1960 -: 99
108. ( ) 10 10-8 : () ( ) ( ) , , -: 100
109. (10-3) (10-8) : 1) ( ), 2) ( ) /, 3) (/ ) , , , 90 - - -:
101
110. .. , , - , , , , , - .. -: 102 -
111. , , ( ), , , , -: 103
112. - -: 104
113. , , , , -: 105
114. (3-) /, , , () , () - 1887 - - -: 106
115. , ( ) -110019-: .pkm_du@rediffmail com-: 107
116. : . , , ,, : 14 (,, ) -: 108
117. , ;1. (, , --)2. (. , , , )3. ( , (, ,, , ) ) . 6.5 7.5
0.75 15-16 , -: 109
118. : 90 50% 36 () 0.2 0.30 : ( )erosion 533 29 , , , -: 110 1
2 3
119. : ( 3) (crop)rotation ( )intercrop : : -: 111
120. " , , " , , , , " , " -221005-: 112 -1 -2
121. . ( )micronutrients , (, )micro ( )trace elements (
)nutrient solution 1 () , , - (1 100 ) - ( ),Essential ( ),Probably
essential ( )Toxic ( )Inactive , - , , , ,Cu Zn Mn Fe B Mo -:
113
122. Cl Co Na , , , , ,I Se Ni V Cr (1957) - , , (1939) | ,1.
-, 2. 3. -: 114
123. , - 1928 Mn Zn () Co ( )Wasting Se Mo - , 8 , , , , , ,Mg
Mn Zn Fe Ca I Mo Se I Se ( )activators Se (/)Cu 2-100Zn 10-300Mn
100-4000Mo 0.2-5.0B 2-100Fe 7000 -500,000Co 1-40Cr 5-3000V 20-500Se
0.1-2.0I 0.6-8.0As 1-50Cd 0.01-0.7Hg 0.01-0.3-: 115
124. ( )Mo ( )B 25, 26, 29, 30, 42 5 , 2, 3 6 Mn+2 Fe+2 Mo+6
B+3 - Fe++, Fe++BO3---, HB4O7--Mn++HMoO4-, MoO4--Cu++Se
O4---Zn+Cl-, Br-, I- - Fe ,Mn ,Hg Pb Au , ,Fe Mn Cu ;Zn / , Mo B
Fe+2, Mn+2 Zn+2 Mo B , -: 116
125. -1. Cu Zn 2. Fe Mn ( ) 3. , B Mo ( Cl-,Br- I-) - Si -:
117
126. -: :- 29 63.546Cu Cu+0.96, Cu+20.7230 65.38Zn Zn+20.7425
54.938Mn Mn+20.8026 55.847Fe Fe+20.74 Fe+30.675 10.81 0.23B42 95.94
0.62Mo17 35.45 1.81Cl53 126.90 2.16I28 58.71 0.78Ni34 78.96Se
Se-21.9127 58.93 0.82Co82 207.2Pb Pb+40.8424 51.93 0.64Cr23 50.90
0.65V-: 118
127. , ( )Deficiency symptoms ( )extractants , , -: 119
128. 1. ,2. 3. 4. 5. , , () - - 1. - 7.3 Cu Cu+2 - CuOH+ - - Zn
, ZnCO3 ( )Zn OH 2, -: 120 6%7%8%13%21%42%3%
129. , Zn3(PO4)2.4H2O ZnCO3 ( )Zn OH 2 (Zn PO4)2.4H2O ( -Zn) (
) (Mn+2) - - - Mn+2 100 MnO2 MnO2 Mn+2 Mn - Fe+3 6.5 - 8.0 - - 8 (
)Fe OH4- - Fe+3 1000 - Fe+2 - 7.8 Fe+2Fe+3 (10-21 )M Fe+2 Fe+3 Fe+2
( )Fe OH 3 MoO4-2 - -: 121
130. MoO4-2 100 H3BO3 - 9.2 H3BO3 , ,, , - ( )Clay , Cu (1945)
- > > > > >Cu Ni Co Zn Fe Mn Cu Zn Fe (1974) Cu Zn -
, -: 122
131. , , 1920 - - ,Fe Mn Zn 1970 , -1. 2. 3. , 4. -Cu 5-20 .
