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Gul;lhjpGul;lhjpGul;lhjpGul;lhjp 2018201820182018

ISSUE ISSUE ISSUE ISSUE –––– 99993333

SEPTEMBERSEPTEMBERSEPTEMBERSEPTEMBER 2012012012018888

nra;a Ntz;baJ vd;d?nra;a Ntz;baJ vd;d?nra;a Ntz;baJ vd;d?nra;a Ntz;baJ vd;d? ,,,,yq;if gpupj;jhdpauplkpUe;J 1948 ngg;Utup 4Mk; jpfjp Rje;jpukile;J 60 tUlq;fs; epiwtile;Jtpl;ld. ,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,e;jr; rpd;dQ;rpwpa ehl;by; vj;jidNah Nghuhl;lq;fs; ele;J gy;yhapuk; kdpj capu;fs; nrj;J kbe;jJld;> kdpjf; FUjp nts;snkdg; gha;e;NjhbAs;sJ. ,tw;Wf;nfy;yhk; fhuzk; Ml;rpgPlj;jpy; mku;e;j kf;fs; tpNuhj muRfSk;> mtw;Wf;F Mjutspj;j me;epa ty;yhjpf;f rf;jpfSk;jhd;.

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me;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthf 1956,y; ehl;by; v];.lgps;A.Mu;.b.gz;lhuehaf;f jiyikapy; Vfhjpgj;jpa – vjpu;g;G> kf;fs; eyd;Ngz; muR xd;W cUthdJ. mtu; ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa Rje;jpuk;> Rahjpgj;jpak;> gpuNjr xUikg;ghL vd;gdtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfTk;> Njrpa nghUshjhuk;> fyhr;rhuk;> fy;tp vd;gdtw;iwf; fl;b vOg;Gtjw;fhfTk;> Njrpa ,dg; gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;fhfTk; gy;NtW ghupa Kaw;rpfis vLj;jhu;. mijg; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;s Kbahj cs;Su; kw;Wk; ntspehl;Lr; rf;jpfs; 1959,y; mtiug; gLnfhiy

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1977,y; I.Nj.f. jiyikapy; tuyhw;wpNyNa Kjy; jlitahf kpfTk; Nkhrkhd tyJrhup mlf;FKiw muR xd;W cUthdJ. me;j murpd; jiytuhd gLgpw;Nghf;FthjpAk;> mnkupf;f mbtUbAkhd N[.Mu;n[atu;j;jd>

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2 Gul;lhjp> 2018

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Gul;lhjp> 2018 3

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,e;j mbg;gilapy; Njhou; fhu;j;jpNfrid mZFgtu;fs; ngUk; Mr;rupaj;Jf;Fs;shtu;. fhuzk;> fhu;j;jpNfrd; kpfTk; rhJthd Nghf;Filatu;. kw;wtu;fspd; gpur;rpidfis mZFtjpy;; epjhdg; Nghf;Filatu;. Ve;NeuKk; rpupj;j Kfk;. ez;gu;fshapUe;jhnyd;d> cjtp NfhuptUk; Gjpatu;fshapUe;jhnyd;d mtu;fis cgrupg;gjpy; mtUk; mtUld; ,ize;J JiztpahUk; ngUk; fuprid fhl;Lthu;fs;. mg;gbahd xU FLk;gj;ij kpf mupjhfNt fhz KbAk;.

aho;g;ghzj;jpy; mf;fhyj;jpy; jhz;ltkhba rhjpf;nfhLik fhuzkhf> tlGyj;jpd; gy gFjpfspYk; tho;e;j jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Jspu;j;njOe;j ,isQu;fs; xd;W$b> ,jw;F xU tpbT fhz;gjw;fhf Xu; mikg;gpid cUthf;fpdu;. ,e;j ,isQu;fs; vk;.rp.Rg;gpukzpak;> v];.Mu;.N[f;fg; fhe;jp> Nahnty; Nghy;> [p.ey;iyah vd;w tupirapy; mike;jdu;. mikg;G gl;bdj;jpy; mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w Nehf;fj;jhYk;> Kjd;ik ,isQu; vk;.rp.Rg;gpukzpak; gl;bdj;jpy; tho;e;jikahYk; aho;g;ghzk; MupaFsg; gFjpapy; rd;khu;f;f If;fpa thypgu; rq;fk; vd;w ngaupy; xU rq;fj;ij epWtpj; njhopw;gl;ldu;.

kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; rj;jpahf;fpufg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jPz;lhik xopg;Gk; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngw;w xU nfhs;ifg; gpufldkhFk;. ,jdhy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,isQu;fs; fhe;jpapd; topapy; jkJ gpur;rhuj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. cjhuzkhf> v];.Mu;.N[f;fg; vd;w ,isQu;> jd; ngaUld; fhe;jpapd; ngaiuAk;

4 Gul;lhjp> 2018

,izj;J N[f;fg; fhe;jp vd;W ngau; #l;bf; nfhz;lhu;. mNjNtis kfhj;khtpd; rj;jpahf;fpuf topf;F vjpuhf> Rgh]; re;jpuNgh]; vd;w khtPuu;> jPtputhjg; Nghf;fpy; gil elj;jpdhu;. rhjpalf;FKiwf;F vjpuhf jPtpug;Nghf;F jtpu;f;f KbahJ vd;gij czu;e;Njh vd;dNth> re;jpuNghRf;F jiytzq;fp vk;.rp.Rg;gpukzpak; jdf;Fg; gpwe;j Kjy; kfDf;F Rgh]; re;jpuNgh]; vd;W ngau; #l;b kdepiwtile;jhu;. ,e;epfo;Tfs; rhjpalf;FFiwf;nfjpuhf fpsu;e;njOe;j Nkw;$wg;gl;l ,isQu;fspd; Nghuhl;l czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;Jtdthf mike;jd.

rd;khu;f;f If;fpa thypgu; rq;fk; vd;w mikg;gpd; nraw;ghLfSk;> tpupthf;fKk; vjpu;ghu;j;j Fwpf;Nfhis miltjw;Fupa gyidj; jutpy;iy. tjpup> gUj;jpj;Jiw> ky;yhfk;> rhtfr;Nrup Nghd;w gy ,lq;fspy; Nkw;gb rq;fj;jpd; tpisthf ntt;NtW ngau;fspy; gy rq;fq;fs; mikf;fg;ngw;W ,aq;fp te;jhYk; mit> Xu; Cu;r;rq;fk;> my;yJ thrpfrhiy vd;w mstpNyNa ,aq;fp te;jd. ,jd; fhuzkhf kpfTk; gue;j kl;lj;jpYk; xd;wpize;j nraw;ghl;lstpYk; xU ,af;fj;ij mikf;f Ntz;ba epiyg;ghL Vw;gl;lJ. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l vk;.rp.Rg;gpukzpak;> N[f;fg; fhe;jp> Nahnty; Nghy;> [p.ey;iyah Nghd;w Kd;dzp ,isQu;fSld; Gjpa jiyKiw ,isQu;fSk; Nru;e;J ‘mfpy ,yq;ifr; rpWghd;ikj; jkpou; kfhrig’ vd;w tpupthd ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jdu;. vk;.rp.Rg;gpukzpak; jiytuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. Gj;jpisQu;fshd Nf.tp.nry;tuj;jpdk;> ftpQu; gRgjp ,UtUk; ,izr; nrayhsu;fshfg; gzpahw;wpdu;.

vt;tsNth rpwg;Gfisg; ngw;wpUe;jNghJk;> jkpodplk; epiy nfhz;bUe;j rhjpntwp kpfTk; ,opthdJ vd;gJ cyfwpe;j tplak;. ,e;j ,opjfikapd; tpisthf tpy;Y}d;wp kahdj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;bdhy; Vw;gl;l nfhiyr; rk;gtnkhd;W eilngw;wJ. xU gpNujj;ijr;

Rl;nlupf;fr; nrd;wtu;fs; kPJ> rhjp ntwpau;fs; Rl;ljpdhy;> Kjyp rpd;dj;jk;gp vd;w Xu; ,sk; FLk;g];ju; gypahdhu;. capu; gpupe;j gpd; me;j cliyr; Rl;nlupf;f RLfhl;by; ,lk; juhj Nkyhd ehfupfk;jhd; jkpodpd; ehfupfk;.

rd;khu;f;f If;fpa thypgu; rq;fk; nraw;gl;l fhyj;jpy;> mjhtJ 1945k; Mz;by;jhd; ,e;jf; nfh^ur; rk;gtk; epfo;e;jJ. ,jdhy; vOr;rpAw;w rpWghd;ikj; jkpou; kfhrigiar; Nru;e;j jiytu;fSk;> ,isQu;fSk; jkJ tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lg; gzpfspy; jPtpukhf <Lgl;ldu;.

me;jf; fhyj;jpy;jhd;> fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; aho;g;ghzf; fpis Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Ntisapy;> gy;fiyf;fofj;jpypUe;J jpUk;gpa Njhou; fhu;j;jpNfrd; fk;A+dp];l; ,af;fg; gzpfspy; <Lgl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. jp.K.fofk; njhlq;fg;gl;L> mJ ,aq;f Kbahky; epd;W NghfNt> ,isQu;fs; midtUk; fhj;jpapd; topfhl;lypy; ,aq;fj; njhlq;fpdu;.

tpy;Y}d;wpg; gLnfhiyapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rpWghd;ikj; jkpou; kfhrig> jd; gzpfis NkYk; tpupTgLj;jp nraw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ. Kjypy; kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; rhj;tPf topfspYk;> gpd; Rgh]; re;jpuNghrpd; jPtputhjg; Nghf;fpYk; ek;gpf;if nfhz;L ,aq;fpa vk;.rp.Rg;gpukzpaj;Jf;F mg;ghijfs; gad;glhj fhuzj;jhy; Njhou; fhu;j;jpNfrdpd; topfhl;lypy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fz;lhu;. fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapy; ,ize;J> rpWghd;ikj; jkpou;fspd; tpLjiyf;fhd Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;whu;. rpWghd;ikj; jkpou; kfhrigNa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; Xu; cg ];jhgdkhf ,aq;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf> Gul;rpia Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj kpjthjpfshd N[f;fg; fhe;jp> Nahnty; Nghy;> [p.ey;iyah> Nf.tp.nry;tuj;jpdk; Nghd;Nwhu; kfhrigapypUe;J tpyfpr; nrd;wdu;. vk;.rp. jiytuhfTk;> gRgjp nrayhsuhfTk; kw;Wk; Jbg;ghd ,isQu;fs; gq;fhspfshfTk; ,ize;J kfhrigg; gzpfis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;wdu;. Njhou; fhu;j;jpNfrd;jhd;

,jw;F %yfhuzkhf ,Ue;J nraw;gl;lhu;.

RLfhl;Lg; gpur;rpidjhd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpaJ. rhjp ntwpau;fshd gpw;Nghf;Fthjpfs;jhd; ,jw;F topNfhypdu;. mjidj; njhlu;e;J gy Nghuhl;lq;fs; ntbj;jd. Myag; gpuNtrk;> NjdPu;f;filg; gpuNtrk;> ghlrhiy mDkjp> mj;Jld; RLfhl;Lg; gpuNtrk; vd;W tlkhepyj;jpd; gy gpuNjrq;fspYk; Nghuhl;lq;fs; eilngw;wd.

ey;Y}u; fe;jrhkp Nfhapy;> gd;wpj;jiyr;rp mk;kd; Nfhapy;> ,Wjpahf khtpl;lGuk; fe;jrhkp Nfhapy; vd;W NkYk; gy Nfhapy;fspy; mfpk;irg; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jp mt;thyaq;fis rfy kf;fSk; tzq;Ftjw;fhf jpwe;J itj;jhu;fs;.

xU jho;j;jg;gl;ltd; NjdPu;f;filf;F ntspNa epd;Wjhd;> mJTk; fws; Ngzpapy; NjdPu; Fbg;gJ eilKiwahf ,Ue;jJ. kfhrigg; Nghuhl;lj;jpdhy; rfy filfspYk; cs;Ns nrd;W ,Uf;iffspy; mku;e;J czT cz;zTk;> NjdPu; mUe;jTk; top gpwe;jJ.

ngupa ghlrhiyfspy; rpWghd;ikj; jkpou;fspd; gps;isfs; gbf;f KbahJ. CupYs;s rpwpa ghlrhiyfspy; Ie;jhk; tFg;Gtiujhd; gbg;G. kfhrigapd; nraw;ghLfshy;> jw;NghJ vy;yhg; ghlriyfspYk; vy;yhg; gps;isfSk; gbf;fyhk;.

Kjyp rpd;dj;jk;gp Rl;Lf; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l tpy;Y}d;wpr; Rliyr; rk;gtj;jpd; gpd;> me;jf; nfhLikia vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhb %d;W Mz;Lfspd; gpd;G> mr;Rliyapy; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; gpzq;fSk; vupf;fg;glj; njhlq;fpd. ,g;NghJ> ve;jr; RliyapYk; ahUk; jkJ gpzq;fis vupf;fyhk;> Gijf;fyhk;.

vk;.rp.Rg;gpukzpak; rpWghd;ikj; jkpou; kfhrigapd; jiytuhf kl;Lk; ,Ue;J gzpahw;wpapUe;jhy; ,j;jid r%f khw;wq;fSk; Vw;gl;bUf;Fkh? vd;gJ Nfs;tpf;Fupa tplak;. mtu; xU fk;A+dp];l;lhf ,Ue;jgbahy;jhd;

Gul;lhjp> 2018 5

nfhba rhjpntwp gpbj;j aho;. kz;zpy; ,j;jid rhjidfisAk; ntw;wpfukhfr; nra;a Kbe;jJ.

fhu;j;jpNfrd; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; KbTfs; jPu;khdq;fNshL kl;Lk; epd;wtuy;yu;. ve;jg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; ele;jhYk; me;jg; Nghuhl;lj; Njhou;fSf;F cw;w topfhl;bahfr; nraw;gl;L> fsj;jpYkpwq;fpg; Nghuhbauhtu;.

fk;A+dpr rpj;jhe;jk; vd;why;> njhopyhsu; tptrhapfspd; cupikg;Nghuhl;lk;> Kjyhsp tu;f;fj;Jf;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffs; vd;W nghJthd xU fz;Nzhl;lk; cz;L. khu;f;Rk; tu;f;f Ngjkw;w> Vw;wj;jho;tw;w xU cyifg; gilf;fNt jdJ rpj;jhe;jj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;. me;j topapy; xU rkj;Jt cyFf;F vjpuhd fUj;Jf;fs;> nfhs;iffs;> nraw;ghLfs; ,Uf;Fk; xU Njrj;jpy; my;yJ ehl;by; epyTk; Vw;wj;jho;Tf;nfjpuhfr; nraw;gl;L rkhjhd rftho;it cz;lhf;FtNj Kf;fpakhFk;.

