Book of Australia part 1

7/30/2019 Book of Australia part 1

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CoUTENTSTHE UNITED KINGDOM

ad Figures

rngA: England, r i tain,UK: What s rheDif ference?. . . . . . . . . . . .17mgB:The'Celt icCounrdes' :Scot land,Wales,Northernlreland.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

16l : TheCountryCal led r i ta in. . . . . . . . . . . . . f7

g C:Divis ions i th in heCountry. . . . . . _.25ngD: A Metropol is i th ManyFaces .. . . . . . .292:A Democrat icMonarchy. . . . . . . . _. . . . . . .35ingA: ConstitutionalMonarchyWithout a Constitution . _..... . .35ing C: Westminster. . . . . . . . . .40D:Whitehal l . . . . . .44ngE: Elect ionRules nd Pol i t icalParr is. . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

3: Li fe and Society. . . . . . . . . . . . . .51ngA: Town and Counrry.. . . . . . . . . . _. . . . .51ng B:My Home s My Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . .55.. . . . . .58ng Dl A Mult icul turalSociety. . . . . . . . . . . . . .634: Typical ly r i t ish . . . . . . . . . . . . .68ingAr Sportsn Bi tain .. . . . . - . . . . . . . . . _. .68ing C: A World Power n PopMusicPart t l950s-1970s .. . . . . . . . . .76ingDrAworldPowerinPopMusicPart l t 1970s 990s . . . . . . . . . . .79vancedReading: hi tby.. . On the Trai l of CounrDracula. . . . . . . . . . . . g2

AUSTRALIAandFigures- . . . . . . . . . .88

T l: An Island Continent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89_.. . . . . . . . _.g9Landand ts Fi rs tPeople.- . . . . . .91: The UniqueFloraand Fauna. - . . . . . . .94


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CONTENTSUNIT2: Govemment.- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97ReadingA: The Structureof Government:a ParliamentaryDemocracy . . . . . . - . . - . . . 97ReadingB: Political Partiesand Elecrions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100ReadingC: The Legal System . . . . 104UNIT 3: 'A Lucky Country' . . . . . . . .108Reading : Economy: WealthyCounrry. . . . .108ReadingB:Labourandlndustr ia lRelar ions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ l l2ReadingC: Australiaas a Bridge n the SoutheastAsianRegion. .. . . _ l4UNIT4rTheAustral ian ayof L i fe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Introducr ion. . . . . . . . . . . .1 i6ReadingA:Sports. . . . . . . . . . . . .116Reading : TheBeach,he Bushand Suburbia . . . . . . . . . . . l 19

Reading :A Muir icul turalat ion, Muhi-Ethnicociery. . . . . . . . . . . . I22UNIT 5: Currenl l \ \ue). . . . . . .ReadingA: Aboriginal Land RighrsReading : Becomrng Repuhlrc.AdvancedReading:Caring for the Environment . - . .Quizon Au'tra l iaTHE UNITED STATESOF AMERICA

Factsand Figures-U\IT l: Ceograph)IntroLlucl i . 'n . . .Readrng : lhe lant l o l t rrreme'. .ReadingB: The Four Regions:Northeast Sourh Midwest - West .ReadingC: What a Wonderful World - YellowstoneNational park . . . . . .Reading : WhereDoWe Go frornHere? Top TourisrAtracr ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . .UNIT 2:Co\ernment . . . . . . . . .

Introducl l t ,n.ReadingAt An Historic Document- The US Constitution and Its lmpact .ReadingB: fhe Elephantversusde Donkey - The Two Pafties . .ReadingC: Federal,Stateand Local AuthodriesReadingD: Lobbiesand lnterest Groups in rhe USUNIT 3: Ta$Inlrodu. onReadingAi Justicefor All - The Role of Law in American LifeReadingB: The Courr Systemof rhe United States

ReadingCr Guilty or Not Guilty The Roleof theJury in Criminal Lnw.

129r31 l

,

l0


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CONTENTSID{IT 4: EconomyI trtroducLion.ReadingAi The "Self-madeMan" in rhe Raceof Life.

