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Bong Joo LeeSeoul National University
The Relationship betweenChildren’s Development and
Socioeconomic Factors in Korea
• In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in children’s policy in Korea. – Shifting focus: from ‘protection’ to ‘development’
• However, lack of basic knowledge on the status of child development has been a factor hindering implementation of concrete polices and programs to promote child development in Korea.
• Purpose of this study:– To examine the level of development of Korean children
in 4 domains: language, cognition, psychosocial behav-iors, and physical health
– To examine the effects of family’s socioeconomic and social capital factors on children’s development
Introduction
• Family Income– Mcloyd, 1990; Duncan, Brooks-Gunn & Klebanov, 1994; Ryu & Choi,
2003; Kim, 2008– Language development: Lee & Kawk, 2008– Cognitive development: McCulloch & Joshi, 2000– And many other studies in and out of Korea
• Family Structure– Furstenberg & Hughes, 1995; Runyan et al., 1998
• Family Process– Interaction patterns between parent and child: Chang, 1987, 1995;
Cochran-Smith, 1984; Goldfield & Snow, 1984– Parent’s child rearing attitude: Guerin, Gottfried & Thomas, 1997;
Wasserman et al., 1990 – Parent’s self efficacy: Woo & Lee, 1994; Lee & Han, 2004; Coleman &
Karraker, 1998• Community characteristics
– Kim, 2008; Boisjoly, Duncan & Hofferth, 1995; Furstenberg & Hughes, 1995; Garbarino & Sherman, 1980
Previous Studies: Factors affecting children’s development
• ‘Korea Children and Youth Survey, 2009’– Nationally representive sample of 6,922 chil-
dren (0-18 years old) and their parents– Household survey– 0-8 years old: responses from the parents on
child development and family characteristics– 9-18 years old: child survey and parent survey
Data
• Cognitive development– 0-8 years old: scales developed to measure basic cognitive
skills, mathematical thinking ability, scientific thinking abil-ity, and social thinking ability by specific age groups
– 9-18 years old: self reported school achievement level• Language development
– 0-8 years old: scales to measure speaking, reading, writing, and social communication ability by specific age groups
• Psychosocial development– K-CBCL child behavior problem scale– Internalizing and Externalizing problem behaviors
• Physical health– Self-reported health status(by parents and children)– Being hospitalized
Key Variables: Developmental Domains
• Family’s socioeconomic charactersitics– Family income– Level of parent’s education– Owned house
• Within family social capital– Family structure– Parent’s self efficacy– Level of parent-child communication openness– Time (playing and talking) spent with parents
• Outside family social capital: Community charac-teristics– Neighborhood environment: sense of belonging, infor-
mal social control, social cohesiveness– Social support: economic, emotional, life, information
Key Variables:Socioeconomic and Social Capital Factors
Characteristics of the sampleVariables # %
GenderMale 3,035 50.8
Female 2.937 49.2
Family StructureBoth Parents 5,175 74.8
Not Both Parents 1,748 25.2
Age
0-2 1,118 16.1
3-5 1,151 16.6
6-8 1,188 17.2
9-11 1,160 16.8
12-18 2,306 33.3
Family Income
Below Poverty
Level1,768 25.5
From P.L. to 2 x
P.L.2,048 29.6
Over 2 x P.L. 3,105 44.9
RegionCity 6,366 92.0
Rural 557 8.0
Characteristics by income: 0-8 years old
Family Income
< P. L. P.L. to 2 x P.L. 2 x P.L. <
0-8 Years Old (N) 769 1,151 1,537
Development
Cognitive .83(.67) .94(.71) .83(.37)
Language .73(.37) .77(.37) .94(.70)PsySocio-Internaliz-
ing 4.92(1.45) 4.87(1.35) 4.88(1.31)