aho;g;ghzj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; KdndLg;gpy;> g]; njhopyhsu; Nghuhl;lk;> RUl;Lj; njhopyhsu; Nghuhl;lk;> kl;ghz;lj; njhopyhsu; Nghuhl;lk;> rPnke;Jj; njhpyhsu; Nghuhl;lk; vdg; gy Nghuhl;lq;fs; ntbj;J>

ntw;wpfisAk; <l;bj; je;Js;sd. mNjNtis ,e;j kz;zpy; jPz;lhik vDk; nfhba Neha; Nt&d;wpapUe;jik fhuzkhf> me;jj; jPz;lhikf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fisNa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp Kd;dpd;W elj;jp> ngUk; ntw;wpfisAk; rhjpj;Js;sJ. ,e;j tifapy;> aho;g;ghzf; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; gq;fspg;G tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;fJ vd;gjpy; fUj;J NtWghL fpilahJ.

aho;g;ghzj;jpy; epWtduPjpahf fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp Muk;gpf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd; Njhou; fhj;jp mt;tpaf;fj;ij jdpahf ,Ue;J tsu;j;njLj;jhu; vd;W Kd;G $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. epWtdkhff; fl;rp Muk;gpj;jgpd; Gj;jp[PtpfSk; rhjhuz kf;fSkhfg; gy jiytu;fs; ,g;gzpapy; <Lgl;Lioj;jdu;. m.itj;jpypq;fk;> nghd;.fe;ijah> m.uhkrhkp Iau;> I.Mu;.mupauj;jpdk;> lhf;lu; rPdpthrfk;> Mu;.Mu;.G+ghyrpq;fk;> nlhkpdpf;[Pth> lhdpay;> tp.V.fe;jrhkp vd;W gyiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. fl;rpj; Njhou;fshf ,Ue;jhnyd;d rpyUf;Fr; rpy FLk;gr; Rikfs;> nghUshjhu neUf;fbfs; ,Uf;Fkhapd; mtu;fspd; nraw;ghLfspy; rpy gpd;dilTfs; Njhd;wf;$Lk;. Mdhy; fhu;j;jpNfrd;> jd; ,Wjpf;

fhyk;tiu J}a;ikahd mu;g;gzpg;NghL jd;idf; fl;rpg; gzpfspy; <LgLj;jp tho;e;j Gdpju; Mtu;.

mtu; ehkk;> khu;f;rpathjpfspilapy; kl;Lky;y> rhjhuz kdpjupilapYk; vd;Wk; thOk;!

vd;.Nf.uFehjd;: ePz;lfhy fl;rpj; NjhoUk;> jPz;lhik xopg;G ntF[d ,af;f Kf;fpa];jUkhtu;.

FwSk; fwSkFwSk; fwSkFwSk; fwSkFwSk; fwSk;

aho;g;ghzj;jpy; NjePu;f;filg; gpuNtrk; eilngw;w ehl;fspy; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;nfd cztfq;fspy; gioa fws; Ngzpfspy; NjePu; toq;fpdhu;fs;. ,ij – “Fws; gbj;j jkpoDf;F fws; gbe;j Ngzpah?”

vd vJif NkhidAld; Fj;jyhfr; nrhd;dhu; fhu;j;jpNfrd;.

(,f;fl;Liu Njhou; K.fhu;j;jpNfrd; mtu;fspd; 25MtJ Mz;L epidthf 2002,y; mtuJ Gjy;tpau;fspy; xUtuhd [hdfp ghyfpU];zd; mtu;fs; njhFj;j gyupd; fl;Liufs; mlq;fpa “fk;ådp];l; fhu;j;jpNfrd;” vd;w njhFg;G E}ypypUe;J ed;wpAld; vLj;Jg; gpuRupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ)

,g;gbj;jhd; nra;jpfs; jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd!,g;gbj;jhd; nra;jpfs; jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd!,g;gbj;jhd; nra;jpfs; jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd!,g;gbj;jhd; nra;jpfs; jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd! nfhOk;G khefu nfhOk;G khefu nfhOk;G khefu nfhOk;G khefu rigapy; xU rigapy; xU rigapy; xU rigapy; xU ‘tPuhq;fid’!‘tPuhq;fid’!‘tPuhq;fid’!‘tPuhq;fid’! nfhnfhnfhnfhOk;G khefurig epu;thfk; I.Nj.f. trk; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjd; Kjy;tuhf I.Nj.f. jiyikf;F kpfTk; Ntz;ba Nuhrp Nrdehaf;f mk;ikahu; gjtp tfpf;fpwhu;.

mtu; Kjy;tuhfg; gjtpNaw;wJk; jdJ cj;jpNahfG+u;t thr];jyj;jpd; kyry $lq;fis etPdg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gy ,yl;rk; &ghit xJf;fp gyupdJk; fz;ldj;Jf;Fs;shdhu;. Mdhy; mtu; jdJ jPu;khdj;jpypUe;J gpd;thq;ftpy;iy.

,g;nghOJ jdJ thr];jyj;jpid ,uz;L tUlq;fs; Rj;jpfupg;gjw;fhf 8.5 kpy;ypad; (85 ,yl;rk;) &ghTf;F xU jdpahu; epWtdj;Jld; xg;ge;jk; nra;Js;shu;. ,jw;F Kd;du; khjhe;jk;

njhlHr;rp 1njhlHr;rp 1njhlHr;rp 1njhlHr;rp 13333k; gf;fk; ghHf;fk; gf;fk; ghHf;fk; gf;fk; ghHf;fk; gf;fk; ghHf;f…

ahahahaho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J ntspahFk; jkpo; Njrpaf; $l;likg;G ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdUk;> ‘rg;wh epjp epWtd Gfo;’ gpuKfUkhd <.rutzgtDf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ‘cjad;’ ehNsl;bd; Xf];l; 15Mk; jpfjpa ntspaPl;by; gpuRukhd xU nra;jpapd; jiyg;G ,g;gb ,Ue;jJ:

“kfpe;jtpd; Coy; Nkhrb 18 tof;Ffs; jahu;”

,e;jr; nra;jpiag; gbj;Jtpl;L ‘,e;j kdprd; xUjUf;Fk; njupahky; ,j;jid Nkhrb nra;jpUf;fpwhuh?’ vd Nahrpj;Jf; nfhz;L cs;Ns nra;jpia thrpj;jhy;> “kfpe;j fhyj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;l epjp Nkhrbfs; rk;ge;jkhf tprhuizfs; G+u;j;jpaile;Js;sd” vd;w (mbf;fb rPdntbfs; nfhSj;jpg; NghLfpd;w) mikr;ru; uh[pj Nrduj;dtpd;

Clfq;fSf;fhd Ngr;Rf;Nf rutzgtdpd; cjad; ‘[pfpdh’ Ntiy nra;J nra;jp ntspapl;bUg;gJ njupa te;jJ.

,J cjadpd; gy Mapuk; jpupg;Gfspy; xd;W. cjad; kl;Lnkd;wpy;iy> mNefkhd Clfq;fs; mg;ghtp thrfu;fSf;F ,g;gbj;jhd; ‘nra;jp’fis toq;Ffpd;wd.

ahuhtJ gy;fiyf;fof khztu;fs; ,e;j Clfq;fs; nra;Ak; ‘ju;k Nrit’iaj; jkJ gl;lg; gbg;G Ma;Tf;fhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Ma;T nra;jhy; r%fj;Jf;Fr; nra;Ak; Gz;zpakhf ,Uf;Fk;.

-Ntytd;

6 Gul;lhjp> 2018

‘,e;jpahtpypUe;J ghu;f;Fk; mnkupf;fh cz;ikahd ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ghu;f;Fk; mnkupf;fh cz;ikahd ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ghu;f;Fk; mnkupf;fh cz;ikahd ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ghu;f;Fk; mnkupf;fh cz;ikahd mnkupf;fh my;y!mnkupf;fh my;y!mnkupf;fh my;y!mnkupf;fh my;y!’ ehNf];tup mz;zhkiy Ngl;behNf];tup mz;zhkiy Ngl;behNf];tup mz;zhkiy Ngl;behNf];tup mz;zhkiy Ngl;b jkpo;ehl;bd; filf;Nfhb gFjpnahd;wpy; gpwe;j ehNf];tup> ngupa nkhop MSikahd mz;zhkiyapd; kidtp. ,s tajpNyNa fztNuhL mnkupf;fh nrd;wtu;. jd; FLk;gk;> gps;isfspd; vjpu;fhyk; vd;W mtu; fhyj;Jg; ngz;fs; gyiuAk;Nghy xU rpd;d tl;lj;Jf;Fs; milj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;batu;. jd;Dila 60-tJ taJf;Fg; gpwF> jpBnud vOjj; njhlq;fpdhu;.

‘mnkupf;fhtpy; Kjy; Ntiy’> ‘mnkupf;f mDgtq;fs;’> ‘mnkupf;fhtpd; kWgf;fk;’ vd;W mnkupf;fh gw;wp mtu; vOjpa Gj;jfq;fs; (milahsk; gjpg;gfk;) mnkupf;f tho;T> fyhr;rhuk; rk;ge;jkhd jkpopd; Kf;fpakhd tuTfshf mike;jd. njhlu;e;J> ‘Ie;J jiyKiw ehlhu; ngz;fspd; fijfs;’> ‘ghy];jPd ,];Nuy; Nghu;’> ‘Nghg; gpuhd;rp];’ Mfpa Gj;jfq;fis vOjpdhu;. mnkupf;fh njhlu;ghf ,q;F epyTk; nghJ gpk;gj;ij cilg;git ehNf];tupapd; Gj;jfq;fs;. 80 taijj; njhltpUf;Fk; ehNf];tup rkPgj;jpy; ,e;jpah te;jpUe;jhu;. mtUila mnkupf;fg; Gj;jfq;fs; gw;wp NgrpNdd;.

tajhf Mf clystpYk;> tajhf Mf clystpYk;> tajhf Mf clystpYk;> tajhf Mf clystpYk;> kdjstpYk; Nrhu;til tjhf kdjstpYk; Nrhu;til tjhf kdjstpYk; Nrhu;til tjhf kdjstpYk; Nrhu;til tjhf nghJthd mgpg;uhak; ,Uf;fpwJ. nghJthd mgpg;uhak; ,Uf;fpwJ. nghJthd mgpg;uhak; ,Uf;fpwJ. nghJthd mgpg;uhak; ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;> ePq;fs; 60 taJf;Fg; gpwFjhd; Mdhy;> ePq;fs; 60 taJf;Fg; gpwFjhd; Mdhy;> ePq;fs; 60 taJf;Fg; gpwFjhd; Mdhy;> ePq;fs; 60 taJf;Fg; gpwFjhd; vOjj; njhlq;FfpwPu;fs;?vOjj; njhlq;FfpwPu;fs;?vOjj; njhlq;FfpwPu;fs;?vOjj; njhlq;FfpwPu;fs;?

,sk; tajpNyNa epiwa rpe;jpf;ff;$batshf ,Ue;Njd;. mg;Nghnjy;yhk; vq;fShu; ngz;fs; ntspA+Uf;Ff; fy;Y}upg; gbg;Gf;F mDg;gg;gltpy;iy. mg;ghtplk; Nghuhbjhd; gbf;fr; nrd;Nwd;. mnkupf;f tho;f;if vdf;Fs; gy;NtW rpe;jidfis cUthf;fpaJ. ,e;jpah tUk;Nghnjy;yhk; mnkupf;fh Fwpj;J ,q;Nf Nfl;ff;$ba Nfs;tpfSk; ajhu;j;jKk; Ntwhf ,Ue;jJ. mg;NghJjhd; mnkupf;fh Fwpj;J vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidj;Njd;. vOj Muk;gpj;j gpwF ,d;Dk; epiwa vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ.

vOj Ntz;batw;iw vij vOj Ntz;batw;iw vij vOj Ntz;batw;iw vij vOj Ntz;batw;iw vij mbg;gilahf itj;J mbg;gilahf itj;J mbg;gilahf itj;J mbg;gilahf itj;J Nju;e;njLf;fpwPu;fs;?Nju;e;njLf;fpwPu;fs;?Nju;e;njLf;fpwPu;fs;?Nju;e;njLf;fpwPu;fs;?

‘mnkupf;fhtpd; kWgf;fk;’ vOJk;NghJ

mnkupf;f rupj;jpuq;fisg; gbf;fpNwd;. mtu;fs; tho;tpaiy Neubahfg; ghu;f;fpNwd;. ek; ehl;by; rhjpa xLf;FKiwfSf;F ,izahff; fWg;gu;fSf;F vjpuhd ntWg;G mnkupf;fhtpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. tskhd ehlhf ,Ue;jhYk; epiwa gpur;rpidfs; mq;NfAk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mLj;J> ,];Nuy; gpur;rpidAk; vd;idf; fLikahfg; ghjpj;jJ. ntspapypUe;J te;j A+ju;fs; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd tUlq;fshf mq;fpUf;Fk; mNugpau;fisf; nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf ntspNaw;wptpl;lhu;fs;. Gdpjj;jpd; ngauhy;> flTspd; ngauhy; rfpj;Jf;nfhs;s Kbahj td;Kiwia ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;. A+ju;fSf;F K];ypk;fNshLjhd; vd;wpy;iy> A+ju;fSf;F fpwp];jtu;fNshLk; gpur;rpidjhd;. ,NaRit A+ju;fs; nfhd;whu;fs; vd;gjw;fhff; fpwp];jtu;fSf;F A+ju;fs; kPJ gif. ,NaRNt xU A+ju;jhd;. vd;dnthU Kuz; ghUq;fs;! cyfj;jpy; epahakpy;yhky; elf;Fk; tp\aq;fnsy;yhk; vd;id nuhk;gNt ghjpf;Fk;. mijg; gw;wp vdJ vz;zq;fis ahuplkhtJ nrhy;yptpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W Njhd;Wk;. mg;gbj;jhd; vdJ ghijiaj; jPu;khdpf;fpNwd;.