CANADAIrts and Figures.l rMT I: TheTrueNorth.. . . . . . . . .Reading : TheWorld'sSecond argestCountry.Rading:TheCovemmenr... . . . . . . .ReadingC: EconomicAcrivity. . . . ..tfflT 2: The Tracks of HistoryReading : BraveNewWorld

Reading :TheGlobalRoleof US EconomyReading : TheWall StreetMystery TheStockExchanqe. . . . .-. , ,4 f u t Lrtc

173r73174r76179lB2182183185187190192

htroduction .ReadingA: "In God We Trusr,, nargion in tf,e US . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . .Readin8BAmericanHolidaysI'_TheEuIopeanHedtage'ReadingC: American Holidays IL - Uniquely AmericanZelebruriorrr . . . . . . .Reading : AmericanFootball the CollegeSport... . . . . . .ReadingE: The Magic of Baseball . . .l i l i fT 6: Cul turalssues.. . . . . . . . . .

lnffoductionRcading:MulticulturalismM"f ingoi o. uiJ n"*ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i;i1*1t"g uaSay heRightThingar heRighrTime politicalCorrectness... ...... pgReadingC: There s No BusinessikeShowbusinessHolllvood . . . . . . . . . . ZO2Reading:Popular ul tureJazzandCountryMusic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205Reading:Popular ul ture pop_Rock. . . . . . . . . . . .2O7AdvancedReading:AmericanLi terature:Transcendental ism.. . . . . . . . . . .211

220.. . . . . . . . .221. . . . . . . . . .22r. 223. 226

. 229Reading t "TheLasrBestWesr.,ReadingC: Dreaming of paradiseReading : Where heTrainWill Nor Takeyou

UNIT 3: Our Home and Native LandReading : TheNiagara roryReading t FirsLNarionsReadingC: Native ExpectarionsLallT 4: We'reCanadians, h?Readjng t One Canada or Two?Reading :A Canadiandentiry

. 234

237

ll


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'WhenpeoplesayEngland, hey sometim"'s eanGreatBritdin, sometimeshe United Kingdom,sometimeshe British Isles but neverEnglanil.'(GeorgeMikes)

Hr UUTTEDTUCDO


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F,qcrs,qNnrcunmOlJici( n tmeoJ stcttei nited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern IrelandAreq:242910 s{]]u'areilometresPopl atiotr (2000estimate):59,756,000;3.,1oloncreasesince I99IPopulqtio\densitypeopleersquare ilometrT, cunded): 47Chief oJstate:The Sovereign:Elizabeth I1, by the Graceof God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and NorrhemIreland and of her other Realmsand Territories Queen,Head of the Commonwealth. Defender of rhe FaithFom oJgoyemmenL: onstitutional monarchy with twolegislative housesHeadoJgovernmentsinceMay 1997):Prime Minister:The Rt. Hon. Anthony (Tony) Blair,MPOlf icil.l 1 nguage EnglishNqtionol nthpm: od Save he QueenCapitdl: Londo\England: ondon. Scotland: dinburghWalas:Cardiff . Northem relsnd:BelfastMajorcities 1994 ound.ed.figures): ondon(7,000,000),Birmingham 1,000,000),eeds 720,000), lasgow 680,000),Sheffield 530,000), radford(480,000), iverpool (470,000),Edinburgh 440,000),Manchester130,000), ristol (400,000).Lile expectancyt birth (yeors):male 73.2,fenale78.6MonetcLt)t nit: pound sterling (d) of 100 new pence (p)Gross omestic roduct1999Jigures): 891,106million,{, 14,910per capitaInflation ate(1995):3.61"Ethniccomposition 1999Jigures):White 93.2olo, on white 6.7"/o,including Black (Caribbean,African and other) 2.1%,Indian l.7olo,Pakistani 1.20,6, angladeshi0.5ol",Chinese0.2olo,Other 1.1oloReligious fJiliation 1998 estimate):Christian 67% (includingAnglican 17olo, oman Catholic l8"/o,Orher Protestant32"/o),Muslim 2Yo,Hindu 0.8'/o,Sikh 0.7olo,ewish 0.5"/o,Non-reli-sious 29%


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UNITIREADINGA

,:

England,ritain, K:WhatstheDifference?Match the political units with the names given below.

lngland. r ' reat&ira in. Norrhelmreland.scotland. UnitedR ngdomWaIes


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IHEUNITEDINGDOM

I Read the following re\r with special attenriod ro the words in bold.