PsySocio-Externaliz-ing 4.10(1.33) 4.19(1.32) 4.17(1.24)
Self-reported health 3.20(.62) 3.34(.60) 3.42(.55)
Hospitalized .16(.37) .15(.36) .13(.33)
SocioeconomicCharacteristics
Parent college edu-cated .13(.33) .30(.46) .55(.49)
Owned house .13(.34) .28(.45) .49(.50)
Within FamilySocial Capital
Parent efficacy 2.88(.53) 3.00(.47) 3.02(.42)Open communica-
tion 2.96(.73) 2.96(.68) 3.00(.68)
Time spent .55(.49) .59(.49) .56(.49)
CommunityEnvironment .47(.23) .48(.22) .48(.22)
Social Support 1.74(.66) 1.92(.62) 1.98(.60)
Characteristics by income: 9-18 years old
Family Income
< P. L. P.L. to 2 x P.L. 2 x P.L. <
9-18 Years Old (N) 999 897 1,568
Development
Cognitive(School Achieve-
ment)2.44(1.88) 2.74(2.88) 2.90(2.20)
PsySocio-Internaliz-ing 4.66(1.07) 4.58(1.02) 4.42(.98)
PsySocio-Externaliz-ing 4.32(.75) 4.30(.76) 4.16(.72)
Self-reported health 3.07(.65) 3.24(.59) 3.30(.53)
Hospitalized .11(.31) .08(.26) .04(.19)
SocioeconomicCharacteristics
Parent college edu-cated .08(.27) .15(.36) .38(.48)
Owned house .11(.31) .33(.47) .69(.46)
Within FamilySocial Capital
Parent efficacy 2.79(.58) 2.90(.50) 3.01(.45)Open communica-
tion 2.96(.69) 3.00(.65) 3.03(.63)
Time spent .26(.44) .26(.44) .32(.46)
CommunityEnvironment .46(.22) .49(.22) .51(.22)
Social Support 1.59(.58) 1.68(.57) 1.83(.57)
Multivariate analyses:factors affecting child development
Cognitive Lang. Psychosocial Health
0-8 9-18 0-80-8
Internal
0-8
Exter-
nal
9-18
Internal
9-18
External
0-8
Reported
0-8
Hospi-
tal
9-18
Reported
9-18
Hospital
Constant .10 2.70** -.01 5.76***4.58**
*4.14* 4.46*** 2.63** .27** 2.82** .21***
Male .01 .00 .03* .06 -.12 .05 -.04 .01 -.00 -.02 -.02*
City -.02 -.02 .02 .18* .10 .04 -.01 -.07 -.00 .00 -.02
Age .11*** -.02 .10*** .08*** .23** .03*** .01 -.01*** -.03** -.01* -.00
Poverty -.08* -.34* -.09** .04 -.09 .17* .12* -.13*** .02 -.15*** .05*
2 x P.L. .03 -.12 -.05** -.03 .04 .12* .10** -.08 .00 .00 .02
Parent College .08* .12 .04** .12 .07 .01 -.03 .04 -.05* -.04 -.01
House Owned -.04 .05 -.02 -.05 -.03 -.03 -.01 .05 -.02 .05 -.01
Both Parent .04 .05 .06* .11 .14 .08 .02 .10* -.03 .05 -.00
Parent Efficacy .01 .03 .03 -.39*** -.34*** -.07 -.09* .21** .01 .14*** -.04**
Open Comm. .13*** .07 .09*** -.07 -.01 -.02 -.02 .02 .01 .02 .02
Time Spent .02 .04 .04** -.11* -.05 -.07 -.03 .07** .02 .02 -.00
Environment.0
6.10 .06 -.09 -.01 -.14 -.08 -.06 -.05 .13** -.00
Social Support -.01 -.03 .00 -.03 -.03 .03 .02 .02 .01 .01 -.01
• Poverty is a major risk factor for low level of development– All ages:
• Low cognitive development• Low level of health
– 0-8 years: Low language development– 9-18 years: Increased internalizing and exter-
nalizing problem behaviors• Parent’s education level matters
– 0-8 years: higher education better cognitive and language developments
Key Findings
• Family structure matters too– 0-8 years: both parent better language development and
health• Parent’s self-efficacy is important
– Al l ages: child’s better psychosocial behaviors– All ages: better health
• Open communication style is important for cognitive and language developments for younger children
• For younger children: more time spent with parents pre-dicts– Better language development– Less internalizing problem behaviors– Better health
• Community environment is important for older children’s health
• Need for preventive child development support services and programs targeted for children in poverty
• Strengthening family support programs in-cluding child rearing education programs for parents– Importance of communication with children– Spend more time with children– Self-efficacy of parents
Implications for Policy