,e;jpau;fSf;F mnkupf;fh xU fdTg; ,e;jpau;fSf;F mnkupf;fh xU fdTg; ,e;jpau;fSf;F mnkupf;fh xU fdTg; ,e;jpau;fSf;F mnkupf;fh xU fdTg; gpuNjrkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jpau;fspd; gpuNjrkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jpau;fspd; gpuNjrkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jpau;fspd; gpuNjrkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jpau;fspd; kughu;e;j rpe;jid topahf kughu;e;j rpe;jid topahf kughu;e;j rpe;jid topahf kughu;e;j rpe;jid topahf mnkupf;fhit ePq;fs; vg;gbg; mnkupf;fhit ePq;fs; vg;gbg; mnkupf;fhit ePq;fs; vg;gbg; mnkupf;fhit ePq;fs; vg;gbg; ghu;f;fpwPu;fs;?ghu;f;fpwPu;fs;?ghu;f;fpwPu;fs;?ghu;f;fpwPu;fs;?

ek; rpe;jidapy; ,Uf;Fk; mnkupf;fhTk; ajhu;j;jKk; xd;wy;y. ,g;NghJk; mnkupf;fhtpy; ghYk; NjDk; XLtjhf epidf;fpNwhk;. mnkupf;f Viofs; mtruj;Jf;F kUj;Jtiug; ghu;g;gJ rhjhuz fhupak; my;y. kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; Kd;NdwpapUg;gjw;F epfuhf kUj;Jtf;

FsWgbf;Fs;Sk; rpf;fpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. fWg;gpdj;jtu;fs; gw;wp ,e;jpau;fSf;F rpy mbg;gil tp\ak; njupe;jpUf;Fk; vd;whYk;$l ajhu;j;jjpy; nfh^ukhf ,Uf;fpwJ. fWg;gu;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; nfhLikfs;> G+u;tFbfis mnkupf;f nts;isau;fs; mopj;j tp\aq;fnsy;yhk; ek; fw;gidf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ. kdjstpYk; mtu;fisf; nfhLikg;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;. Rk;kh ,Ug;gtdplk; Jg;ghf;fp ,Ug;gjhfr; nrhy;yp Rl;Ltpl;Lj; jw;fhg;Gf;fhfr; Rl;Nld; vd;ghu;fs;.

,d ntWg;ig xopg;gjw;fhf mq;Nf ,d ntWg;ig xopg;gjw;fhf mq;Nf ,d ntWg;ig xopg;gjw;fhf mq;Nf ,d ntWg;ig xopg;gjw;fhf mq;Nf vd;ndd;d Kaw;rpfs; vd;ndd;d Kaw;rpfs; vd;ndd;d Kaw;rpfs; vd;ndd;d Kaw;rpfs; ele;Jnfhz;bUf;fpd;wd?ele;Jnfhz;bUf;fpd;wd?ele;Jnfhz;bUf;fpd;wd?ele;Jnfhz;bUf;fpd;wd?

xd;WNk fpilahJ. kf;fs; kdjpYNk$l mg;gbahd vz;zq;fs; fpilahJ. ,e;jpahtpy; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;ltu;fshy; xU Ib epWtdj;jpy; gzpGupe;Jnfhz;L nghUshjhuuPjpapy; NkNy tu KbfpwJ. mnkupf;fhtpy; mg;gbahd tha;g;Gfs; fWg;gu;fSf;Ff; fpilahJ.

,t;tsT ghFghL ,Uf;ifapy; ,t;tsT ghFghL ,Uf;ifapy; ,t;tsT ghFghL ,Uf;ifapy; ,t;tsT ghFghL ,Uf;ifapy; mnkupf;fhthy; vg;gb cau;e;J epw;f mnkupf;fhthy; vg;gb cau;e;J epw;f mnkupf;fhthy; vg;gb cau;e;J epw;f mnkupf;fhthy; vg;gb cau;e;J epw;f KbfpwJ?KbfpwJ?KbfpwJ?KbfpwJ?

rpy FsWgbfs; ,Ue;jhYk;$l ek;NkhL xg;gpLk;NghJ mtu;fspd; ePjp mikg;G Nkk;gl;ljhf ,Uf;fpwJ. xUtUf;F Ntiy nfhLg;gjw;fhf rYif vjpu;ghu;j;jtupd; njhiyNgrp ciuahliy kl;LNk nfhz;L xU tof;fpy; jz;lid nfhLf;fpwhu;fs;. ,q;Nf ,njy;yhk; rhj;jpakh? mnkupf;f kf;fspilNa Rj;jk; Fwpj;j Gupjy; mjpfk;. vg;gbNah gof;fptpl;lhu;fs;. Fg;igfisf; ifahs;tJ kpfr; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ. Mq;fhq;Nf Fg;igj; njhl;bfSk;> ,uz;L epkpl eilf;F ,ilNa fopg;giwAk; cz;L. tajhdtu;fs;> khw;Wj;jpwdhspfis kdjpy; nfhz;Nl NgUe;Jfs; tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,njy;yhk; ehk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;bait. czT> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> fyhr;rhuk;

Nghd;wtw;wpy; mtu;fisg; gpd;gw;wNt $lhJ vd;Ngd;.

,q;fpyhe;jpy; fpupf;nfl; vd;why; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; fpupf;nfl; vd;why; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; fpupf;nfl; vd;why; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; fpupf;nfl; vd;why; mnkupf;fhtpy; Ng];ghy;. igg; mnkupf;fhtpy; Ng];ghy;. igg; mnkupf;fhtpy; Ng];ghy;. igg; mnkupf;fhtpy; Ng];ghy;. igg;

Gul;lhjp> 2018 7

jpUFtjpy;$l tyJ ,lJ khw;wk;. jpUFtjpy;$l tyJ ,lJ khw;wk;. jpUFtjpy;$l tyJ ,lJ khw;wk;. jpUFtjpy;$l tyJ ,lJ khw;wk;. ];tpl;r; NghLtjpy; Nky; fPo; khw;wk;. ];tpl;r; NghLtjpy; Nky; fPo; khw;wk;. ];tpl;r; NghLtjpy; Nky; fPo; khw;wk;. ];tpl;r; NghLtjpy; Nky; fPo; khw;wk;. ,njy;yhk; mnkupf;fu;fs; ,njy;yhk; mnkupf;fu;fs; ,njy;yhk; mnkupf;fu;fs; ,njy;yhk; mnkupf;fu;fs; gpuplgpuplgpuplgpupl;b;b;b;b\\\\hUf;F vjpuhd kdepiyapy; hUf;F vjpuhd kdepiyapy; hUf;F vjpuhd kdepiyapy; hUf;F vjpuhd kdepiyapy; nray;gLtjd; ntspg;ghLjhdh?nray;gLtjd; ntspg;ghLjhdh?nray;gLtjd; ntspg;ghLjhdh?nray;gLtjd; ntspg;ghLjhdh?

gpupl;b\huplkpUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;wNghJ vy;yh tpjj;jpYk; mtu;fsplkpUe;J khWgl;l xU r%fkhf mnkupf;fhitf; fhl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;w epidg;G mnkupf;fhTf;F ,Ue;jJ. mjd; tpisTfs;jhd; ,njy;yhk;. Mdhy;> gpupl;b\hUld; mnkupf;fu;fSf;Fg; gif vd;nwy;yhk; nrhy;y khl;Nld;. mnkupf;fh gpd;jq;fp ,Ue;jNghJ gpupl;b\huplkpUe;J vy;yhtw;iwAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. mnkupf;fhTf;Fk; gpupl;lDf;Fk; ,d;Wk; neUf;fk; cz;L. mnkupf;fu;fs; yz;ld; Nghtnjy;yhk; RygkhdJ> vspjpy; tprh fpilf;Fk;. njhg;Gs;nfhb cwTNghy ,UtUf;Fk; xU ge;jk; njhlu;fpwJ.

uPfd;> GuPfd;> GuPfd;> GuPfd;> G\\\\;> fpspz;ld;> xghkh vd ;> fpspz;ld;> xghkh vd ;> fpspz;ld;> xghkh vd ;> fpspz;ld;> xghkh vd ,tu;fs; topNa ePq;fs; mnkupf;fhitg; ,tu;fs; topNa ePq;fs; mnkupf;fhitg; ,tu;fs; topNa ePq;fs; mnkupf;fhitg; ,tu;fs; topNa ePq;fs; mnkupf;fhitg; ghu;f;Fk; tpjk; Kf;fpakhd xd;W.ghu;f;Fk; tpjk; Kf;fpakhd xd;W.ghu;f;Fk; tpjk; Kf;fpakhd xd;W.ghu;f;Fk; tpjk; Kf;fpakhd xd;W.

,g;NghJ l;uk;g; Ml;rpia vg;gbg; ,g;NghJ l;uk;g; Ml;rpia vg;gbg; ,g;NghJ l;uk;g; Ml;rpia vg;gbg; ,g;NghJ l;uk;g; Ml;rpia vg;gbg; ghu;f;fpwPu;fs;?ghu;f;fpwPu;fs;?ghu;f;fpwPu;fs;?ghu;f;fpwPu;fs;?

xghkh nra;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fisAk;> khw;wq;fisAk; xghkh nra;jhu; vd;w xNu fhuzj;Jf;fhfNt mij khw;wpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhu; l;uk;g;. xghkh Ml;rpapd;NghJ tq;fpfSf;F rpy fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpj;jhu;. mij l;uk;g; khw;wptpl;lhu;. Rw;Wr;R+oy; JiwapYk; mg;gbNa. gpw ehLfisg; gifj;Jf;nfhs;tJk; mjpfkhfpapUf;fpwJ. xOf;fj;jpYk; nuhk;g Nkhrk;. Mdhy;> ,d;Dk; mtUf;fhd MjuT ,Uf;fpwJ. “njUtpy; itj;J xUtiu ehd; Rl;lhy;$l kf;fs; vd;id Mjupg;ghu;fs;” vd;fpwhu; l;uk;g;. ,g;NghJ l;uk;gpd; mLj;j Ml;rpf;fhyk; Fwpj;J Ngr Muk;gpj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. mij epidj;jhy; gakhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

ngz;zpak; Fwpj;J epiwangz;zpak; Fwpj;J epiwangz;zpak; Fwpj;J epiwangz;zpak; Fwpj;J epiwa Gfhu;fNshL Gfhu;fNshL Gfhu;fNshL Gfhu;fNshL vOjpapUf;fpwPu;fNs?vOjpapUf;fpwPu;fNs?vOjpapUf;fpwPu;fNs?vOjpapUf;fpwPu;fNs?

Mkhk;. ngz;zpak; Ngrg;gl;l gpwF mnkupf;fh> fyhr;rhuj;jpy; vz;zw;w gpd;dilTfisr; re;jpj;jpUf;fpwJ.

Mz;fisg; Nghy ehq;fSk; Nghupd; Kd;tupirapy; epd;W rz;ilapLNthk; vd;fpwhu;fs; ngz;fs;. tPl;ilf; fhypnra;Ak;NghJ nghUl;fisj; J}f;f Mz;fshy;jhd; KbAk;. ngz;fshy; KbahJ. Kbahj Ntiyiag; ngz;fs; nra;a Ntz;lhnkd;fpNwd;. r%fk; ,UtiuAk; xd;whf kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;> ,UtUf;Fk; rkkhd cupikiaf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W NgRtjw;Fg; gjpyhf ,tu;fs; NgRk; ngz;zpak; ngz;fspd; kdepiyiag; ngupJk; ghjpj;Jtpl;lJ. fy;ahzj;Jf;F Kd;ghf Nru;e;J tho;tJk;> fy;ahzj;Jf;Fg; gpwF gpupe;J tho;tJk; rf[khfptUfpwJ. mij ehKk; gpd;gw;wj; njhlq;fpapUf;fpNwhk;. ,J r%fj;Jf;fhd NfL. Kf;fpakhf> ,JNghd;w cwTfshy; Foe;ijfs;jhd; ngUkstpy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. fyhr;rhuuPjpahf rPu;nfLtjhy; r%fk; vt;tsT Nkhrkhd epiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; vd;gjw;F Kd;Djhuzkhf mnkupf;fh ,Uf;fpwJ. ghlk; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gypahff; $lhJ.

----j.uh[d; j.uh[d; j.uh[d; j.uh[d; (ed;wp: jp ,e;J)

,.Ngh,.Ngh,.Ngh,.Ngh.r.r.r.r ---- ,jw;Fg; Nghdhy; rq;flk;!,jw;Fg; Nghdhy; rq;flk;!,jw;Fg; Nghdhy; rq;flk;!,jw;Fg; Nghdhy; rq;flk;!

xU njhifahf toq;fg;gLfpwJ. me;jj; njifiaf; $l xU Copau; 30 – 40 tUlq;fs; Nritahw;wp Xa;TngWk;NghJ epu;thfk; toq;fhtpbd; mJ vt;tsT ngupa mePjp!

,e;j epiyia vz;zp kdk; tUe;jpa Xa;Tngw;w Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rig Copau; xUtu; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;ifapy;> ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpdhy; tFf;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fisNa kjpj;J elf;fhjtu;fs; iffspy; jdpehl;L epu;thfk; te;jhy; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk; vd;W tprdg;gl;lhu;.

n[dpth jPu;khdq;fs; Fwpj;J mLf;fLf;fhf jPu;khdq;fs; epiwNtw;Wk; tlf;F khfhz rig jdJ nrhe;j kf;fshd ,e;j Copau;fspd; gpur;rpid Fwpj;J fpQ;rpj;Jk; rpe;jpj;jjhfj; njupatpy;iy.

ahahahaho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,aq;fp tUk; jkpo; murpay;thjp xUtUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gpugy gj;jpupif epWtdk; xd;W jdJ Copau;fSf;fhd Nrkyhg epjpiar; nrYj;jhJ gy ,yl;rk; &ghit Nkhrb nra;Js;s tpguj;ij ‘thdtpy;’ gj;jpupifapy; mz;ikapy; ntspapl;bUe;Njhk;. ,g;NghJ tl gpuhe;jpa Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rig (,.Ngh.r.) mt;thwhd xU Nkhrbapy; <Lgl;Ls;sjhfj; jfty; te;Js;sJ.

mjhtJ> tl gpuhe;jpa Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rig jdJ Copau;fSf;F 2011 – 2015 fhyg; gFjpapy; Copau; Nrkyhg epjp nrYj;jtpy;iy vd;w mjpu;r;rpj; jfty; ntspahfpAs;sJ. ,j;njhif 35 Nfhb &ghTf;Fk; mjpfk; vdj; njupfpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf tl gpuhe;jpaj;jpYs;s aho;g;ghzk;> gUj;jpj;Jiw> fhiuefu;> fpspnehr;rp> tTdpah> Ky;iyj;jPT> kd;dhu; Mfpa rhiyfisr; (bg;Ngh) Nru;e;j Rkhu; 2>000 Copau;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,tu;fspy; rpyu; Xa;T ngw;W kuzpj;Jtpl;Lk; $l

mtu;fsJ FLk;gj;jpdUf;F me;j epjpia toq;fhJ Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rig epu;thfk; kdpjj;jd;ikaw;w uPjpapy; ele;J nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,e;j mePjp rk;ge;jkhf tl gpuhe;jpa Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwj; njhopw;rq;fq;fs; epu;thj;jplk; Kiwapl;Lk; gadpy;yhj epiyapy; njhopw; jpizf;fsj;jplKk;> kdpj cupik Mizf;FOtpYk; Kiwapl;Lk; mtu;fSk; ,J tiu ,e;jg; gpur;rpid rk;ge;jkhf vt;tpj eltbf;ifAk; vLf;ftpy;iy. ,e;j epiyapy; Ntiy epWj;jk; Nghd;w njhopw;rq;f eltbf;if %yk; epu;thfj;ij topf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtJ Fwpj;J njhopw;rq;fq;fs; MNyhrpj;J tUfpd;wd.