! Complete the following sentencesl. The two largest slandsof rhe Bdtish Islesare

2. England,Scotlandand Wales togerherare known3. The two parts oI the United Kingdom are ..11...

and

porergn .peaker. t I rglr.t- In,JJdrnBI po,irrr.1ou_houldrropift) .ppak buu(I , t tunqaf lan\ot tenu.elFrmr l rkcg I cnh ruo polr r i ral nrr . : he h an. l herano bnrrrn . er(dl Unrdin ' I lk B,,r i ,h I t r ,-h k". , ,hr, .ano, nntarn'. rear lritain,, UK., Brirish I IrishReDubtic.lsles'.carelessll',s f thcir meaning vas I Ihe name t rhcUK. ho\\e\r.suqqesrsmore or less he same.Brirish people. I rhat ir j5 a lombinarionot t"o "ir,"alle.owever,are far more carefirlwith these I LrnrrsGreatBriui" rna lo.tlr".n f."furra.worcls_,nd it is impoftanr ro undeErand I fhe rea""n {.,r rhLslrange \iruarion r


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UNITThe two independent oli ticalunirs on theBrit ish slesare ..: . t .a-... . . .r.r.. . . . : . . . ._.... ' . t1r... , , i . . . . . . . .ed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Theislandoflrelandispolir ical lydividedinro..,r i : . t-. f ! , . tr, . ' . , ; i : . . , . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .and . . . . . , : . . . . . . .1. . . . . . - r . . . . i . . . . . . . .4.. . . . . . . . . . .h a geographicalense, ri tain s an ...-..1.,,, . .1. i1.... . . . . . . . . . . . . ;n a polit ical ense,t is an equiva-ht o[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .fbe British usually distinguish between themselvesand the rest of Europe, which rhey call-:.,.,-.. -1r.,:. .i..:

READINGBThe'Celticountries':Scotland.ales. orthernreland

Choose he correct answer.Tk prohunciationJ henameof Wales hymes ithi whales.b. wells.c. walls.hnebodyJromScotlands calleda. Scorch.b. Scotsman.c. Scottish.Ihc traditionalCeltic anguagef Waless calleda. Gaelic.b. Welsh.c. Cornish.fhe-trdditionalCehic anguageJScotland.s calleda. Gaelic.b. Scots.c. Scotch.Iht Protestcrntopulationof NorthemIrelanAcall their countrya. Belfast.

b. Derry.


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6. which is the traditional symboliccolour of Northe'.r. rish Catholic Republicans?arJ reenb. orangec. red7 Which s the traditionalsymboliccolour of Northenl lrish ProtestdntUnio ists?a. greenI b) orangec. red8. The tradition oJ vearinghihs andpldJinB he bagpipes riginally comes roma. Glasgow.r. .) he Highlands.c. the Shetland slands.

I tead rhe ollowing extwirh special lrenriono the*ords in bold.

THE NITEDINGDOM

f I lhe(ounlne5and regions I rheBl i t ishIlsles have so many different names,how should one call their inhabitants?officially. there are only two kinds ofciti-zenship on the British lsles: people are citi-zens of either the United Kingdom or thelrish Republic.Within the Uk there is noofficial distinction between the inhabi-tants of England, Scolland, Wales orNo(hern Ireland: they are all 'British' citizens. But citizenship is not the same asnational identity. A typical mistake mostHungarians and many other loreignersHampton CouYtPalace,England

make is tha! rhey call Britain 'England',and rhe Brilish 'English'.This attitude hasalways irritated Scotsmen and welsh-men, and especially the Northern Irish,some of whom are still fighring for complct independence {rom England. Thesepeople have long regaded the Erglish asinvaders who occupied their countriesbylorce and 'uni!ed' the United Kingdomagainstheirwi l l .Histo cally, this is fairly close to thetruth: at the time of the Roman Empire(first fi{th century), the wbole ofBritain


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Irood Palaces.orland-d Ireland was irhabited by various@tic peoples who were pushed out ofrt rwe today call England and into whatrr now call lreland, Scotlandand Wales,ly the Anglo-Saxon invaders liom lhebropan continent between he 5th andilh centuries.A{ter severalcenturies, he^LDglo-Saxonterritoris were united andrlr relatively powerlul kingdom o{England emerged in the south of therslend. During the Middle Ages, the@bsh klngs made several attempts to.oquer rheir smallerneighbours.\\?les and Ireland had never existedasitdependent and united countries, but.msisted of several warring tribal landsrfich disliked on anolher almost asrrch as the invading English. Scotlandrrs the only country besides Englandrtrkh had organised itself inio a unitednd centralised monarchy,and it resistedFrgliqh attemptsat invasion for cnturies.S'hile Wales and Ireland were graduallyoquered by militalt force over several