(CuSO4 )Zn 3-15-: 123
132. 5-20MnMo 0.03 0.12B 0.5-4.0Fe 10-20 40 Zn , , 6.1-27.7 50
. 5-7 66-77/. , , , , ( )Toxicity , , , ,Cu Zn Mn B Mo Cu Zn Cu Zn
Ni Zn 8 -: 124
133. 1., . .: (1950) Trace Elements in Plant Physiology, 3,
31-39Lotsya2., .. , . (1939) . . ,Amer J Botany26, 1443., : , 1974,
, 4., .. (1963) . 15, 119-159Advances in Agron5., . (1946) . .Trace
elements in plant Cambridge . -211002-: 125
134. . - (4-5 ) (2-3 ) ( )Hyponatremia ( ),Cerebral edema (
)Antioxidant , ( )Hepatotoxicity , , - , ,, , : , .., , , , , -:
126
135. (, )Mushroom ( )Toadstools , ( )Mycetism , ( )Amanita
,Amanitin 1 3 ( )Phallotoxin ( )Gastrointestine ( )Gyromitrin (
)Gyromitra ( )Ergotamine -: 127
136. ( )Claviceps ( )Agaritine , - ( )Nutmeg , , ( )Myristicin
, , -: 128
137. ( )Amphetamine , 7.5 10 , , 1908 2001 ( )Apple (
)Amygdalin ( )Laetrile , -17 ( )Necrosis (Neuromyopathy - ) -:
129
138. ( )Almond ( )Nut , , ( )Prunus cerosus ( .)Prunus sp (
.P),persica ( . ),P domestica ( .P)armeniaca ( )Lathyrussativus (
)Insurance crop - - , -Oxyl L - ( )diaminopropionic acid ODAP -:
130
139. ( )Phaseolus vulgaris (Lectin)phytohaemagglutinin , (
)Solanum tuberosum ( )Solanin 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. -: 131
140. 9. , , , 10 , ( )Alkaloid 479 .. () ( ) - 14 1701 (: The
Horse)Whisperer . ... -: 132
141. : . ( ),Coordination Chemistry , ( )Metal Complexes (
)Organometallic Chemistry ( )Bioinorganic Chemistry , , , , -
(1866-1919), 1913 ? -: 133
142. , () K+, Al+3 SO4-2 K2SO4 Al2(SO4)3.24 2 2H O K++ 2Al+3+
4SO42-+ 24H2O , K4 ( )[Fe CN 6 ,] (K+) ( )[Fe CN 6]-4 (Fe+2) (CN-)
( )Complex ion Fe+2 CN- K4 ( )[Fe CN 6 4 K++ ( )[Fe CN 6]-4 (
)ligand ( )Donor atom ( )Electron acceptor , Cl-, CN-,C2O4-2,SO4-2
H2 ,O NH3, ,CO ( ),en NO+( ) : -: 134
143. ( )ambidentate ligands , CN- C (-CN-) N (-NC-) NO2- SCN- ,
( )denticity - Cl-, NH3, C2O4-2, en () 6 ( )chelating ligands -:
135
144. , , .... .... 5 6 1898 -1- ( )Valencies -() - () - : ()
(spatial)arrangement -: 136
145. , 6 : ( )octahedral ( )[Fe CN 6]-4 4 : ( )tetrahedral (
)Ni CO 4 ( )square planar [PtCl4]-2 sp3d2 d2sp3( )hybridisation
:sp3 dsp2 ( )transition metals 6 4 (inner)transition elements
(Geometrical and optical)Isomerism , ( )cis ( )trans (Facial -)fac
(Meridional -)mer - ( )Clockwise ( )dextrorotatory isomer -d (
)anticlockwise -: 137
146. ( )levorotatory isomer -l isomer ( )[Co ox 3]+3 , -d -l
1914 ( )hexol ( )chirality C [PtCl2(NH3)2 ,] , , , - : -: 138
147. (Inorganic chemistry is the study)of coordination
chemistry ( )biomimetic chemistry : ( )Mg (+2) : N - - Mg+2 N O N (
)photosynthesis -: 139
148. (CO2) (H2 )O () - - , h6CO2+6H2 -------------O >