,.Ngh.r. Copau;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; Vida mur Copau;fisg; Nghy Xa;T ngw;wJk; khjhkhjk; murhq;f Xa;T+jpak; toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf mtu;fspd; rk;gsj;jpypUe;Jk;> epu;thfk; toq;Fk; epjpapypUe;Jk; nrYj;jg;gl;L tUk; Copau; Nrkyhg epjpNa mtu;fs; Xa;TngWk; NghJ

8 Gul;lhjp> 2018

ePq;fSk; njupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf> mwpe;jijg; gfpu;fpd;Nwhk;!

,J ehl;Lf;F ,J ehl;Lf;F ,J ehl;Lf;F ,J ehl;Lf;F ey;yjh?ey;yjh?ey;yjh?ey;yjh?

,yq;ifapy; kPz;Lk; mnkupf;f rkhjhdg;gil nraw;gLtjw;fhd xg;ge;jk; mz;ikapy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. fle;j ,uz;L Mz;Lfshf ,yq;iff;Fk; mnkupf;fhTf;Fk; ,ilapy; elj;jg;gl;l Ngr;Rfspd; Kbtpy; ,e;j xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jj; jpl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 25 Ngu; nfhz;l mnkupf;f FO 2019,y; ,yq;if tuTs;sJ.

mnkupf;f rkhjhdg; gilf; FOtpdu; nghJthf ,isQu;fSf;F Mq;fpy nkhopf;fy;tpapy; gapw;rp Nghd;wtw;iw toq;Fthu;fs; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,e;j khjpup mnkupf;fh itj;jpUf;Fk; gy mikg;Gfs; %d;whk; cyf ehLfspy; mnkuf;fhtpd; murpay; eyd;fisr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd kiwKff; fUtpfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;L ePz;l fhykhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ,j;jifa eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;ljw;fhf mnkupf;f rkhjhdg;gil rpy ehLfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l rk;gtq;fSk; fle;j fhyq;fspy; epfo;e;Js;sd. ,yq;ifapy; mnkupf;f mikjpg;giliar; Nru;e;jtu;fs; 1962 Kjy; 1998 tiu nraw;gl;L te;j NghjpYk;> 1998,y; re;jpupf FkhuJq;ftpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; rpy fhuzq;fSf;fhf ,j;jpl;lk; epWj;jg;gl;lJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gpj;jf;fJ.

•

640>000 &gh 640>000 &gh 640>000 &gh 640>000 &gh ngWkjpahd fjpiufspy; ngWkjpahd fjpiufspy; ngWkjpahd fjpiufspy; ngWkjpahd fjpiufspy;

,Ue;J ,Ue;J ,Ue;J ,Ue;J ‘NritNritNritNrit’ahw;wg; ahw;wg; ahw;wg; ahw;wg; NghFk; khfhz rig NghFk; khfhz rig NghFk; khfhz rig NghFk; khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs;!cWg;gpdu;fs;!cWg;gpdu;fs;!cWg;gpdu;fs;!

,yq;ifapd; Nky; khfhz rigf;F ntspehl;bypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;antd ,Ue;j Mlk;guf; fjpiufspd; ,wf;Fkjpia xU

Kiwg;ghl;ilj; njhlu;e;J Nky; khfhz MSeu; N`kFkhu ehzf;fhu jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jp itj;Js;shu;. ,e;jf; fjpiufs; xt;nthd;Wk; MW ,yl;rj;J> ehw;gjhapuk; &gh ngWkjpapy; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gltpUe;jd. gj;juKy;iapy; Gjpjhf epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nky; khfhzrigapd; fl;blj;jpy; khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs; mku;tjw;nfdNt ,f;fjpiufs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gltpUe;jd. (,yq;ifapy; jukhd kuq;fSk;> ifNju;e;j kuNtiy tpw;gd;du;fSk; ,Ug;gJ ,e;jf; fdthd;fSf;Fj; njupahJ NghYk;)

,e;jf; fjpiufis ,wf;Fkjp nra;tjw;F nrytplg;gLk; njhif re;Njfkpd;wp nghJkf;fspd; tupg;gzkhFk;. ehl;by; vj;jidNah ghlrhiyfspy; gs;spf; Foe;ijfs; ,Ue;J gbf;f Nkir> thq;F ,d;wp jiuapy; ,Ue;J gbf;ifapy;> Nky; khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs; 640>000 fjpiufspy; ,Ue;Jjhd; kf;fSf;F ‘Nrit’ Mw;wg; Nghfpwhu;fs; vd;why;> mjpy; cl;fhug; Nghfpd;w mtu;fsJ gpl;lj;jpd; ngWkjp vj;jid Nfhb &gh ngWkjp ,Uf;FNkh njupatpy;iy!

•

ehlhSkd;w ehlhSkd;w ehlhSkd;w ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; ,d;ndhU ,d;ndhU ,d;ndhU ,d;ndhU ‘fpk;gsk;!fpk;gsk;!fpk;gsk;!fpk;gsk;!’

mz;ikapy; ,yq;ifapy; mikr;ru;fs; kw;Wk; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspd; rk;gsq;fis 215 rjtPjj;jhy; mjpfupg;gjw;F mur jug;gpy; Kaw;rp vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Kaw;rpf;F gy jug;GfsplkpUe;Jk; vjpu;g;Gf; fpsk;gpajhy;> mj;jpl;lk; jw;fhypfkhf xj;jp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kf;fspd; ftdk; NtW VjhtJ xU tplaj;jpy; jpUk;Gk;NghJ rk;gs mjpfupg;ig rj;jk; re;jbapy;yhky; murhq;fk; epiwNtw;wptpLk; vd epr;rakhf vjpu;ghu;f;fyhk;.

,J xUGwkpUf;f> mgptpUj;jpj;

jpl;lq;fis Nkw;ghu;it nra;antd rpy ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fis epakpj;J mtu;fSf;F khjhe;jk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nryTf;nfd 2 ,yl;rk; &gh tiu toq;Ftjw;fhd jpl;lnkhd;iw gpujku; uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;f mikr;ruitapy; A+d; 21Mk; jpfjp Kd;itj;J mJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW 2 ,yl;rk; &gh khjhe;jk; ngwg;NghFk; 55 ‘mjpu;];l;lrhypfs;’ MSk; fl;rpiar; Nru;e;jtu;fs; vdj; njupa tUfpwJ.

kf;fspd; tupg;gzj;ij tpuak; nra;Ak; ,e;j tplaj;ij vjpuzpiar; Nru;e;j fhkpdp nyhf;FNf ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; mk;gyg;gLj;jpaNghJ> fhzp kw;Wk; ehlhSkd;w tptfhuq;fs; mikr;ru; fae;j fUzjpyf mJ cz;ikjhd; vd Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;shu;.

•

,yq;if rptpy; r%ff; ,yq;if rptpy; r%ff; ,yq;if rptpy; r%ff; ,yq;if rptpy; r%ff; FOf;fSf;F 1.6 FOf;fSf;F 1.6 FOf;fSf;F 1.6 FOf;fSf;F 1.6 gpy;ypad; &gh mnkupf;fgpy;ypad; &gh mnkupf;fgpy;ypad; &gh mnkupf;fgpy;ypad; &gh mnkupf;f (USAID) epjpAjtp!epjpAjtp!epjpAjtp!epjpAjtp!

,yq;ifapYs;s rptpy; r%f FOf;fSf;F mnkupf;fh 3 tUl Njrpa ey;ypzf;f Kaw;rpfSf;fhf Gjpjhf Rkhu; 1.6 gpy;ypad; &ghf;fis (160 Nfhb) mz;ikapy; toq;fpAs;sJ. Vw;nfdNt 2009 Nk khjj;jpy; Nghu; KbTw;w fhyj;jpypUe;J ,yq;ifapy; ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ vd;w ngaupy; Nkw;fj;ija rf;jpfs; ,yq;ifapd; rptpy; mikg;GfSf;F gyNfhb &ghf;fis thupapiwj;Js;sd.

jw;NghJ toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mnkupf;f epjp> ‘ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jpf;fhd mnkupf;f V[d;rp’ (USAID) vd;w mikg;ghy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;khjpupahd epjpia ,e;j epWtdk; cyfpYs;s gy ehLfSf;Fk; fle;j gy tUlq;fshf toq;fp tUfpd;wJ. ,yq;iff;Fk; fle;j 60 tUlq;fshf ,e;epWtdj;jpd;

Gul;lhjp> 2018 9

epjpAjtp fpilj;J tUfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifahd epjpAjtpfshy; ,yq;ifapy; VjhtJ ey;ypzf;f Kaw;rpfspy; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sjh vd;why;> “,y;iy” vd;Wjhd; gjpyspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j khjpupahd epjpiag; ngWk; epWtdq;fs; kf;fSf;fhf vd;d Kaw;rpfisr; nra;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJk;> ,e;j epjpfs; vt;thW nrytopf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJk; Gupahj Gjpuhf> %Lke;jpukhfNt ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd.

,e;j epjpAjtp Fwpj;J nfhOk;gpYs;s mnkupf;fj; J}jufj;jplk; ‘j Iyd;l;’ nra;jpj;jhs; gpd;tUk; ,U Nfs;tpfis vOg;gpajhfTk;> Mdhy; mtw;Wf;F ,Jtiu gjpy; fpilf;ftpy;iy vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

Nfs;tp – 1: jaTnra;J ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s rptpy; r%ff; FOf;fs; vj;jid vd;w tpguj;ijj; juKbAkh?

Nfs;tp – 2: epjpiag; ngWgtu;fspy; tlf;F fpof;if jskhff; nfhz;l mikg;Gfs; cs;sdth?

‘Iyd;l;’ vOg;GpAs;s ,e;j Kf;fpakhd Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpiy nghJkf;fSk; MtYld; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wdu;.

•

fpA+ghtpy;fpA+ghtpy;fpA+ghtpy;fpA+ghtpy; USAID

eltbf;iffs; mk;gyk;!eltbf;iffs; mk;gyk;!eltbf;iffs; mk;gyk;!eltbf;iffs; mk;gyk;!

fpA+ghtpy; USAID mnkupf;f epWtdk; fle;j ,uz;L tUlq;fshf me;j ehl;L ,isQu;fs; kw;Wk; ,irf; fiyQu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ehl;bd; ];jpuj;jd;ikiaf; Fiyf;fTk;> muRf;F vjpuhd fpsu;r;rpfis cUthf;fTk; nra;J te;j Kaw;rpfis fpA+g muR fz;L gpbj;Js;sjhf mNrhrpNal;ll; gpu]; (Associated Press) nra;jp epWtdj;Jf;F fpilj;j Mtzq;fs; %yk; njupa te;Js;sjhf me;j epWtdk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

mj;Jld; 2009 brk;gu; 3,y;> Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l mnkupf;f epWtdj;jpd;

xg;ge;jf;fhuuhd Alan Gross vd;gtu; rl;ltpNuhjkhd Kiwapy; nraw;iff;Nfhs; %ykhd ifj;njhiyNgrpfisAk;> fzdp cgfuzq;fisAk; fpA+ghTf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jjpw;fhf me;ehl;lurhy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu; vdTk; mNrhrpNal;ll; gpu]; epWtdk; jdJ nra;jpapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

•

fdlhtpy; fdlhtpy; fdlhtpy; fdlhtpy; kjpg;gpwf;fk; kjpg;gpwf;fk; kjpg;gpwf;fk; kjpg;gpwf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l nra;ag;gl;l nra;ag;gl;l nra;ag;gl;l Mq; Mq; Mq; Mq; rhd; #fP!rhd; #fP!rhd; #fP!rhd; #fP!

kpad;khu; kf;fspd; Gfo;ngw;w jiytp Mq; rhd; #fp (Aung San Suu

Kyi) me;j ehl;by; [dehafj;ij kPl;gjw;F elj;jpa Nghuhl;lj;ijf; nfsutpf;FKfkhf mtUf;F fdba murhq;fk; jdJ ehl;bd; nfsutg; gpu[hTupikia toq;fpapUe;jJ.

Mdhy; kpad;khupy; rpWghd;ik ,dkhd nuhfpq;fpah K];ypk; kf;fs; kPJ me;j ehl;bd; ,uhZt Ml;rp elj;jpa ml;^opaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf #fP ve;jtpj eltbf;iffSk; vLf;fhjgbahy; mtu;kPJ fdba kf;fs; mjpUg;jpAk; fz;ldKk; njuptpj;J te;jdu;. mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;l fdba nfsut gpu[hTupikiaAk; kPsg;ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifAk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;j epiyikapy; kdpj cupikfSf;fhd fdba mUq;fhl;rpafk; Mq; rhd; #fP rk;ge;jkhf jdJ tpd;dpngf; efuf; fhl;rpafj;jpy; ,Ue;j Fwpg;Gfis ePf;fpAs;sJ. mj;Jld; fhl;rpafj;jpd; $lj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j #fPapd; glj;jpw;fhd xspapd; gpufhrj;ijAk; Fiwg;Gr; nra;Js;sJ.

fdba mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpd; ,e;j Kbit fdbaj; jiyefu; xl;lhthtpy; tho;fpd;w nuhfpq;fpa r%fj;jpd; gpujpepjpahd Raiss

Tinmaung tuNtw;Ws;sJld;> “,J epk;kjpaspf;Fk; xU mUikahd re;ju;g;gk ;” vdTk; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;Js;shu;.

mj;Jld;> njd; Mgpupf;f kf;fspd; khngUk; jiytu; ney;rd; kz;Nlyhtpd; glj;Jld; #fPapd; glKk; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gJ kz;NlyhTf;F nra;Ak; mtkupahijahFk; vdTk; nuhfpq;fpa r%fg; gpujpepjp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

•

mnkupf;fhtpd; ,uhZt Kfhkhf jpUNfhzkiy JiwKfk;

mnkupf;fhtpd; ,uhZt Kfhkhf> jpUNfhzkiy JiwKfj;ij gad;gLj;Jtjw;F ,yq;if mnkupf;fhTld;> xg;ge;jk; xd;W nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sjhf xd;wpize;j vjpuzp njuptpj;Js;sJ. nghuisapy; cs;s vd;.vk;.ngNuuh kj;jpa epiyaj;jpy; 22.08.2018 ,y; eilngw;w Clftpayhsu; re;jpg;gpy; fye;Jnfhz;L fUj;Jiuf;Fk;NghNj> yq;fh rkrkh[f;fl;rpapd; nrayhsu; Nguhrpupau; jp];] tpjhuz ,jid njuptpj;jhu;.