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UNITIollowing word pairs are similat but not identical in meaning. On the basis of thetud exercise4, define their exact meaning and the differencJberween them. Use aonly if absolutelynecessary. he definitionof one word of eachpair is providd

e conquer.... . . . . . . . . . . . . .-.-:o attackand enter nto in order o takecontrolof somethins

a personwho is a memberof a certain country by birth or bv-. inhabitant

+ referendum

qsestion

e suppress

:1_.*,t,L1.1t.rL.........:vote by all the peopleof a country or an areaon a certainpol-

ce+r autonomy:j:- ir. , ,a{,t-.. .-. . . . .-. :elf-govemmentf a certaingroupor areawithin a country

, -.. - to srop, to bring ro an end (especially n a legalsense)Wales and Northern Ireland are all well known abroad for various reasons.

- much information as you can about each country and complete the cha below.dpfrrl inlormationhasalreadl beenprorided.


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THE NITEDINGDOM

nouninhabitantidentity

adjectiveinhabited,/uninhabited. . : . - .

lnvasion/invader

attempt aJ:*.i...r ":.: ..r...

-^ ' '. .)..r-r..1......r..1,r1,!.:he use of an oblect or a method for some particular purposep find the opposi leof rhe lol lowing words.

'4111;1.. i . ; , . ' .1.. .11.11.1.., .1,".At1+ !:"i,!............ !-::.'-J,................" /,...1....-. ' ...t,1,......

A n,'.L...;-t.t, . ,.

1. republic2. independent3. divided4. dillerent5. to attack6. Celtic7. legal alien

ll Complete he following word groups.Use a dictionaryonly if absolutelynecessary.verb

l. inhabit2. .',:!.p*1.!t-t,............l . /3. conquer4. apply5. 1o.1.,:;a.- !...1.......t,.6. cr l -L. . . . . . . : . . . . . . .7. tn.:L:t:-'rJAJ-....8. occupy

10. .c)....)1..).t..7.,L......I l . resisr12. ::Q...L.:-:J.tt,\..-....13. demand

9. . t ! ,L-J!-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .uJJ-nr-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . united

.:).t:u:1,;t1*............ .JLut2t-1.:..ta.....@ Matchthe words from the table n exercise7 with the definitionsbelo\,'r'.Not allhavede{initions!)1. '.t-ll;l-.,.ir:,:t:L a placewhereno person ives2. .tt"Q)..:i,i"..........:o attackanotherplace country,city, etc.)and enter ts rerritory3. I.a:]!l.,!tct.....: controlgainedoveranother and or countryby military orce4.7.t-a.1)J,9!,i-.....:o gatherasa group5. r a?,rtl,;Y......: hingsseparate r different rom one anothero. )i"ul:.1.7,.......: a [irm,strongclaimor requesr or somerhing

):'-u+,).h:.,.-.:t,.]r .::.1.( ) -:u.;:.r.....L.l.,lt .' i .tJLf]:b)J)...J-) ) tt ). .


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UNITthe following passage nto English.

READINGCbionsWithinheCountryhtifv the most imoortantof England and Scotlandt outlinemap below.

EastAngliaHighlandsLowlandsMidlandsNorth countrysoutheastWestcountry

41!"'11

:r-"- i';L_,1

.g}-arorszeg rtdnelmdben gyakoriakaz degen dmadiisok, 6ditlisokesa frigget-knsegi harcok. A magyar torzseka X. sziizadv6gntelepedtek e^z

orsziig maitruleten, amely ekkor szinte lakatlan volt,6s egy vszdzadmrilva kialakultKirdlysdg.Az orszig fejl6dstazonban smEtelten degen rdmadiisokzavartdk.urtuok l21l-42-ben csaknem lpusztitort.ikzorszdsot. enemhoztakdrre arr6s.{ XV. szdzadt6l zonbana Torok Birodalom miir meg akarta h6ditani Magyaror-as t6bbszor s megtilmadtaaz orczi.got.A magyarokmegpr6briltakellen:illni, esNdndorleherviirnrile is gy6zt6ka hatalmas orok sereget, e 1526-banMohrics-katasztroflilis eresget zenvedett. tdrdkOk megsz:illtdkaz orsziigk6-rrszt, s teljesenkizsdkmdnyoltAka lakossiigot.A XVII. szdzadv6g6naz orszaga r6r6k uralom a161, e eztaz osztr:ikHabsburq-dinaszriadbb mint kt dvszri,Eelkodrisakovette. 1848-49-bena magyarokmegkisdreltdk egyveresen iharcolni

iket, de a szabadsiigharcotz osztrdkokoroszsegitsggelevertdk.