C6H12O6 + 6O2 , ( )Fe (+2)Fe N N Fe+2 Fe Fe C6H12O6 + 6O2 -- 6 CO2
+ 6H2 +O -: 140
149. Fe (+2) (+3) ( )reversible binding (+2)Fe (+3) 4 N N S ,
-: 141
150. Fe+2 - - - Fe S , ,, Cu (+1)Cu (+2) -: 142
151. 12B 1948 12B ( )Co (+3) Co 4 ,N N CN- ( )enzymes , -: 143
B12
152. Zn (+2)Zn 3 N H2O OH O CO2 H2O H2 +O CO2 = HCO3-+ H+- Zn
(+2) Zn+2 2 N O C Fe Mo Fe Mo -: 144
153. , , - , Fe Cu Fe Cu ( )Pb ( )Hg ....,. , - Pt+2
PtCl2(NH3)2, , Fe Ru - 0 TiCl4 (Al C2H5)3 -: 145
154. , - , 1963 - H2 ( ,)Wilkinson s catalyst([Rh Ph3 )P 3 ,Cl]
, H2 CO ( )RCHO Co2( )CO 8 ( )Roelen 1938 CO2( )CO 3Cl2 =RCH CH2 +
2 +CO H2 -------->RCH2CH2 + ( )CHO RCH CHO CH3 O2 , , PdCl4-2 Cu
- ( )Ag ( )Au KCN CN- ( )Zn -: 146
155. Ag2 + 4 2 ( )S KCN K[Ag CN 2 +] Na2S2 ( )K[Ag CN 2 +] Zn
K2 ( )[Zn CN 4 + 2] Ag Ag Au Ag Au ( )K[Ag CN 2 ; ( )] k K[Au CN 2]
, Ca+2 Mg+2 .... Ca+2 Mg+2 Ca+2 Mg+2 Ca+2 Mg+2- M+2+ ( )EDTA [M
EDTA ]-2( =M Ca+2 Mg+2) Ag +AgBr Na2S2O3 ( Na[Ag S2O3) +] NaBr ...
-208001-: 147
156. . , , 40,000 1940 , 1952 , 1960-: 148
157. Seldom has a singlediscovery in chemistry had such an
impact on the thinking.in so many fields of human endeavour Seldom
has a single.discovery generated such wide public interest , C12,
C13 C14 12, 13 14 C12 C13 C14 C14 5730 C14 1.3 10X-12, 1/4 -:
149
158. 1934 . . , , , ( .. 1952 ) 1912 ... () , N14 C14 N14 ( ,
)n p C14 - . . 1933 1936 . . . N14 5730 4000 1940 .. ( , )d p -:
150
159. C14 , , - ? , 5730 (90% ) C14 - , , C14 C14 , C14 ? 10 , -
15 , ,p n 5-10 MeV -: 151
160. ( ,KeV ) C14 -N14+ =n C14+ H1{ = 1.7 10X-24cm2(1)} (
),cross section CO2 ( CO2 ) ( )Stomata , , C12, C13 , C12 C13 -:
152
161. , (5730 ) , N /dN dT -N /N N -dT= (-Ln N ) + .T ConsttOr=
-1/T Ln N/N0 = 1/T 1n (N0/N) (2) : T = 0.693 , 6 (C 14) 7 (N 14) ?
, - -: 153
162. ? ( ) , , , ( ) , 4 - 1 :1. n p + e + anti- neutrino2. n +
neutrino p + e3. p + e n + neutrino4. p n + neutrino + e+ e e+ , 1.
( ): 2. : , ( ) -: 154
163. ( ) - (2) 3. (..) : , - C14 + - N14+ / (m/e) N14+ C14 + ,
m/e ,-: 155
164. , m/e ( m/e ) - - 1 - , N (Biosphere) C12, C13, C14 , ;(i)
(ii) / -: 156
165. (iii) - - , () -- - 2 , C14 -: 157
166. ; () , , - , , 1890 , , 1950 2 1890 (1950 ) 50 100 100
C12, C13 C14 5730 40,000 -: 158
167. , 1. 1. , (), - (Sediment)2. , , , , 3. , ( ), , , , ,
(1)- : , . . . - , , ( ) 600 ;- :650 . . 200 . . , : 850 - 350 (2)
, , -: 159
168. - , ,, ; , , , , 4 (3)- : 4.4 x 1.1 (14 x 3.7 ) 1898 ?
1980 (1260-13 ) 2000 , , -: 160
169. (4)- () 1. , , .. . - ,, , , ... , 1. . (1952), , (124 )2.
(1986), , -: 161
170. (589 )3. . . , . , . . (1992), : , - (596 )4. . . , .
(2008), - , ; 2004 2007 , , , .307-309 -226007-: .