,jd;NghJ njhlu;e;J ciuahw;wpa mtu;> [g;ghdpa ghJfhg;G mikr;ru; ,l;RNdhup xNdhNluh vjw;F ,yq;if tUif je;Js;shu; vdTk; Fwpg;ghf mtu; vjw;F jpUNfhzkiy JiwKfj;ij ghu;itapl;Ls;shu; vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; murhq;fk; tpsf;fkspf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mtu; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;Ls;shu;.

ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gf;F mr;RWj;jyhf mikAk; ,t;thwhd xg;ge;jq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ehl;L kf;fSf;F murhq;fk; njspTg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> ,t;thwhd xg;ge;jq;fs; njhlu;gpy; njupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F kf;fSf;F cupik ,Ug;gjhfTk; mtu; $wpdhu;.

09.07.2017 ,y; aho;. Clf ikaj;jpy; eilngw;w Clftpayhsu; re;jpg;gpd;NghJk;> ‘mnkupf;fhtpd; ,uhZt Kfhkhf jpUNfhzkiy JiwKfk; khwpAs;sJ. me;epa eyDf;F vjpuhf> jkpo;> rpq;fs> K];ypk; vd ,d NtWghbd;wp Nghuhl Kd; tuNtz;Lk;’ vd jp];] tpjhuz njuptpj;Js;shu;.

10 Gul;lhjp> 2018

khu;f;];> Vq;nfy;Rk; tpQ;QhdKk; “khkhkhkhu;f;];> Vq;nfy;]; ,UtUk; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; xNu mstpy; mf;fiw nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Mdhy; mtu;fspilNa xU tifahd Ntiyg; gpuptpid ,Ue;jJ. nghwp El;gtpay;> fzpjtpay;> tuyhW> tptrha Ntjpapay; Mfpatw;wpy; khu;f;]; $Ljyhd Gyik ngw;wpUe;jhu;. ,j;Jld; $l ,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay;> capupay;> Gtpapay;> clw;$wpay;> kdpj clypay; Mfpatw;iwAk; mtu; Muha;e;jhu;. Vq;nfy;]; Nghyd;wp mtu; fzpjtpaYf;Fk; nray;Kiw tpQ;QhdpfSf;Fk; mjpf Neuj;ijr; nrytopj;jhu;. ,jw;F khwhf> Vq;nfy;]; ,aw;gpay;> capupay; ,tw;wpy; $Ljyhf Qhdk; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. mtUk; $lf; fzpjtpay;> thdpay;> ,urhadtpay;> clw;$wpay;> kdpj clypay; ,tw;iw Muha;e;jhu;. khu;f;ir tplj; jj;Jthu;j;j uPjpahd ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; mtu; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpdhu;.

(Vq;nfy;]; vOjpa ,aw;ifapd; ,af;ftpay; E}Yf;F Kd;Diu) khu;f;rpa - nydpdpaf; fofk; Nrhtpaj; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; kj;jpaf;FO

khu;f;rpd; ,d;ndhU ehd;khu;f;rpd; ,d;ndhU ehd;khu;f;rpd; ,d;ndhU ehd;khu;f;rpd; ,d;ndhU ehd;

tP.godp

khu;f;rhy; ‘,d;ndhU ehd;’ vd;W $wg;gl;ltu;> njhopw;Gul;rp vd;w nrhy;yhliy cUthf;fpatu; Vq;fy;];. njhopw;Gul;rp ele;J G+u;Rth tu;f;fKk; etPd Miyj; njhopyhsp tu;f;fKk; cUthd r%fg; gpd;dzpapy; khu;f;Rk; Vq;fy;Rk; gpwe;J tsu;e;J te;jdu;. Vq;fy;]; gpwe;j iud; gFjp gUj;jp kw;Wk; fk;gsj; njhopy;fspd; ikakhf ,Ue;jJ. cNyhfj; njhopy;fspd; ikakhfTk; cUthfp te;jJ. Vq;fy;]; FLk;gk; nry;tkpf;fJ. Vq;fy;]; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F n[u;kdpapy; nghUs; Njtij. Mq;fpyj;jpy; cs;s VQ;ry;]; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F <lhdJ. [Tsp njhopypy; <Lgl;l FLk;gk;. nrhe;jkhd [Tsp Miyfs; ,q;fpyhe;J khd;nr];lupy; ,Ue;jd. ,e;j

fhyj;jpy; n[u;kdpapy; tpQ;Qhdj;jpYk; jj;Jtj;jpYk; tsu;r;rp Vw;gl;Lte;jJ. NkYk; iud; gFjp gd;dhl;Lj;jd;ik cilajhf ,Ue;jJ. khu;f;];> Vq;fy;]; ,UtUk; mg;Nghija n[u;kdpapy; jiyrpwe;j jj;JtQhdpahf tpsq;fpa n`fypd; Mjuthsu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. ,UtUk; ,sk; n`fypau;fs; FOtpy; ,Ue;jdu;. 1844 Mf];l; 28 md;W ,UtUf;FkpilNaahd Kjy; re;jpg;G ele;jJ. md;W Kjy; khu;f;rpd; kuzk; tiuapy; ,UtUk; ,izgpupahj ez;gu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. “tpjp xd;W Nru;j;J itj;j ehspy; ,Ue;J mt;tpU ez;gu;fspd; jdpj;jdp tho;f;if gzpAk; mt;tpUtupd; nghJyl;rpakhfp tpl;lJ” vd;fpwhu; nydpd;. kdij cUf;Fk; el;G Fwpj;J gy cjhuzq;fs; fhl;Lk; goq;fijfs; cz;L. jdJ tpQ;Qhdj;ij rpU\;bj;jtu;fs; ,uz;L mwpQu;fs;. ,uz;L Nghuhl;l tPuu;fs;. “mtu;fSf;fpilNa epytpa cwT Kd;Ndhu;fs; kdpj el;G gw;wp vOjpAs;s neQ;iras;Sk; fijfis vy;yhk; kpQ;rf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ vd;W INuhg;gpa ghl;lhsp tu;f;fk; ngUikNahL nrhy;ypf; nfhs;syhk;”

vd;fpwhu; nydpd;. “khu;f;]; capNuhL ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mtu;kPJ Vq;fy;]; itj;jpUe;j ghrj;Jf;Fk;> kiwe;j khu;f;rpd; epidT gw;wp mtu; itj;jpUe;j Gdpj kjpg;Gf;Fk; vy;iyNa fpilahJ. ,e;j fbd rpj;jk; cs;s Nghuhl;l tPuUf;F> fl;Lg;ghL kpFe;j rpe;jidahsUf;F Mo;e;j md;G nrYj;Jk; ,jaKk; ,Ue;jJ” vd;W nrhy;ypr; nry;fpwhu; nydpd;.

3>10>000 gf;fk;

,UtUila vOj;JfSk; 40 njhFg;G E}y;fshfTk; 3>10>000 gf;fq;fis cilajhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,UtUk; Nru;e;J ntspapl;l Kjy; E}y; tuyhw;W nghUs; Kjy;thjk; Fwpj;j n[u;kd; rpj;jhe;jk; vd;Dk; E}yhFk;. ,e;E}y; ntspte;j Mz;L 1845.INuhg;ghtpy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; ghl;lhsptu;f;f mikg;ghfpa fk;A+dp];l; yPfpd; Ntiyj;jpl;lkhd fk;A+dp];l; mwpf;if ,UtUk; Nru;e;J vOjp 1848 gpg;utup khjk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,d;wsTk; cyfg; ghl;lhsp tu;f;f ,af;fj;jpw;F xsptpsf;fha; top fhl;b epw;Fk; fk;A+dp];l; mwpf;if ntspte;j NghJ khu;f;rpd; taJ 30> Vq;fy;rpd; taJ 28. fk;A+dp];l;

Gul;lhjp> 2018 11

mwpf;if vOjg;gLtjw;F mbj;jskhf mike;j E}y; Vq;fy;]; vOjpa ‘fk;A+dprj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfs;’ MFk;. ,d;iwf;Fk; cyfpd; jiyrpwe;j murpay; nghUshjhu mwpTf;fsQ;rpakhfj; jpfOk; %yjdk; E}ypd; Kjy; njhFjp 1867y; ntspahdJ. fhu;;y; khu;f;rpd; 30 Mz;L fhy fbd ciog;gpd; gadha; ,e;j E}y; ntspahdJ. ,e;j E}ypd; ,uz;lhtJ %d;whtJ njhFjpfis khu;f;rpd; kiwTf;Fg; gpd;G Vq;fy;]; 11 Mz;Lfs; mUk;ghLgl;L njhFj;J vOjp ntspapl;lhu;. khu;f;]; jdJ filrp ehl;fspy; jdJ ,isa kfsplk; Vq;fy;]; Ntz;Lkhdhy; ,e;j Mtzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jhd;tpl;Lr; nrd;w gzpfisr; nra;J Kbf;fyhk; vd;W $wpdhuhk;. Nkhrkhd ifnaOj;J kl;Lky;y> mtNu fz;Lgpbj;j RUf;nfOj;J

kw;Wk; FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp vOjg;gl;l Fwpg;Gfisg; Kiwg;gLj;jp ,uz;L njhFjpfshf Vq;fy;]; ntspapl;lhu;. %yjdk; E}ypd; ,e;j ,U njhFjpfSk; khu;f;];> Vq;fy;]; Mfpa ,U kdpju;fspd; gilg;ghFk; vd;fpwhu; nydpd;. %yjdj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; njhFjp 1885Yk; (khu;f;]; 1883y; kiwe;jhu;) %d;whk; njhFjp 1894Yk; (Vq;fy;]; 1895y; kiwe;jhu;) Vq;fy;rhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. “,uz;lhtJ %d;whtJ njhFjpfis ntspapl;ljpd; %yk; Vq;fy;]; jdJ ez;guhfpa Nkijf;F khz;Gkpf;f epidTr; rpd;dk; epWtpdhu;. me;j epidTr; rpd;dj;jpy; jk;ik mwpahkNyNa jkJ ngaiuAk; mopahj tifapy; nghwpj;J tpl;lhu; ” vd;fpwhu; M];jpupa r%f [dehafthjp Ml;nyu;.

jsgjp

uhZtk; Fwpj;Jk; mtUf;F rpwg;ghd Gyik ,Ue;jJ. 1870,y; gpuhd;Rf;Fk; n[u;kdpf;Fk; ,ilNa ele;j Nghu; Fwpj;J mtu; vOjpa fbjq;fs; gpugykhdit kl;Lky;yhky;> Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;F vjpuhd gpujk jsgjpahd khu;f;rpd; kiwtpw;F gpd;du; mtu; Nrhryp];l; gilapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;J NghuhbajhYk;> khu;f;rpd; Gjy;tpfshYk; ez;gu;fshYk; “jsgjp” vd;W miof;fg;gl;L te;jhu;. “mtu; tho;e;j fhyj;jpd; kpfTk; jiyrpwe;j kdpju; vd;W fUJfpNwd;. fiyf;fsQ;rpak; Nghd;w gbg;ghw;wiyAk; vy;yh tpQ;Qhd JiwfspYk; ngupasT etPd Qhdj;ijAk; mtu; ngw;wpUe;jhu;” vd;fpwhu; Vq;fy;rpd; cw;w ez;gu;fspy; xUtuhfpa Vu;d];l; ghf;];.

ed;wp: jPf;fjpu;ed;wp: jPf;fjpu;ed;wp: jPf;fjpu;ed;wp: jPf;fjpu;

Neghs fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpfs; Kiwg;gb ,ize;jd!Neghs fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpfs; Kiwg;gb ,ize;jd!Neghs fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpfs; Kiwg;gb ,ize;jd!Neghs fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpfs; Kiwg;gb ,ize;jd! njnjnjnjd;dhrpa ehlhd Neghsj;jpd; ,uz;L gpujhd fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpfshd jw;Nghija Neghs gpujku; Nf.gp. ru;kh xyp jiyikapyhd If;fpa khu;f;rp];l; - nydpdp];l; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpAk;> gpure;jh jiyikapyhd Neghs khXthj fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpAk; ,ize;J> Neghs fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp vd;w ngaupy; xNu fl;rpahf mz;ikapy; jk;ik mq;Fuhu;g;gzk; nra;J nfhz;ld. fl;rpfspd; ,izg;G Kbtile;j gpd;du; ntspapl;l mwpf;ifapy; khu;f;rprk; - nydpdprk; jhd; jkJ topfhl;Lk; jj;Jtk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Gjpa xd;wpize;j fl;rpf;F 9 Ngu; nfhz;l nraw;FO xd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;NghJ xd;wpize;j fl;rpapd; ,izj; jiytu;fshf Nf.gp.ru;kh xypAk;> gpure;jhTk; rk msthd mjpfhuj;Jld; ,Ug;ghu;fs;. mLj;j ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;Fs; fl;rpapd; Njrpa khehL $b Gjpa jiytu; njupT nra;ag;gLthu;.

Neghsj;jpy; 2008 ,y; gy E}w;whz;L fhy goik tha;e;j kd;duhl;rp xopf;fg;gl;lJ.

kd;duhl;rpia xopg;gjw;fhfTk;> Neghsj;jpy; xU Gjpa [dehaf muir epWTtjw;fhfTk;> gpure;jh jiyikapyhd khXthj fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp gy Mz;Lfshf MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jp> ehl;bd; gy gFjpfisj; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; itj;jpUe;jJ. gpd;du; I.eh. jiyikapyhd rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapd; gpd;du;> khXthj fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp MAjg; Nghuhl;lj;ijf; iftpl;L ehlhSkd;wg; ghijf;Fj; jpUk;gpaJ.

mjd; gpd;du; ele;j Nju;jypy; khXthj fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp mjpf Mrdq;fisg; ngw;W mf;fl;rpapd; jiytu; gpure;jh rpwpJ fhyk; gpujkuhfg; gjtp tfpj;jhu;. Mdhy; Nghjpa ngUk;ghd;ik ,y;yhjjhy; jpUk;gTk; Nju;jYf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. fl;rpfSf;fpilapy; If;fpak; ,y;yhjjhy;> 2008 ,y; kd;duhl;rp xopf;fg;gl;l gpd;duud 10 Mz;Lfspy; 10 murhq;fq;fs; khwpkhwp Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;Js;sd.