{1

_l


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THE NITEDINGDOM:

or admrnistrat i \efurf 'o\e\ . rhe err i - | \ \ f r t ( ountry rc reld| |vel)par\el \ DoD_,"-L.:j,:lelTl ,"0 *r,lc, r-dr\rdcdI utaredurrt red. ur hcih,.. ,";;",i)InLo,counr ie\hicn,re ot crr t \ mcdi . I b. ,o.e Ir .h iunrb. . " r .h. t , , la) .d; ; ;aerat f lgrn. nd ookba( rod rhou,anJI rnerr oas ne ndbeauntulcenery. ,: :years f_hisrorr..anyof themhave he I rh MLdrand\", ,h;;;;.:;il,* ':,,,:,word-s/riren rheirname, ecausehis I are htrnrddLeI Engf".a. f" ".*"?r.i"f .,,,was the old AnSlo Saxonword for,coun- | ' "- - '- -"* -' :,::,.ty. The boundariesof rhesecounries,however. re hi',".i; ".;;;--;; I n rflmo.r trhemo"o, ..'".ponJ'" ";:I U--_ i

-E,- rrbasedanry." ""si"pl ' i , -p". , r ;" lG ,#Z ,: :.ocidldndlulr l r !al hi . loD. theqourh(an I r^r \nst iaIurrncrbe \ubdi\ iLl .d nto thr \oulhea \t I(essenlially the London area and the I Waies and wesrof fast Anglia. The prob_ l(uunl ic. ,


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INITl * t . t \ \ale. andcn.t Ihe a-hd.$el l[h, -rra looL lrkca rr iarglc.he (nrrc uld-l' Elhe hugeciry of Bimingham.fbc \onh - rhe arge.r nJ hrl l r , . . c. -uo c[ Bnrarn . l r , r , h, - t rurn thLi.tril'nds up !o rhe Scolrish bordcrlltrouEhour hisrory, it was a poorer andDyr back$ard region than rheSouth,bul& mdusrnal revolulion in the late lsthad rie l9rh rtnrur irs bLoughr rospcr_rr qcalth ind a hugepopulat ionexplotu and a number of large indusiriat,c. rliverpool, Manchesrer.Sheftield,Lrcd;. Bradford and Newcasrle) devel_ep.d In rhesecondhalfofthe 20rh cenru_ff- hoiiever, rraditional industries haved.drned. causing great economic andEfi"lproblems in the florthern ciries.\\ ales is mostly covered by hills. rhe\hest peakofwhich sSnowdon 1085m)r ahenorrh. The most denselypopularediiEas or rhecountry are rhe rivr valleys n6. south. u,here he largeslWelsh cilies,(:rdifl andSwansea. realso oun.l. NorrhSales is a beautiful region full of hills.&p valleysand spectaiular scelerl, buir hasa verysmall population.torland is usualLydivided inro twoEarn rg'ons: he Lowlands and the Hieh_hds. The Lowlands srretch from iheEnglishborder to rhe narrowestpart ofthexle and the eastern eacoast. hi;h has hc

mo. l Ief l i l an(l n scoriand nd r onrarn:lhe qrcdl rrator i r \ ol the fopuls lroni | lc ludrn! the hig , i l l t ' . ot r , la.eo$ andFdinburgh a. ut l l a" rhe grcaiporr olDundee. the Uighland..crer iral t or( .ot land.bur herr opulorron.e\ lcmcl\small; dreyarecharacterised y numerouslochs (lakes), beaurifui mountains and aruggedcoastiine.The highesrpoinr ol rheHighlands.BenNevis (1142m), isalso rhehighsrpeak nBrirain.The longest ivr olBrirain. th Severn,ises in WaLes nd.after making a bend inthe wesl Midlands. flows inro the Allanric;ns wrde estuary separatessourh walsfrom rhe Wesr Country. The besr knownBritish fiver, however, is probablv theThames, w.hich rises in rhe Midiancls,crossesEngland n a sourh_easrerlyjrec_lion, and Ilows inlo rheNorlh Seaust easrofLondon


