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BONE, JOINT AND MUSCULESINJURIES
Chapter 15
Faculty of Pharmacy
Dr Samer Sara 1
• Among the most common injuries.
• Most sport injuries are musculoskeletal
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Musculoskeletal Injuries:
• Fractures bone injuries
• Dislocations • Sprains joint injuries
• Strains• Contusions muscle injuries• Cramps
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Prevention of sport and recreation injuries
Maintain healthy weight.
Wear proper shoes.
Do stretching exercises daily.
Be in proper physical condition to play a sport.
Warm up and stretch before any sport.
Wear protective equipment when playing.
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• Do initial assessment: take care of any life-threatening conditions.
• Perform physical examination.
• Consider mechanism of injury.
• Consider possible spinal injury.
General First Aid
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signs and symptoms
o Pain.
o Swelling.
o Deformation.
o Inability to move.
o Bleeding.
o Skin discoloration.
o Abnormal sensation.
o Difference in temperature.
o Crepitus: In fracture.
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Involves four steps that are summarized in the acronym RICE :
R : Rest
I : Ice
C : Compression
E : Elevation
General First Aid
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Rest
Any movement can cause:
Pain and swelling.
Further injuries to soft tissues such as blood vessels and nerves.
With a fracture or dislocation, use a splint to immobilize the injured area.
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ICE
Works best when applied to injury as soon as possible, preferably within 10 minutes.
Cold applied to injury reduces swelling, lessens pain and minimizes bruising.
Broken blood vessels constrict reducing bleeding into tissues.
Cold also helps to relieve muscle spasm.
Ice should be wrapped in clothe to prevent injury caused by direct contact with skin.
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Compression
• Provides comfort, support and may prevent swelling.
• Is done with elastic roller bandage.
• Wrap the bandage over the injured area, covering 2 inches below and 2 inches above.
• The bandage should be firm and not so tight.
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Elevation
• Elevating an injured arm or leg uses gravity to reduce blood flow to the injury.
• Minimize swelling and bleeding.
• Don’t elevate an extremity with suspected fracture or dislocation.
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Fractures
Fractures are more likely in elderly whose bones are weaker due to osteoporosis.
• Close fracture : skin not broken.
• Open fracture : open wound at fracture site .
• Most fractures are not life threatening, but external and internal bleeding can be severe with large bones (femoral).
• Nerves and organs nearby may also be injured.
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Signs and Symptoms
• Pain
• Swelling
• Deformation
• Inability to move extremity
• Bruising
• Crepitus
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First Aid
• Assess victim`s fingers and toes to determine their circulation.
• Immobilize the area with a joint above and below the fracture.
• Call 110
• With open fracture cover the wound with dressing and control bleeding.
• Apply RICE(elevate only splinted extremities).
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Joint Injuries
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Dislocation
• Result from strong forces.
• One or more bones moved out of their normal position in joint .
• Usually involves tearing of ligaments or other joint structures.
• Pain, swelling , and bruising usually occur.
• Inability to use the joint.22
• Significant displacement of bones can damage nearby nerves and cause serious bleeding.
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First aid:
• Immobilize the area by using splint.
• Apply RICE.
• Call 110.
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Sprain
• Bones remain in place in joint but ligaments and other structures are injured .
• Occurs when joint is overextended.
• Cause swelling, pain, bruising and inability to use joint .
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muscle injuries
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Strains
• Tearing of muscle or tendon.
• Caused by over exertion of a muscle.
• Causes pain, swelling, and sometimes inability to use muscle.
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Contusions
Bruised muscle.
May result from a blow.
Cause: pain, swelling, and discoloration.
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Muscle Cramps
Tightening of muscle.
Usually occurs from prolonged use.
Most common in thigh and calf muscle.
May last a few seconds to 15 minutes.
May be prevented with flexibility exercises and stretches.30
First aid:
Stop the activity.
Gently stretch out the muscle if possible.
Massage the muscle after active cramping stops.
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