,Wjpahf ele;j Nju;jypy; If;fpa khu;f;rp];l; - nydpdp];l; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpAk;> khXthj fk;A+dp];l;

fl;rpAk; njhFjp cld;ghL nra;Jnfhz;L Nghl;bapl;ld. mjd; fhuzkhf> 275 cWg;gpdu;fs; nfhz;l Neghs ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ,uz;L fl;rpfSk; ,ize;J 174 Mrdq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ld. ghuk;gupakhf ,e;jpahTf;F rhu;ghfr; nray;gl;L te;j Neghs fhq;fpu]; fl;rp Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; %yk; Neghsj;jpy; Kjy; jlitahf ngUk;ghd;ik gyj;Jld; Kw;Nghf;fhd munrhd;W Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

Gjpa murpd; Nehf;fk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;l gpure;jh> “r%f ePjpAld; $ba nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;JtNj jkJ Nehf;fk;” vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

Neghs fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpfspd; ,e;j If;fpa eltbf;if gy ehLfspd; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpfSf;F xU Kd;Djhuzkhf ,Ug;gJld;> Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l; ,af;fj;jpd tsu;r;rpf;F xU ce;J rf;jpahfTk; ,Uf;Fk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

----N[hjpN[hjpN[hjpN[hjp

12 Gul;lhjp> 2018

NNNNjhou; vd;.Nf.uFehjd; epidthf:jhou; vd;.Nf.uFehjd; epidthf:jhou; vd;.Nf.uFehjd; epidthf:jhou; vd;.Nf.uFehjd; epidthf:

tuyhw;iwj; jpupg;gJ tof;fhfpg;NghdJ!tuyhw;iwj; jpupg;gJ tof;fhfpg;NghdJ!tuyhw;iwj; jpupg;gJ tof;fhfpg;NghdJ!tuyhw;iwj; jpupg;gJ tof;fhfpg;NghdJ! rprprprpy thuq;fSf;F Kd;du; fhykhd Njhou; vd;.Nf.uFehjd; ,yq;ifapy; fk;A+dp];l; ,af;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbfspy; xUtUk;> rpwe;j fy;tpr; rpe;jidahsUkhd Njhou; K.fhu;j;jpNfrd; mtu;fs; gw;wp vOjpa epidTf; fl;Liu ,e;j ,jopy; gpuRukhfpAs;sJ. mNjNeuj;jpy; Njhou; uFehjd; gw;wpAk; ,e;j ,jopNyNa vOj Ntz;ba Njit cUthfptpl;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk;> vy;yhNk tpahghukhfptpl;l #oypy; Njhou; uFehjd; mtu;fs; ,we;jJk; mtu; gw;wp mtuJ ehkj;ijg; GfOtjhfr; nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L fl;ltpo;j;Jtpl;l Nkhrbj;jdkhd epidT$uy;fSk;> thu;j;ijfSk;jhd;.

Njhou; uFehjd; jd;tho;ehs; KOtJk; khu;f;rpa topepd;W nraw;gl;l xU nghJTlikthjp vd;gJ vy;NyhUk; ed;fwpe;j Xu; cz;ik. mtu; njhopy;uPjpahf Xu; MrpupauhfTk;> fiy ,yf;fpa uPjpahf Xu; Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsuhfTk;> murpay; uPjpahf Xu; fk;A+dp];l;lhfTk;> jd; tho;f;ifia newpg;gLj;jp tho;e;Jtpl;Lr; nrd;wtu;. mtu; xUNghJk; ,j;jifa jd; tho;f;ifg; ghijapypUe;J jlk; Guz;ltu; my;yu;.

Kw;Nghf;Fg; Ngrpa rpyu; jkpo; Njrpag; Nghuhl;lk; MAjg; Nghuhl;lkhf cUf;nfhz;l gpd;du; mjd; miyAld; mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;l rk;gtq;fSk; ele;jJz;L. ,d;Dk; rpyu; gpuj;jpNafkhd mur gjtpfs; ngw;Wr; Rfpj;jpUe;j tuyhWk; cz;L. ,d;Dk; rpyu; FLk;gr; Rik te;jJk; murpaypypUe;Jk;> nghJ tho;f;ifapypUe;Jk; xJq;fpf; nfhz;l rk;gtq;fSk; epfo;e;jJz;L. Mdhy; Njhou; uFehjd; mg;gb mb rWf;fpa xUtu; my;y.

Njhou; uFehjd; kpfTk; FiwthfNt vOjpdhu;. mtuJ Kjy; rpWfijj; njhFjpahd “epytpNy NgRNthk;” vd;w E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;w me;jj; jiyg;gpyhd rpWfijNa gyuJk; ftdj;ij <u;j;J mtUf;F xU mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jJ. ,uz;lhtJ rpWfijj; njhFjp “jrkq;fyk;” vd;w ngaupy; ntspahfp ,yq;if murpd; rhfpj;jpa kz;lyg; gupirAk; ngw;wJ. ,it jtpu “xU

gdQ;Nrhiyf; fpuhkj;jpd; vOr;rp” vd;w Rarupij rhu;e;j ehty; xd;iwAk; mtu; vOjp ntspapl;Ls;shu;. mtu; Fwpg;gpLk; me;jf; fpuhkk; mtu; gpwe;J tsu;e;j gUj;jpj;Jiwf;F mz;ikapy; cs;s tuhj;Jg;gis vd;w fpuhkkhFk;.

Rg;guhad;

,itnay;yhtw;iwAk; tpl mtiu kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Neubahf ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ mtu; vOjp> ney;ypab “mk;gyj;jhbfs;” muq;ff; FOtpduhy; NkilNaw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l “fe;jd; fUiz” vd;w ,ir tbt ehlfkhFk;. ,e;j ehlfk; tl gFjpapy; 1960fspy; Gul;rpfu fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpahy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Myag; gpuNtr – NjePu;f;filg; gpuNtrg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ eilngw;w gpugykhd khtpl;lGuk; fe;jrhkp Nfhtpy; Myag; gpuNtrg; Nghuhl;lj;ij ikakhf itj;J vOjg;gl;ljhFk;. ,J me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; Vuhskhd jlitfs; NkilNaw;wk; nra;ag;gl;L> jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; rhjpaj;Jf;Fk; jPz;lhikf;Fk; vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F ngUk; cj;Ntfj;ij mspj;jJ. ,yq;ifapy; NtW ve;jnthU ,yf;fpg; gilg;Gk; “fe;jd; fUiz” msTf;F xU kf;fs; Nghuhl;lj;Jld; njhlu;G gl;bUf;ftpy;iy vdj; Jzpe;J $wyhk;.

Njhou; uFehjd; kl;Lkpd;wp> tl gFjpapy; xLf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fisr; Nru;e;j Vuhskhd vOj;jhsu;fs; - Nf.lhdpay;> nlhkpdpf; [Pth> Nah.ngdbf;w;ghyd;> v];.mf];jpau;> nr.Nahfehjd;> njzpahd;>

Nf.Mu;.Nltpl;> gRgjp vdg; gyu; Kw;Nghf;F ,yf;fpa ,af;fj;jpd; ngUk; J}z;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdu;.

,tu;fs; midtUNk Kw;Nghf;F ,yf;fpaj;ij tupj;Jf; nfhz;lJ vNjr;irahf epfo;e;jNjh my;yJ ntspapy; ,Ue;J jpzpf;fg;gl;lNjh my;y. khwhf ,tu;fs; jkJ r%f tpLjiyf;fhd khu;f;fj;ijj; Njbaiye;j NghJ> gy;NtW topfisg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;j;J> ,Wjpahf khu;f;rpaNk jkJ top vd;Wk;> mijg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpNa jkJ nray; fsk; vd;Wk; fz;L mjDld; ,ize;J nraw;gl;lJld;> mJ fhl;ba nry;newpapy; jkJ ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; gilj;jtu;fs;.

,tu;fs; xLf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fisr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; vd;w fhuzj;jhy; ,ay;ghfNt ,tu;fsJ ,yf;fpaq;fspy; tu;f;f xLf;FKiwf;nfjpuhd czu;Tld;> rhjpa xLf;FKiwf;nfjpuhd czu;Tk; CLUtp epd;wJld;> mij ntWk; rhjpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; mZfhky; tu;f;ff; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; vOjpatu;fs;. fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpAld; ,ize;J epd;wjd; fhuzkhfNt ,j;jifa vOj;jhsu;fs; jkJ r%fk; fle;J> ,dk; fle;J> Njrpa uPjpahfTk;> ru;tNjr uPjpahfTk; me;j];Jg; ngw;wtu;fs;. ,j;jifa vOj;jhsu;fspy; XupUtiuj; jtpu Vida midtUk; jkJ ,Wjp %r;Rtiu fk;A+dp];l; ,af;fj;JlNdNa ,Ue;jtu;fs;. Mdhy; ,j;jifa vOj;jhsu;fs; kuzpj;j gpd;du; mtu;fisj; jukpwf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; ele;J tUfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> Njhou; Nf.lhdpay; kuzpj;j gpd;du; mtiug; gw;wpf; fijg;gtu;fs; midtUk; mtiu “jypj; ,yf;fpa Kd;Ndhb” vd tpspj;J vOjp tUfpd;wdu;. xUtuhtJ kwe;Jk; mtiu xU “fk;A+dp];l;” vd;W tpspg;gjpy;iy. mjd; %yk; mtuJ cz;ikahd gpk;gj;ij kiwg;gJld;> mtu; kPJ kiwKfkhf rhjp uPjpahd Kj;jpiuAk; Fj;Jfpd;wdu;.

lhdpaYf;F ele;j mNj ifq;fupak; ,g;nghOJ Njou; uFehjd; kuzpj;j gpd;du; mtUf;Fk; elf;fpwJ. mtiug;

Gul;lhjp> 2018 13

gw;wp vOjpa rpy Clfq;fs; mtiu “r%f tpLjiyg; Nghuhsp”> vd;Wk;> “jypj; ,yf;fpa Kd;Ndhb” vd;Wk; tpspj;njOJfpd;wd.. ,q;Fk; lhdpaYf;F ele;j mNj Kj;jpiu Fj;jy; eilngWfpd;wJ. Njhou; uFehjdpd; MjhuRUjpahd “fk;A+dp];l ;” vd;w milahsk; jpl;lkpl;L ,Ul;lbg;Gr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. rpy Ntisfspy; ,e;j Kj;jpiu Fj;jy; Njhou; nlhkpdpf; [PthTf;Fk; gpd;du; elf;fyhk;.

,q;F ftdpf;f Ntz;ba tplak; vd;dntdpy;> Vida gy Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsu;fSk; jkJ gilg;Gfspy; njhopyhsu;fs; - tptrhapfs; gpur;rpidAld;> tu;f;f uPjpahfTk; rhjp uPjpahfTk; xLf;fg;gl;l jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; gpur;rpid gw;wpAk; vOjp ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy; mtu;fSf;F ve;jtpj rhjPa milahs Kj;jpiuAk; Fj;jhj ,e;j ‘,yf;fpa tpku;rf [k;gthd;fs;’> xLf;fg;gl;l

r%fj;jpypUe;J te;J Kw;Nghf;F ,yf;fpak; gilj;jtu;fSf;F kl;Lk; rhjPa Kj;jpiu Fj;Jtjd; Nehf;fk; vd;d? Jy;ypakhf Muha;e;J ghu;j;jhy; ,JTk; xU rhjPa kNdhghtj;jpd; ntspg;ghLjhd;.

Kw;Nghf;F ,yf;fpak; jkpo; kz;zpy; Kfpo;j;njOe;j fhyj;jpy; goikthjpfSk;> rdhjdpau;fSk;> Kw;Nghf;F ,yf;fpaj;ij “,oprdu; ,yf;fpak;”> “nfhr;irj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;” (gz;bjj; jkpio tpLj;J Ngr;Rtof;fpy; vOjg;gl;ljhy;) vd;W tirghbaJld;> NfypAk; nra;jdu;. Mdhy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; me;j tir ghly;fSk;> mijg; ghbatu;fSk; fhynts;sj;jhy; mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;Ltpl;ldu;.

,g;nghOJ Gjpa rdhjdpau;fs; Njhou;fs; lhdpay;> uFehjd; Nghd;wtu;fspd; KO khdpl Neaj;ijAk; mshtpa Kw;Nghf;F vOj;Jf;fis ntWkNd “jypj;

,yf;fpak;” vd tiuaWg;gJ mtu;fSf;Fr; nra;Ak; mtkupahij kl;Lkpd;wp> KO Kw;Nghf;F ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; ,opT nra;tJkhFk;. ,e;j tiuaWg;G ntspg;ghu;itf;F mtu;fis ngUikg;gLj;JtJ Nghyj; Njhd;wpdhYk;> cz;ikapy; mtu;fis ,opTgLj;JtjhFk;.

,e;j ,opthd nraypy; <LgLgtu;fspy; me;juq;fkhd gpw;Nghf;F Nehf;fk; nfhz;ltu;fs;> tptuk; mwpahtu;fs; MfpNahu; kl;Lkpd;wp> rpy ‘Kw;Nghf;F’ Kyhk; G+rpatu;fSk; ,Ug;gJjhd; fz;ldj;Jf;FupajhFk;.

Njhou;fs; lhdpay;> uFehjd; Nghd;wtu;fs; ntWk; “jypj; vOj;jhsu;fs;” my;y> mtu;fs; ngUikf;Fk; GfOf;Fk; cupa “Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsu;fs;” vd ehk; Kuriwe;J> cWjpAld;> cuj;Jr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.

Fy;jPg; ea;ahu; fhykhdhu;!Fy;jPg; ea;ahu; fhykhdhu;!Fy;jPg; ea;ahu; fhykhdhu;!Fy;jPg; ea;ahu; fhykhdhu;! jjjjiyrpwe;j gj;jpupifahsUk; kdpjcupikg; NghuhspAk; khepyq;fsit apd; Kd;dhs; cWg;gpdUkhd Fy;jPg; ea;ahu; jdJ 95tJ tajpy; fhykhdhu;. Fy;jPg; ea;ahu; 1923Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; 14 Mk; Njjpad;W md;iwa gpupl;b\; gQ;rhgpy; rpahy;Nfhl; vd;w Cupy; Fu;gf;]; rpq; - G+uhd; Njtp jk;gjpapdUf;F kfdhf gpwe;jhu;. yh$upy; gp.V (`hdu;];) kw;Wk; vy;.vy;.gp rl;lg; gbg;ig Kbj;j mtu; gj;jpupifj;Jiwapy; nfhz;l Mu;tk; fhuzkhf Kjd; Kjyhf xU cUJ gj;jpupifapy; nra;jpahsuhf jdJ gj;jpupifahsu; tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fpdhu;. cUJ gj;jpupifapd; nra;jpahsuhf ,Ue;j Fy;jPg;> ‘jp ];Nll;];Nkd;’ gj;jpupifapd; jiyefupd; jpy;yp gjpg;gpy; Mrpupauhf gzp Gupe;j ngUik nfhz;ltu;.