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THE NITEDINGDOI'IEl True T) or FalseF)?l . Thc Nnf lh o l fnglenr lhar a rer) lou popula l iun2. The highest peak of Great Britain is in Wales. !i . lhe modcrn uunl ic- L l lLnglanr l n. ] Valc-h.rvc ren lung hi ' ron. I4. In Scotland, he maioity of the populadon live ill the Highlands5. The Severn s the longestriver in Britain. I6. The largestWelsh cities are all located n the southern part of Wa)es.I7. The large indusLrialcities arevery wealthy and prosperous oday. []8. In Britain, people prefer to spend their holidays in rural, sparselypopulated areas.f]9. The Midlands are the areabetween wales, the North, EastAnglia and Scotland.I@ ln which part of Great Britain can you find the following cities? Match them with tappropriate region. You may use the maps on pages 15 and 25 to check your solutions.

l. Aberdeen2. Birmingh..m3. Biislol 4. Bradlord 5. Cambridge6. Caftliff 7. D:','ndlx 8. EAinburgh9. Glasgow10. -eeds l. Liverpool12. Mdnchcsttr 13. Neivcastle14. Oxford 15. Shtffklcl 16. Srvansea

Edinbufgh

S Find the word or expression from Reading C that fits the dellnitions below.l. . -- . - . . '. dry land surrounded by lvater on three sides2. .. ' . . . . i- .1.;r: t . . . . . . . . . .l l the natural eatures f an areal. ], .- ir .- l- . . . .1r.1.:,-. . . : . jsudddn ncrease f the numberof people iving n an area+. ..: . . ,- . . , . .) .1... . ! . . . . . . .- .-ong.deepmouth of a r iver5. .. f . l ,L .: . : . . . . . . . . .. . uneven, ough. ock)' (ol a coastl ine r a naturalsurl irce)


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UNIT: hl(e rn SLotland

good economicsituation (of a country or place); wealth (oI a person): good for agriculture (land, region)h.ring a smallnumberof people of a countryor region)

blloring text.The first letter of eachword is provided o help you-' ' r'1ich means that it is s .f.Lr,:'.1.:r.:1..1.rom the Coatt:-cc,tl. .. by the

;:,,=..r!-., the narrowest part of which is called the S:c:irj . of D?'li'{: 'soaller islandsoff the c.Qt!:i:........of Britain, and thereare alsoa number ofins inro the sea.Since he cccr; i i ' r ' [ is so r ' . i ] . : : .1.. . . , i t offersa lot ofhJatr4i for ships,and thereforesevera]great pur'--i. developed

;- island. its bcaulirr:':sare natural, and the only d:.r-l:--':l l.-lrr.:'. nside the*e y;:tt.=-|ct. England rom Scotlandand Wales.The L:- 'l:J- -';r'i-:r'- f theid and beautiful: there are gentle hills, steepmO"r'.r.:l-. rand scenic akes' but

b concentratedmostly in large u.ai.fl'r" areas:n and around London, in theo{ Eneland, in 5':.,.t1,tc,.. Wales and in the Lc-t !':r'.'.J.:of Scotland.The most

: , cen b lound rn I ne mosl sl . i , . { .4:. , / . r-1,-, . , i , . . area\.. . .can be lound rn I ne mosl sLi , .{ .4:. , / . , I

READINGDAMetropolis ithMany aces

ialo vour mind when you hear London's name? Collect information, images. \[-hich of these are attractive or positive and which are negativeto you?

rhe lollowing text with sPecialqdtss of all the natural beauties

otbd attractions o[ the variousd Fir , London l5 a mrr


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THE NITEDINGDOM

London was foundedby rhe Romans nthe firsr century on the north bank of theThames, abour B0 kilometres upstreamIrom the mourh oI the river. From thebeginning, London was an excellentsea-polt and an imporranl centreoftrade. ThemediaevalCity, a sell-govemingcommu,nity of merchanrs and craftsmen. extendedfrom the Tower (which defended t {romthe sea) appror.imarely to the presentBlack{riarsBridge, and did nol includeWestminster,which wasa royalresidence.That difference s part of the reasonwhythe City has developed nro one of rhelargestbusiness nd financcenrres n theworld (the Srock Exchange, he Bank of

