Bone Marrow Strcuture and Function

8/6/2019 Bone Marrow Strcuture and Function

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BONE MARROW STRCUTURE

AND FUNCTIONGUIDED BY

Respected S.K. Sharma Sir Lecturer, Deptt. Of

Hematology

PRESENTED BYMahesh Joshi

B.Sc. MLTPart II



BONE MARROW

� Bone marrow is a cellulovascular tissue

occupying the space between the trabecular

of bone in marrow cavity, which, because itcontains mostly blood cells, haemopoitic

cells and fat cells is a soft tissue. It is one of

the largest organ in the body, the principal

site of all blood forming cells.



Cont«

� The marrow lies entirely within bone,and its ability to expand is limited. The

total volume of bone marrow or

haemopoeitic tissue in an adult is 2-3Lt. It localized in cavity of upper shaft

of femur, humorous, pelvis, spine and

bone of thorax.



TYPE OF BONE MARROW

MAINLY THERE ARE TWO T YPES OF BONE

MARROW:

1. RED BONE MARROW

2. Y ELLOW BONE MARROW



RED BONE MARROW

� It is an active marrow producing blood cells i.e., myeloid,erythroid and megakaryocytic cells. That·s why it is called

blood forming or haemopoitic marrow . it carries its colour

due to hemoglobin in the developing and maturing red

cells.� During the first few years of life, all bones have red bone

marrow and are cellular. Between 5-7 years of age fat cells

being to appear. By he age of 18 years, the red marrow is

found only in the rips, vertebrae, sternum, hipbone, upperend to numerous and femur, bones of skill , thorax and

innominate bones of pelvis . this persists throughout life .

red bone marrow contain an abundance of haemopoitic

cells along with fat cells and connective tissues.



YELLOW BONE MARROW

� It is an inactive marrow made up of fatcells(adipose tissue) and little no. of capillaries

and reticulum cells . RBCs are not manufactured

in adult life, the yellow marrow occupies spaces,where red marrow is absent. It can be converted

to active form in event of abnormal demand.



Bone Structure



A : Bone marrowB : Bone matrix(cortical bone)C : Skeletal muscle



CELLULAR COMPOSITION OF

BM



The bones in the skeleton

are not all solid. The outside

cortical bone is solid bone

with only a few small canals.

The insides of the bone

contain trabecular bone

which is like scaffolding or a

honey-comb. The spaces

between the bone are filledwith fluid bone marrow

cells, which make the blood

cells, and some fat cells.

CELL SUPPLY TO BLOOD VESS



Vascular sinusoid

Bone

trabecule

Haemopoitic cell

macrophage

Fat cell

Reticulen fibers

Lymphoid follicles

Adventitial Reticulen cell

CELL SUPPLY TO BLOOD VESSELS



CELL SUPPLY TO BLOOD VESSE



CELL SUPPLY TO BLOOD VESSELS



FUNCTIONS OF BONE

MARROW1. Formation of BLOOD CELLS.

2. It act as a RESERVOIR.

3. OSTEOGENIC function.

4. CONNECTIVE TISSUE function.

5. Work as a R.E. S Y STEM.



1. FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS.

�

Formation of blood cells:- The formation of RBCS , WBCs and development of platelets

is a constant process of BM to maintain the

demand of these cells it has been estimated

that billion cells/kg of body weigh are

produced per day.

� 2.5 billion RBC/kg/day

� 2.5 billion PIT /kg/Day

� 1.0 Billion granulocytes/kg/day



2. IT ACT AS A RESERVOIR.

´ It acts as reservoir as it enables significantlyincreased output in response to increase demand bythe body.

´Red cell production increases to 3 times than normal

in acute leukemia, 6 times in chronic leukemia .´Erythropoiesis :- 13 times in acute hemolytic anemia.

´The reserve capacity of the marrow is made up of two elements :

´The functional reserve of haemopoitic cells which isdue to their ability to undergo rapid hyperplasia bymitosis.

´The large anatomical reserve in the form of fat cellswhich can e readily replaced by active haemopoitic

cells.



3. OSTEOGENIC FUNCTIONS.

´ The cellular elements which takes part in the

formation of bone are formed in the marrow .

The osteoblast , osteoclast , osteocyte

endosterm blood vessels are found in the

marrow.



4. CONNECTIVE TISSUE FUNCTION

´ Due to its different connective tissue contents

the BM performs several functions associated

with the connective tissue.



5. WORK AS A R.E SYSTEM.

´ Bone marrow is rich in reticuloendothelial cells

and serves all other important function of RE

system i.e. , mainly defense , destruction

mechanism and also removal of unwanted

particles.



Bone marrow aspirations and biopsies are performedto examine bone marrow, the spongy liquid part of the

bone where blood cells are made.

In a bone marrow aspiration, a small amount of liquid

marrow is taken from inside the bone so the cells canbe examined under a microscope.

In a bone marrow biopsy, a small piece of intact bone

marrow is removed so the structure of the bone

marrow inside its bony framework can be examined.

Occasionally, only an aspiration is needed; other times,

both tests are done.

B.M ASPIRATION & BIOPS Y



Doctors perform bone marrow aspirations and biopsies when

they're concerned about a problem in the bone marrow. The tests can help to diagnose:

The cause of anemia (too few red blood cells, which carry oxygen

through the body)

The cause of thrombocytopenia (too few platelets, which help the

blood to clot) The cause of an abnormal number of white blood cells, which fight

infections

Cancers of the blood, such as leukemia

Whether cancers that started elsewhere have spread to the bone

marrow (the assessment of how much a cancer has spread iscalled staging, and is important in determining treatment and

prognosis)

Viral, bacterial, or fungal infections in the bone marrow that might

be causing persistent fever or other symptoms

Certain genetic diseases (such as lipid storage diseases)

Why It's Done



AspirationDefinition:

Aspiration is aspirate of thecontents of bone marrow drawn

under pressure by puncturing

marrow cavity.

Site:

Sternum, Posterior iliac crest tibial

head, Lumber vertebrae.

Rp time:

Within 1-2 hour·s.

Trephine biopsyDefinition:

Trephine biopsy is 1-2cm long 2-3mm in dia. Of the marrow

containing bone taken by

rotating specialized needle

under pressure.

Site:

Posterior iliac crest.

Rp time:

Within 1-7 days.

Method of Bone Marrow

Examination:�Aspiration.

�Trephine Biopsy.

�Surgical Biopsy.



Indication:

*Anaemia, Suspected leukemia,

Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia

myeloma, Lymphomas,

Cacinomatosis, Lipid storage

disease, Granulomatous

condition, Unexplained

enlargement of liver, spleen or Lymph nodes.

*Cytogenic detail is sharp.

*Iron demonstration so easy.

*Lymphoid nodules and

granulomas are seen more

frequently.

*Perform in Thrombocytopenic

condition (cut off range 60,000)

Additional:

Myelosclerosis,

Aplastic Anaemia, drytap on aspiration.

*Iron demonstration

is not so easy due

to decalcification.



SITES OF B.M ASPIRATION

1 2

3



´Thank you

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Bone Marrow Strcuture and Function