,jidj;njhlu;e;J 80 nra;jp ehspjo;fspy; rpwg;G gj;jp vOj;jhsuhfTk; fl;LiuahsuhfTk; 14 nkhopfspy; vOjpAs;shu;. ,tw;wpy; nlf;fhd; n`uhy;l;> jp rd;Nl fhu;bad;> jp epA+];> jp ];Nll;];Nkd;> jp vf;];gpu]; bupgpA+d;> gpugh rf;jp Nghd;wit Kf;fpakhd gj;jpupiffshFk;.

ehl;by; vq;F kdpj cupik kPwy;fs; ele;jhYk;> gj;jpupifahsu;fspd; Rje;jpuk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhYk; mij vjpu;j;J fLikahd fz;ldq;fis gjpT nra;thu;. ehl;bd; ,Uz;lfhykhd mtru epiy mwptpf;fg;gl;lNghJ mij fLikahf vjpu;j;jjhy; (1975-77) ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

,e;jpah - ghfp];jhd; gpur;ridfis Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs; %ykhf jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W njhlu;e;J typAWj;jp te;jhu;. mikjp kz;lykhf njw;fhrpah jpfo Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; jdJ vOj;Jfs; %ykhf njuptpj;J te;jhu;. 1990,y;

fpNul; gpupl;lDf;F i`fkp\duhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1996,y; I.ehtpw;F ,e;jpa J}Jf;FOtpy; nrd;whu;. 1997,y; khepyq; fsitapd; cWg;gpduhfTk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. gj;jpupifr; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf ghLgl;ljhy; 2003,y; ‘M];ju; mthu;L’ (gj;jpupif Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd tpUJ) toq;fg;gl;lJ. tho;ehs; rhjidahsu; guprhf ‘rh`pj; epNahfp’ epidTg; gupR toq;fg;gl;lJ.

5555k; gf;fj;njhlu;r;rpk; gf;fj;njhlu;r;rpk; gf;fj;njhlu;r;rpk; gf;fj;njhlu;r;rp…....

,uz;liu ,yl;rk; Ik;gjpdhapuk; &ghTf;F ,e;j Rj;jpfupg;G Ntiy xU epWtdj;jplk; toq;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. ,g;Nghija xg;ge;jg; gpufhuk; mJ khjhe;jk; %d;wiu ,yl;rkhf caue;Js;sJ. ,jw;Fk; vjpu;g;G te;jhYk; ahidg; ghriw mk;ikahu; vLj;j fhupaj;ij Kbf;fhky; ,Uf;fkhl;lhu; vd ek;gyhk;.

Kjyhspj;Jt murpay;thjpfs; gjtpf;F te;jTld; nra;Ak; Kjy; Ntiy kf;fspd; tupg;gzj;jpy; nfhOj;j rk;gsq;fisg; ngWtJ kl;Lkpd;wp Mlk;guq;fisAk; Njbf;nfhs;tJjhd;. mj;Jld; jq;fSf;F Ntz;batu;fSf;F jhk; nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; epWtdj;jpd; xg;ge;j Ntiyfis toq;fp mjd; %yKk; gzk; rk;ghjpj;Jf; nfhs;thu;fs;.

,J mtu;fs; vy;NyhupdJk; vOjg;glhj eilKiw tpjp.

14 Gul;lhjp> 2018

Kd;gf;fj; njhlHr;rpKd;gf;fj; njhlHr;rpKd;gf;fj; njhlHr;rpKd;gf;fj; njhlHr;rp…

Ml;rpf;F te;jTlNdNa 1977,y; jkpo; kf;fSf;F vjpuhd ghupa td;nraiyf; fl;ltpo;j;Jtpl;lhu;. ,ju gFjp kf;fs; kPJk; fLikahd mlf;FKiw Vtg;gl;lJld;> 1978,y; ru;thjpfhuj;jdkhd murpay; mikg;Gk; eilKiwf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

N[.Mupd; muR 1981,y; kiyafj; jkpo; kf;fs; thOk; gFjpfspYk; mtu;fSf;nfjpuhd ,dtd;nraiyf; fl;ltpo;j;Jtpl;lJ.

gpd;du; mJtiu fhyKk; epfo;e;j td;nray;fSf;nfy;yhk; rpfuk; itj;jJ Nghy 1983 A+iyapy; jkpo; kf;fs; kPJ tuyhW fhzhj ,dtd;nraiy mtuJ muR fl;ltpo;j;Jtpl;L> gy E}W capu;fisf; fhT nfhz;lJ.

mj;Jld; epd;WtplhJ N[.Mu;.muR jdJ Vfhjpgj;jpa v[khdu;fspd; MNyhridg;gb jkpo; kf;fs; kPJ Neub ,uhZt xLf;FKiwiaf;

fl;ltpo;j;Jtpl;lJ. ,Nj ru;tNjr – gpuhe;jpa ty;yhjpf;f rf;jpfs; kWGwj;jpy; jkpo; gpw;Nghf;F rf;jpfspd; gpd;dhy; ,Ue;J ehl;ilg; gpupf;Fk; Nghuhl;lj;ijAk; J}z;btpl;ld. mjd; %yk; 30 tUlq;fshf cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu; xd;iw cUthf;fp ehl;il vy;yh topfspYk; mopj;J ehrk; nra;jd.

,e;j Aj;j fhyj;jpy; vg;gbj; jkpo; ,isQu;fs; jdpehl;Lf;fhd Nghuhl;lk; vd;w Nghu;itapy; Aj;jfsq;fspy; Mapuf;fzf;fpy; mopf;fg;gl;lhu;fNsh> mNjNghy; 1988 – 89 fhyfl;lj;jpy; N[.tp.gp. vd;w vjpu;g;Gul;rpfu ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; jtwhd MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; xd;W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L gy;yhapuf;fzffhd rpq;fs ,isQu;fSk; mopf;fg;gl;ldu;. Mf> Vffhyj;jpy; jdpehl;Lg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;W nrhy;ypAk;> Gul;rp vd;W nrhy;ypAk; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk; njhifahd ,isQu; rf;jp jpl;lkpl;L mopf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;j ty;yhjpf;f rf;jpfs; ehl;ilg; gpupg;gjw;fhd Aj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;l gpuptpidthj rf;jpfSf;F murpay; uPjpahfTk;> nghUshjhu uPjpahfTk;> MAj uPjpahfTk; cjtp nra;j

mNjNeuj;jpy;> kWGwj;jpy; mur ,uhZtj;Jf;F rfy topfspYk; cjtp gpuptpidthjpfis mopf;fTk; cjtpdu;. ,J ,U vjpnujpuhd rf;jpfis xNu Neuj;jpy; gad;gLj;jp xU ehl;ilr; rPuopf;Fk; Gjpatif Vfhjpgj;jpaj; je;jpNuhghakhFk;.

gpuptpidthjpfis xopj;Jf;fl;b> ehl;bd; Njrpa Rje;jpuk;> Rahjpgj;jpak;> gpuNjr xUikg;ghL vd;gdtw;iw kPz;Lk; ghJfhj;J> ehl;il GjpanjhU nghUshjhu RgPl;rj;ij Nehf;fp ,l;Lr; nry;ifapy;> jhNk gpuptpidthjpfSf;F vjpuhd Nghupy; muir Mjupj;J rfy cjtpfSk; toq;fptpl;L> gpd;du; muR kPJ Nghu;f;Fw;wr;rhl;L> kdpj cupik kPwy; Fw;wr;rhl;L vd;gdtw;iwr; Rkj;jp> ,Wjpapy; mij itj;Nj ,yq;ifapy; jkf;Fr; rhu;ghd Ml;rp khw;wk; xd;iwAk; ,e;j ty;yhjpf;f rf;jpfs; nra;J Kbj;Js;sdu;.

me;j Ml;rp khw;wj;jpd; %yk; ,yq;ifapd; tsq;fisf; nfhs;isapLtJ xUGwkpUf;f> ,yq;ifiaj; jkJ cyfshtpa ,uhZt %Nyhghaj; jpl;lj;Jld; ,izg;gjw;Fk; jpl;lkpl;L Ntiy nra;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy; mtu;fsJ jpl;lq;fis kf;fs; ,dk;fz;L> mtw;iw mKy;gLj;Jk; fUtpahfr; nray;gLk; jw;Nghija uzpy; - ikj;jpup muir kf;fs; vjpu;f;f Muk;gpj;jJk;> ,yq;ifapy; gytpjkhd #o;r;rpfukhd jpl;lq;fisr; nraw;gLj;j Muk;gpj;Js;sdu;.

murpay; uPjpahf mjw;fhfg; gy eltbf;iffis mtu;fs; vLj;J tUfpd;wdu;.

gpuptpidthj> gaq;futhj> ghrpr gpuptpidthj rf;jpfisj; Njhw;fbj;j murpay; jiyikiaAk;> fsj;jpy; Nghuhba tPuu;fisAk; gopthq;Fk; vz;zj;Jld; mtu;fs; kPJ ngha;ahd tof;Ffisj; njhLj;J mtu;fisj; njhy;iyf;F cs;shf;Ffpd;wdu;.

ehl;by; ,dq;fSf;fpilapy; ey;ypzf;fk; cUthf Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;Nl> rpy ntspehl;L rf;jpfs; rpq;fs – jkpo; - K];ypk; jPtputhj rf;jpfSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,Ue;J Mjutspj;J ehl;by; kPz;Lk; ,dNkhjiy cUthf;f Kay;fpd;wd.

mJkhj;jpukpd;wp> njd;dpyq;ifapYk;> tlf;fpYk; gytpjkhd ghjhs cyff;

FOf;fs;> muh[ff; FOf;fs; vd;gdtw;iw cUthf;fp> Aj;jj;ij KbTfl;bajhy; fpilj;j mikjpahd tho;f;ifia kf;fs; thotplhky; mr;rj;jpy; jtpf;f itj;Js;sdu;.

nghJthf ,sk; re;jjpapdu;jhd; r%f ePjpf;fhd Nghuhl;lq;fspy; Kd;epw;gu;. mg;gbahdtu;fisj; jpirjpUg;Gtjw;fhf ,isQu;fs;> khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; jpl;lkpl;l Kiwapy; Nghijg; nghUs; ghtid ehL gue;j uPjpapy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,t;thW ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;iw vLj;J Nehf;fpdhy; Vfhjpgj;jpa rf;jpfSk;> mtu;fSila cs;ehl;L mbtUbfSk; ,ize;J ehL Rje;jpuk; ngw;w ehspypUe;J ,yq;ifiaj; jkJ Ntl;ilf;fskhf khw;Wtjw;F njhlu;r;rpahd eltbf;iffs; vLj;J tUtij mtjhdpf;f KbAk;.

,e;jg; gpw;Nghf;F rf;jpfspd; rfytpjkhd eltbf;iffisAk; kf;fspd; MjuTld; Kwpabj;Jj;jhd;> 1956> 1970> 1994> 2000> 2005> 2010 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj> Njrgf;j rf;jpfs; Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpAs;sd. mjd; %yk; ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa Rje;jpuk;> nghUshjhuk;> fyhr;rhuk; vd;gdtw;iwAk;> rhjhuz kf;fspd; tho;TupikfisAk; XusthtJ ghJfhf;f Kbe;jJ.

Mdhy; 2015 [dtup 8,y; murpay; #o;r;rpfspd; %yk; Vfhjpgj;jpa rhu;G munrhd;iwg; gjtpapy; ,Uj;jpajpd; %yk;> mJtiufhyKk; Kw;Nghf;F muRfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ehl;Lf;Fr; rhu;ghd> kf;fSf;Fr; rhu;ghd Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; mj;jidiaAk; jiyfPohf khw;wpaikf;f Kaw;rpfs; eilngWfpd;wd.

vdNt Kw;Nghf;F – Njrgf;j rf;jpfspdJk;> ehl;il Nerpf;fpd;w kf;fspdJk; ,g;Nghija flik> ,dp tug;Nghfpd;w khfhzrig> ehlhSkd;w> [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jy;fspy; mitUk; Xuzpahf cWjpAld; epd;W jw;NghJ Ml;rpapy; ,Uf;Fk; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jhYk;. jkpo; Njrpaf; $l;likg;G> N[.tp.gp. Nghd;w ,dthj rf;jpfshYk; Mjupf;fg;gLfpd;w uzpy; - ikj;jpup muirj; Njhw;fbg;gJjhd;.

,dk;> nkhop> kjk;> gpuNjrk;> murpay; NtWghL fle;J ,e;jj; Njrpaf; flik epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Gul;lhjp> 2018 15

khfhz rigfs; vy;iy epu;za mwpf;if epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ!khfhz rigfs; vy;iy epu;za mwpf;if epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ!khfhz rigfs; vy;iy epu;za mwpf;if epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ!khfhz rigfs; vy;iy epu;za mwpf;if epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ! ,yq;if ehlhSkd;wpy; mDkjp ngWtjw;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l khfhzrigfs; vy;iy epu;za Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if ngUk;ghd;ik thf;ffshy; epuhfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Vw;nfdNt fhyk; Kbtile;j kw;Wk; ,t;tUlj;Jf;Fs; fhyk; Kbtila ,Uf;Fk; khfhzrigfSf;fhd Nju;jiyj; Njhy;tpg; gak; fhuzkhf cupa fhyj;jpy; elj;jhJ ‘ey;yhl;rp’ murhq;fk; ,Oj;jbj;J tUk; #o;epiyapy;> ,e;j mwpf;if NkYk; jhkjj;ij cz;L gz;Zk; vd;w tifapYk;> rpWghd;ik ,dq;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij Fiwf;Fk; vd;w tifapYk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld; ,e;j mwpf;ifapd; gpufhuk; khfhz rigfs; Nju;jy; ele;jhy; mJ kf;fis cz;ikapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jhJ vd $l;L vjpu;f;fl;rp Kd;dNu njuptpj;jpUe;jJ.

225 Ngu; nfhz;l ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ,e;j mwpf;ifia epiwNtw;w %d;wpypuz;L ngUk;ghd;ik Njitnad;w epiyapy;> 139 cWg;gpdu;fs; mwpf;ifia vjpu;j;J thf;fspj;Js;sdu;. Muk;gj;jpy; $l;L vjpuzp kl;Lk; mwpf;ifia vjpu;j;J thf;fpspf;Fk; vd;w epiy ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; Ntbf;if vd;dntdpy;> murhq;fj;ij elj;jptUk; ,uz;L gpujhd fl;rpfshd If;fpa Njrpa Kd;dzpAk;> rpwPyq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpAk; $l mwpf;ifia vjpu;j;J thf;fspj;jd. ,d;ndhU Ntbf;if vd;dntdpy;> mwpf;ifia ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;j khfhzrigfs; kw;Wk; cs;#uhl;rp mikr;ru; igru; K];jghTk; mwpf;ifia vjpu;j;J thf;fspj;jJjhd;! mj;Jld; murhq;fj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpf;fhj NghJk;> mjd; gq;fhsp Nghyr; nraw;gLk; jkpo; Njrpaf;

$l;likg;Gk; mwpf;ifia vjpu;j;J thf;fspj;jJ.