England and the headquarrers of manyBritish and inremarionai business ornpanies are located here), whereas West-minster becam he seat of the nationalSovernmerr see nit 2).London's specraculargrowth began inthe sixtenth cenrury: by 1600, lt hadalmost 200,000 inhabitanrs, a hundredyears ater about 500,000 and by 1800 amillion people lived in the area. whichmade il the largest metropolis in rheworld at the time. The rown was growingsponlanously in all directions, withoui

much cenrralplanning. rhal is why itlacksany clearstructuren its streetpattern. Thesourhbank wasbuilt up muchlater than he north, therelorel hasvery

Taxis near Hyde Park

An Underground raft,n


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Is sights for rourists.The west End haslraditionally been the rnore elegant part..f London, $here the royal residence.Buckingham Palace s found, and whereman,varistocratsbuilt eleganthousesandgreatparks.Todat, it is famous or its the-alres. cinemasand lashionableshopping. lLstnrt5. he Last Lnd, In nelgnnour-hood of the docks, bas ahvals been apoorr.working classarea- t has becomefamousfor the Cockneys, the lraditionalinhabiranb of the area ivho are distin-guishedby their typical accent(for example. they sa)''ouse instead of'house' andpronounce the word wa)" as il it was\rhy) and the famous Cockney rhymingslang (for example. 'stairs ' are cal ledapplesandpears'.or for short. apples').

ln the ninereenth ccnturv, the ovr-crowded owlr had to solvemany difficultproblcrns, such as watr supply, sanita-rion and public tlansportation. Londonpionecrd he developmntof the under-ground railway, he lamousLondonTube,Nhich todaycarriesalmostamillion peopleto work elery day.Anofier pressingproblem n'as thc infamous London smog, amixture of$roke and fog.which in thc ateI9th and eariy 201h century often madelif intolerable in th town. ln ihe m20th cent ry. authoriries banned coalheating and mosl of thc facloriesmoved

UNITelsc*,here,so the air quality improved alot, although heavl motor traffic ii still ama or sourceof pollution.Londons image abroad was largelyshapdbypopular nineteenthcnturynovelistssuch as CharlesDickens and ArthurConanDoyle,and many ourisrsarriving nthe to*'n todal xpecl a cosy Victorianatmosphere. he_"-re usuallysurpriscd tofind rhat contemporaryLondon is a highlycosmopolitan place. After world war Il.large numbers o{ Asian, Cafibbean andAfrican immigrants settled in the capital(especially in the southern and easternparts) and their nLrmberswere increasedby EasternEuropeans leing from politi-cal oppression. Today you can l ind\r'hole neighbourhoodswhere almost alllhe people reAsianorWest Indian,and,according o a sur!ey, over a hundred ditferent languagesar spoken *,ithin theGreater ondonareal

The Tower ol Londo.

l1


22/24

THE NITEDINGDOM! Here s a map ofcentral London. Match the famousplacesmarked on it with the list

i. 10 Downing SlreetJ. nigaenl r , Buckingham alace,-, Ilyde Park

2.

3.

... St.Paul'sCathedral.f. the British MusetLmif. the Housesof ParliamenL... the NationalGallery

/ ,_r the I ower ot I L)ndt)n;.., Tower Bridgeit. Trafalgar Squareir i Westminster bbey

4l

Match the olaces from exercise 3 with the definitions below., ) l : : t - . \ | t i . - ) ! r . ! :

..,!..1-!. | i. t....... )..1,.,t.:-..:

....1.1!.1-. ... J'..: i. ,.. . . . . :

the largestcollection of paintings n Bitain, where entry isfree for everybodyin the middle ol this place, here is a huge column witha statue of Admiral Nelson on topin one corner of this place,arrybodycan stand up and speakaboul any topic publicly

32


23/24

1IJNIT' t ',tr'.+.{,'l,la:p,/"iL'.L\..lLi.,l,,the Queen'sesidence

.-;..-r-]U(1'I*...................themosl amous lock ower n London' ^;./.-f..,..1.1.1.,..1:.1...-:o:.--..: hePrimeMinisrea(eqidenceComplete the following sentences using words from Reading D The first letters are pro-to helpyou.P.JLlLc-.......... .ctu,{'-Fr(s.Lu}'r-isighly developedn London:you canused(hblL -n.Ktr-r...... or the famousT|AL... , which is actuallyan u udrSclud- r:*iir'r'11london was oneof the first big townswh"re aL"r: p cl-l*trcrL - became seriousprob-lem. ln the early20th century, he city was often coveredwith surc3 which came romfactories nd houses hat usedc cX:tL for heating.Today'm oLor" t m-{Fq- is the pri-rnary sourceof p.oU'4t.:'{/l'.{-Manypeople magineLondonasa Vtclor.uul*. city, but nowadaystis a cfi:u''cp'o&'btu-placeuhere dozensol di l lerenl e : k'r4: groups ive, olten in separate

l:he C(t*$'fi?..... areworkinS-class eople iving in London'sEo.iL Eq/'f- The C.r-tr4........s the oldestpart of Londonthat is todayan internationalcentreof busi-

n"r, und ir,^n"", thes.lccl ....Exc!4*qL. and theB a-s''- of E'i+q(aad-arealsohere'