.cmnautiyal@yahoo co uk-: 162
171. . 1809 , , , 12 1809 , , 8 , -: 163
172. , , , , - - . - 1827 , , , , -: 164
173. 1831 0 1831 ... 27 1831 , , , - - 5 ( ) 5 -: 165
174. , , , 2 1936 , ,, , , , - (1838-1841) 1839 1842 ( ) 1856
1858 , - 1859 1250 - , -: 166
175. , - , , , , , , , , -: 167
176. 19 () , - , , 1859 .. - , , 18 , 18 - , -: 168
177. , , , , ? -1- - () - , 2- ( )( ) , - , 3- () 4- ( ) , , ,
, , , -: 169
178. , 5- ( ) ( ) , - , ( 33 12 ) - , 1953 , 2010 201 151 19 ,
, -: 170
179. 19 1882 1842: 1844: 1846: 1851, 1854: 4 1859: -: 171
180. 1862: 1865: 1868: 1871: 1872: 1875: 1876: 1876: 1877:
1880: 1881: -, -2 -,115/6, -211009-: 172
181. . , , 1992 UNCED/, (United Nations Conference on
Biological Diversity) -2 : (Inter-alia) , , , (LEVELS OF
BIODIVERSITY) -1. (GENETIC DIVERSITY)2. (SPECIES DIVERSITY) 3.
(COMMUNITY ANDECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY)(1) , -: 173
182. (speciation) ( ) , (2) , (3) :-(1) (Alpha Diversity) , /
(2) (Beta Diversity) (gradient) (3) (Gamma diversity) -: 174
183. , (Biodiversity atglobal, national and local levels)
(latitude) (altitude) 17 18 15 50 5 -1 (Higher Plants) (Algae)
(Fungi) (Bacteria including cyanobacteria) (Virus) (Mammals)
(Birds) (Reptiles)/ (Fish) (Amphibians) (Insects) (Crustaceans)
(Mollusc) (Nematodes & worms) (protozoa)
(others)2,70,00040,00072,0004,00015504,6509,7007,15026,9594,78010,25,00043,00070,00025,00040,000-1:
, 14 61% 4650 (2,70,000) (vertebrates) , -: 175
184. - (India as a Mega-Diversity Nation) - 40,000 7 4900 ,
88,000 4.6 % 14 6,50,000 .. (Hot Spots of Biodiversity) (1988) (
),[in site (on site)] -1. (endemic species) 2. (habitat loss) 1.4
16 20 , , , (Swallow tailedbutterflies) (Endemism) (Threats to
Biodiversity) , , (Habitat loss, Poaching of Wild Life, Man and
wild life Conflicts)-: 176
185. -1. (Habitat loss and fragmentation) (wet lands) , , 2.
(Disturbance and Pollution) , , (eutrophication), 3. (Introduction
of exotic species) (Biotic interaction) 4. (Hunting and poaching) -
, ,, , , -1. 2. 3. ( -: 177
186. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. -2 . ... (IUCN) (Extinct) (Extinct in
the wild) (Critically Endangered)(Endangered)(Vulnerable) / / / / /
/ , -: 178
187. (Lower Risk) (Data Deficient) (Not Evaluated)/ / /
(CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY)- (Conservation ofBiodiversity :
in-situ and ex-situ Conservation of Biodiversity)- - (in-situ)
(ex-situ) (IN-SITU CONSERVATION STRATEGIES) -: 179
188. (PROTECTED AREAS)- / ; (National Parks), (Wild Life
Sanctuaries) (Biosphere reserves), (Sacred forests), (Sacredlakes),
(World Conservation MonitoringCentre) 37,000 2002 , 581 (89 492 )
4.7 , -(a) (b) / (c) (d) (National Parks)- , , - , - -: 180
189. (), (..), (), (..), (), -3, (Protected Areas)- (National
Park)(Sanctrury) (Biosphere Reserve)1.2.3.4.5.6. , ,, 0.04 3162 .
40% 100 500 , 15% 500 1000 (Citnus), (Pitcher plant), (GreatIndian
Bustard) 0.61 7818 40% 100 500 25% 500 1000 . , 5670 . : -:
181
190. 7. (Sanctuaries)- , , - , , - (), (), ( ), (), (), ( ), (
) -4, 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , -:
182
191. 10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26. -, , ,
, --, , , , , , , , , , , , , , -, , (Biosphere Reserve)- / , -:
183
192. - (Core Area) (Buffer zone) (transitionzone) 1975 2002 94
408 13 -1. - 2. - 3. - 4. - 5. - - 6. - 7. - 8. - , 9. - 10. - 11.
- 12. - 13. - (Sacred Forest and Sacred Lakes)- - ,, ,
LOAD MORE