Mdhy;> murhq;fj;jpd; ,d;ndhU me;juq;f gq;fhspf; fl;rpahd N[.tp.gp. mwpf;ifia Mjupj;J ciuahw;wpa NghJk;> thf;nfLg;gpy; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy. mtu;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp> mwpf;ifia Mjupj;j vtUk; $l thf;fspg;gpy; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy. ,e;j mwpf;ifia Mjupj;jjpd; %yk; N[.tp.gpapd; kf;fs; tpNuhj> rpWghd;ik ,dq;fs; tpNuhj epiyg;ghL kPz;Lk; xUKiw mk;gykhfpAs;sJ.

,e;j mwpf;if kPJ ciuahw;wpa mikr;rUk;> rpwPyq;fh K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; jiytUkhd uT+g; `f;fPk;> ,e;j mwpf;if rk;ge;jkhf jhq;fs; Kd;itj;Js;s jpUj;jq;fs; Vw;fg;glhtpbd;> murhq;fj;jpypUe;J ntspNawTk; jhq;fs; jaq;fkhl;Nlhk; vd vr;rupf;if tpLj;Js;shu;.

N[.tp.gpapd; Nfhupf;if epahakhdJjhd;> Mdhy;N[.tp.gpapd; Nfhupf;if epahakhdJjhd;> Mdhy;N[.tp.gpapd; Nfhupf;if epahakhdJjhd;> Mdhy;N[.tp.gpapd; Nfhupf;if epahakhdJjhd;> Mdhy;… nuhwd;Nnuhwd;Nnuhwd;Nnuhwd;Nuhtpy; khu;f;]; uhtpy; khu;f;]; uhtpy; khu;f;]; uhtpy; khu;f;]; 200MtJ gpwe;j jpd 200MtJ gpwe;j jpd 200MtJ gpwe;j jpd 200MtJ gpwe;j jpd itgtk;itgtk;itgtk;itgtk;

khu;f;rpaj;jpd; je;ij fhu;y; khu;f;]; mtu;fspd; 200MtJ gpwe;j jpdj;ijnahl;b fdlhtpy; cs;s nuhwd;Nuh jkpo; rq;fk; Vw;ghL nra;j fUj;juq;F ];fhgNuh efupy; cs;s rq;f kz;lgj;jpy; ntF rpwg;ghf eilngw;wJ. fUj;juq;fpw;F ngUk; Gytu; Kfkj; `d;rPu; mtu;fs; jiyik tfpj;jhu;.

fUj;juq;fpy; fdba fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; xd;uhwpNah khfhzj; jiytu; Njhou; Nlt; kf;fp (Dave Mckee) gpujk Ngr;rhsuhff; fye;Jnfhz;L> “21Mk; E}w;whz;by; khu;f;fpaj;jpd; gpuNahfk;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; ciu epfo;j;jpdhu;.

mtiuj; njhlu;e;J Njhou;fs; f.jtghyd;> v];.ghyRg;gpukzpak; MfpNahu; KiwNa> “cyfg; nghUshjhu neUf;fb Fwpj;j fhu;y; khu;f;rpd; vjpu;T $wy;fs;”> “khu;f;rpaKk; fyhr;rhuKk;” vd;w jiyg;Gfspy; ciuahw;wpdu;.

rigNahu; fUj;Jf; $wypd; NghJ> ntw;wpNty;> kNf];tuuh[h> N[k;];> fe;jNts;> kzpak; MfpNahu; fUj;Jf;fs; njuptpj;jdu;.

epfo;tpd; Kbthf lhf;lu; yk;Nghjud; mtu;fs; ed;wp njuptpj;jhu;.

N[.tp.gp. jiytUk;> ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdUkhd mDuFkhu jprehaf;f mz;ikapy; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; NgRk;NghJ> fle;j Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nfhy;yg;gl;l jkJ fl;rpapd; ,U cWg;gpdu;fspd; nfhiy rk;ge;jkhf cupa tprhuiz elj;jp Fw;wthspfisj; jz;bf;f Ntz;Lk; vd typWj;jpf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. mj;Jld; fle;j Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l ,t;thwhd gy nfhiyfs; Fwpj;J tprhuiz vJTk; elj;jg;glhJ ,Oj;jbf;fg;gLtjhfTk; Fiw $wpdhu;.

N[.tp.gp. jiytupd; Nfhupf;if epahakhdJ vd;gjpy; re;Njfk; vJTkpy;iy. Mdhy;> jkJ cWg;gpdu;fSf;fhf ePjp NfhUk; mtuplk; NtW rpy Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;gl Ntz;b cs;sJ.

mjhtJ> ehl;by; ,lk;ngw;w 30 tUlg; Nghupd;NghJ> gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd mg;ghtpg; nghJkf;fis – Fwpg;ghf jkpo; - K];ypk; kf;fis> ,yq;if mur ,uhZtk; gLnfhiy nra;Js;sJ. mNjNghy gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd rpq;fs> K];ypk;> jkpo; kf;fis tpLjiyg;

Gypfs; nfhiy nra;Js;sdu;. mitgw;wp N[.tp.gp. Vd; NgRtjpy;iy?

mj;Jld;> N[.tp.gp. 1971,Yk;> 1988 – 89 fhyfl;lj;jpYk; elj;jpa MAjf; fpsu;r;rpfspd; NghJ mur ,uhZtk; N[.tp.gp. cWg;gpdu;fs; cl;gl gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd rpq;fs ,isQu;fisf; nfhiy nra;jJ. mJgw;wp Vd; N[.tp.gp. tha; jpwg;gjpy;iy?

mJkl;Lkpd;wp> 1988 – 89 fhyfl;lj;jpy; N[.tp.gp. jk;ik vjpu;j;j gy E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd nghJkf;fisf; nfhiy nra;Js;sJ. mJgw;wpAk; N[.tp.gp. tprhuiz elj;jf; NfhuyhNk?

‘ey;yhl;rp’ muRf;F Kz;L nfhLf;Fk; gzpiar; nra;JtUk; N[.tp.gpapdhy; fle;j Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; murpay; Nghl;bahsu;fspdhy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l jkJ ,U cWg;gpdu;fSf;F kl;Lk;jhd; epahak; NfhuKbAk; Nghy.

mur gilfshYk;> GypfshYk;> jk;khYk; epfo;j;jg;gl;l gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd nfhiyfs; ePjpahd nfhiyfs; vd N[.tp.gpapdu; fUJfpd;wdu; NghYk;!

16 Gul;lhjp> 2018

// ‘Vaanavil’ is a registered member of the National Ethnic Press and Media Council of Canada//

// thdtpythdtpythdtpythdtpy;;;; //

fpA+ghit njupe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;:fpA+ghit njupe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;:fpA+ghit njupe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;:fpA+ghit njupe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;: ,iwahz;ik cs;s kf;fs;!,iwahz;ik cs;s kf;fs;!,iwahz;ik cs;s kf;fs;!,iwahz;ik cs;s kf;fs;! fhfhfhfh];l;Nuh rNfhjuu;fspd; KO Kw;whd ru;thjpfhuj;jpd; fPo;> fpA+g fk;A+dp];l;Lf; fl;rpapd; nfhLq;Nfhd;ik Ml;rpapd; fPo;> fpA+g kf;fs; xLf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhd fw;gidapy; ,Ug;gtu;fSf;F rpy jfty;fs;:

Gul;rp ntw;wpaile;j rpy khjq;fspNyNa fh];l;Nuh Nju;jy; elj;Jtijg; gw;wp kf;fsplk; xg;Gjy; Nfl;lNghJ> “Ntz;lNt Ntz;lhk;” vd;W mtu;fs; jPu;khdkhfj; njuptpj;jhu;fs;. Ml;rp mjpfhuk; nfhz;l rpyupd; fPo; kf;fs; rpf;fpj; Jd;Gw;w tuyhWk;> grpAk; gl;bdpAk;> r%f Vw;wj;jho;TfSk;> fy;tp ,d;ikAk; mtu;fspd; epidittpl;L mfd;Wtpltpy;iy. ,e;jf; Nfs;tp Nfl;fg;gl;l Nghnjy;yhk; ,Nj gjpiyj;jhd; kf;fs; mspj;jhu;fs;. mjdhy; 1976Mk; Mz;L GjpaNjhu; murikg;Gr; rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;> Kjy; ehlhSkd;wj; Nju;jy; fpA+ghtpy; eilngw;wJ. fpA+gh 169 Kdprpghypl;bfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fpA+ghtpy; mjpfgl;r mjpfhuk; gilj;j murpay; mikg;G Kdprpghypl;bfNs.

(m) kf;fs; kd;wq;fs; if cau;j;jp gpujpepjpfisj; njupT nra;thu;fs;.

(M) gpujpepjpfs; $b ,ufrpa thf;nfLg;G %yk; Kdprpghypl;bf;F gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;T nra;thu;fs;. ,tu;fs; Kiwahfg; gzpahw;wtpy;iy vd;why; mtu;fis kWNju;T %yk; ntspNaw;wptpl KbAk;.

(,) gpupjpepjpfs; $b jiytu;> Jizj; jiytu; gjtpf;F ,Utiuj;

Mu;dhy;L Mf];l; (Arnold August)

Nju;T nra;thu;fs;. ,tu;fSf;F mur Copau;fSf;fhd rk;gsk; toq;fg;gLk;. gjtpf;F tuhj kw;w gpujpepjpfs; r%fg; gzp nra;thu;fs;.

(<) nkhj;j gpujpepjpfspy; 50 tPjk; Ngu; khfhz rigf;Fr; nry;thu;fs;. 50 tPjk; Ngu; Njrpa rigf;Fr; nry;thu;fs;.

(c) Njrpa rigapd; 50 tPjk; cWg;gpdu;fs; Neubahf 6 kf;fs; jpus; mikg;Gfshy; Kd;nkhopag;gLthu;fs;. mit:

1) fpA+g kj;jpa njhopyhsu; rq;fk;

2) fpA+g ngz;fs; $l;likg;G

3) rpW tptrhapfs; Njrpa rq;fk;

4) gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; EioAk; tajpYs;s khztu; $l;likg;G

5) gy;fiyf;fof khztu; $l;likg;G

6) Gul;rpg; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd kd;wq;fs; (Committees for the Defence of the Revolution)

nghUshjhuk;> cw;gj;jp> Nrit epWtdq;fs; Mfpatw;iw Kdprpghypl;bfNs epu;tfpf;fpd;wd.

kUj;Jtk;> kf;fSf;fhd gfpu;khdj; jpl;lq;fs;> fy;tp> gz;ghL> tpisahl;L> nghOJNghf;F Mfpait Kiwahf eilngWtij cWjp nra;Ak; nghWg;G Kdprpghypl;bfs; cilaJ.

fpA+ghtpy; Njrpa rigAk;> kf;fs; jpus; mikg;GfSk; rl;l Kd;nkhopTfisr; rku;g;gpf;fpd;wd. fpA+g ke;jpuprigAk;> khfhz rigAk; rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wfpd;wd. Gul;rpapd; jiytu;fs; ,d;W vz;gJ taijf; fle;Jk; gjtpfspy; ePbf;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy; mtu;fs; Mizapl;L epu;thf mikg;G ,aq;Ftjpy;iy.

Vohz;L fhyk; fpA+ghtpy; jq;fpAk;> 15 Mz;L fhyk; Ma;T nra;Jk; Cuba

and its Neighours: A Democracy in Motion (2013) vd;w E}iy vOjpa fNdba Ma;thsu; Mu;dhy;L Mf];l; (Arnold August),

“fpA+ghtpy; kf;fs; r%fj;jpy; [dehafk; Mokhf Nt&d;wpAs;sJ. tl mnkupf;fhtpy; ,uz;L fl;rpfs; ,Ue;jhYk; ,uz;LNk fhu;g;gNul; iff;$ypfshfr; nraw;gLtjhy; ,iwahz;ik kf;fsplkpy;iy. fpA+ghtpy; xU fl;rp Ml;rpNa vd;whYk; ,iwahz;ik kf;fsplNk cs;sJ” vd;W njspthf epWtpAs;shu;.

ed;wp: fhf;ifr; rpwfpdpNy

□ mnkupf;f If;fpa ehl;bYk; rup> cyfj;jpy; NtW vq;Fk; rup Kjyhspj;Jtk; gad;jutpy;iy vd;gij cyfNk mwpAk;; xU neUf;fbapypUe;J mLj;j neUf;fb vd;W xt;nthU KiwAk; mJ NkYk; NkYk; Nkhrkhd neUf;fbfspd; Clhfj;jhd; jLkhwpr; nrd;Wnfhz;L ,Uf;fpwJ. □ mtu;fs; Nrhryprj;jpd; Njhy;tp gw;wp NgRfpd;wdu;. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; ntw;wp vq;Nf cs;sJ? Mg;gpupf;fhtpy;> Mrpahtpy;> yj;jPd; mnkupf;fhtpy; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; ntw;wp vq;Nf cs;sJ? □ Kjyhspj;Jtk; Fkl;ly; Vw;gLj;Jtjhf> ehw;wk; vLg;gjhf> rPuw;wjhf> me;epag;gLj;Jtjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Vndd;why;> mJ Nghu;fis> ngha;ikahd Njhw;wq;fis> Nghl;bfis cUthf;Ftjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gijNa ehd; fhz;fpd;Nwd;. □ xU ehs; mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfspYk; Kjyhspj;Jtk; ,y;yhJ xopAk;. Vnddpy;> ve;jtpj r%f tu;f;fKk; epiyahdjy;y. xU ehs; tu;f;fg; gpuptpid nfhz;l r%fk; ,y;yhky; NghFk;. □ tl mnkupf;fu;fs; xd;iwg; Gupe;Jnfhs;stpy;iy. vq;fs; Njrk; fpA+gh kl;Lky;y. khDl Fyk; KOikANk vq;fs; Njrk;jhd;. kdpju;fs; tuyhw;iw cUthf;Ftjpy;iy. tuyhWjhd; jdJ jUzj;jpw;fhd kdpju;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. □ ehd; xU khu;f;rp];l;- nydpdp];l;;. vdJ tho;tpd; filrp ehs;tiu ehd; xU khu;rp];l;- nydpdp];l; Mfj;jhd; ,Ug;Ngd;. □ Gul;rp vd;gJ Ruz;Lgtu;fSf;F vjpuhd Ruz;lg;gLgtu;fspd; ru;thjpfhuk;.

---- gply; fh];l;Nuhgply; fh];l;Nuhgply; fh];l;Nuhgply; fh];l;Nuh