Find the words from Reading D that fit the definitions below'L gbQ{l-- gldl4rl$c....: aplacewhereshares f companies reboughtandsoldLMgh/L.:dLaA$: .h'ties, u ,1pi"u\lyrnglishkind ofbus with two floors of seats

...: London policemen,nicknamed after Sir RobertPeel'who created he Metropolitan Police n 1829

l- .....3il.rctqtrnt]-............: theproper emovalof waste o protectpublichealth5. ..1u1t11{3cq,il":}............:eoplewho havemoved nto a country rom another

counlry...: an old name or peoplewhoseprofessions to buy andsell

vadous hings

,"ii.


24/24

THE NITEDINGDOMfl Complete the following sentencesby using the verb form of the nouns given below'

immi.rant. pollution. prosperity suppll ' trdnsportationl. l fyou usea bicycle nstead fa car,you don't.{: . l l . i '1 l, t2-. .. . the environment.2. Peopleusually ..-l) 1.11.(..!,.)..:.,'-.nto another country to find better opportunities in life or

to escape tom political oppression.3. When the country's economy {.l'{iF{{J., everybodybenefits rom it.4. Ho\r " l | r yuu going o ..,{. . . , f . .1.:. . .al l rour helonging: rersea'?5. Urbanpeopledon'tgrow ood for themselves,verythings9,t-pp.l'r:.- by grocery hops

andsupermarkets.@ Haveyou everbeen o London? f yes,wdte a summaryofyour experiencesn about2(words. fno, describen 200 words what you would like to seeor do whenyou get there'p Compare our nformationon Bdtain to Hungary n groups.Thquestions elowarepvided to helo vou.which are the main geographicaland sociological egions of Hungary?What are the definingcharacteisticsof these eqions?Which are the largesl towns in Hungary? CompareLondon's characterand role wifhin Britai

to the characterand role of Budapestwithin Hungary'Can you identify such a dividing line within Hungary as the one between he North and theSouthof Britain?what differencescanyou find on the two sidesof this linel

l[ Translate the follolving passage nto English.

A t- agyarorszag z europai kontlnens kozepdn taldlhat6, tiivol a lengert6l Hatdrail\ ,/l a totr"tt"l"- toran robbszor s negvdltoztak,ezdrta magyaranyanyelvtiiakossrigI V Legy reszema az orszag atdrainkivul 61.Az orszdgegnagyobb6gi6i a Dun.intil, aNagyalfolJ * azEszakikozphegys6g,t sokanugy tartjak.hogy a Dunantuleszaki6sdlirs;e sjellegzetesennlonbozik egymdstol. rcgiok kozril mrndiga nliugarrhatnrhozkajze-lebb esd teiuletek voltak gazdasdgilag s tdrsadalmilag ejlenebbek,mert ezek voltaka legszorosabb apcsolatbanN)'ugat-Eur6pdval. izonyoskrilonbsgekma is megfigyelhe-t6k: a Dunrintulon alacsonyabb munkan6lkrilisdS,magasabb z 6letszinvonal'6s kisebba br1n6z6s. legnagyobb ulonbsgekazonbanBudapests a vidik kozott fedezhetdk el:a f6vdrosban okkalmagasabbakz dtlagj6vedelmek,tr vana egtobbkulfoldi v,llalat szdk-helye,de a ibvdrosnagyonzsrilolt,a leve86jeerdsen zennyezett, s tt a egmagasabbbiinoz6s.A budapestiekben s a vidkiekben s dlnek bizonyos ellegzetes l6it6leteka m:isikfdllelszemben: budapestik hamilvelettenebbnek,.ijakozadanabbnakartjnka vicl6kie-ket,mig azok olykor g6gosnek, agykdpiinek6sbar.ilsiigtalannakdtjdk a f6vdrosiakal

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Book of Australia part 1