Bomhard - The Aspirated Stops of Proto-Indo-European

8/13/2019 Bomhard - The Aspirated Stops of Proto-Indo-European

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D CHRON C VOL.III NO.l SPRING 1986

OLMS


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DI CHRONICInternational Journal for Historical Linguistics

Revue internationale pour Ia linguistique historiquelnternationale Zeitschrift fur Historische Linguistik

EDITORI L DVISORY BO RDCOMITE DE RED CTION CONSULT TIF

WISSENSCH FTLICHER BEIR TFrancisco R. Adrados Madrid)Anders Ahlqvist Galway, Ireland)Henning Andersen Copenhagen)Raimo Anttila Los Angeles)Fran


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Diachron ica I I I : l . 6 7 - 7 9 (1986)

TH ASPIRATED STOPS OF PROTO INDO EUROPEAN

1 . INTRODUCTION

ALLAN R. BOMHARDBoston, Massachusetts

Accord ing t o t h e Neogrammarian r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h eP ro t o - In d o -Eu ro p e a n p h o n o l o g i c a l sys tem, t h e s t o p sy s t e mwas c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a fou r-way c o n t r a s t o f (1) p l a i n ( t h a ti s , u n a s p i r a t e d ) v o i c e l e s s s t o p s , (2) a s p i r a t e d v o i c e l e s ss t o p s , (3) p l a i n ( t h a t i s , u n a s p i r a t e d ) vo ic e d s t o p s , and(4) a s p i r a t e d v o i c e d s t o p s ( c f . Brugmann 1904 :52 ) , t h u s :

1 2 3

p ph b bh ( l a b i a l )

th d dh ( d e n t a l )

k kh g gh ( p a l a t a l )

q qh g gh ( v e l a r )u q)., h u g)., h l a b i o v e l a r )~ ~

I n t h e e a r l y 1 9 7 0 s , t h e S o v i e t s c h o l a r s Thomas V. Gam-k r e l i d z e and V j a c e s l a v V. Ivanov t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e B r i t i s hb o r n American s c h o l a r P a u l J . Hopper p ro p o s e d r e i n t e r p r e t i n gs e r i e s 3 - - t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p l a i n v o i c e d s t o p s - - a s g l o tt a l i z e d s t o p s ( t h a t i s , e j e c t i v e s ) : *p , * t , * k , *k w. T h i st h e o r y , which h a s s i n c e g a i n e d many a d h e r e n t s , i s a c c e p t e di n f u l l h e r e . S i n c e I have d e a l t a t l e n g t h w i t h t h i s new

t h e o r y e l s e w h e re ( c f . Barnhard 1 9 7 9 : 7 7 -8 0 , 1984:5-10 and 2 6 -31, and f o r t h c o m i n g ) , t h e r e i s no need t o r e p e a t a l l o f t h ed e t a i l s h e r e . However, s i n c e t h i s t h e o r y i s i n t i m a t e l y c o nn e c t e d w i t h t h e t o p i c s u n d e r d i s c u s s i o n i n t h i s p a p e r , ab r i e f summary i s i n o r d e r .

There a r e s e v e r a l prob lems w i th t h e t r a d i t i o n a l r e c o ns t r u c t i o n o f t h e P ro t o - In d o -Eu ro p e a n s t o p sy s t e m t h a t havel o n g d e f i e d e x p l a n a t i o n - - among t h e s e prob lems a r e : A)t h e s t a t i s t i c a l l y low f r e q u e n c y o f oc c u r r e nc e - - p e rh a p st o t a l absence - - o f t h e v o i c e d l a b i a l s t o p *b , B) t h e e x -


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68 LL N R. BOMH RD

e l u s i o n o f t h e p l a i n vo ic e d s t o p s f rom i n f l e c t i o n a l a f f i x e sand p ro n o u n s , and C) t h e c o n s t r a i n t a g a i n s t t h e c ooc c u rr e n c e o f two p l a i n v o i c e d s t o p s i n a r o o t . t was i n t r yi n g t o f i n d a s o l u t i o n f o r t h e s e prob lems t h a t Hopper andG a mk re l i d z e - Iv a n o v were l e d t o c o n s i d e r t h e p o s s i b i l i t yt h a t t h e p l a i n v o i c e d s t o p s o f t r a d i t i o n a l grammar may havebeen g l o t t a l i c s . B a s i n g t h e i r argumen ts on t y p o l o g i c a l c o ns i d e r a t i o n s , t h e y o b s e rv e d t h a t t h e p a t t e r n i n g o f t h e t r ad i t i o n a l p l a i n v o i c e d s t o p s e x h i b i t e d many o f t h e t y p ol o g i c a l p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f g l o t t a l i c s , s p e c i f i c a l l y , (A),i n t h e f o l l o w i n g f r e q u e n c y h i e r a r c h y

/ b / + / p / + / p h / + / p ' /

( t h e a r ro w s i n d i c a t e t h e d i r e c t i o n o f g r e a t e r ma rk e d n e s s ) ,i t i s a lways t h e l a b i a l e j e c t i v e / p ' / t h a t i s t h e mosth i g h l y marked , t h a t i s , t h e l e a s t common, l e a s t f r e q u e n t ,member o f t h e h i e r a r c h y, t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t i t i s o f t e nm i s s i n g a l t o g e t h e r , B) g l o t t a l i c s a s a c l a s s oc c u r o n l yv e ry r a r e l y i n i n f l e c t i o n a l a f f i x e s and pronouns , and (C) ,i n l a n g u a g e s h a v i n g e j e c t i v e s , t h e r e i s a w i d e s p re a d c o ns t r a i n t a g a i n s t t h e o o ~ u r r e n eo f two e j e c t i v e s i n ar o o t . Thus , t h e r e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p l a i nv o i c e d s t o p s a s g l o t t a l i c s p r o v i d e s a n a t u r a l e x p l a n a t i o no f t h e prob lems ment ioned above .

C o n c u r r e n t ly w i t h t h e r e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a lp l a i n v o i c e d s t o p s a s g l o t t a l i c s , t h e t r a d i t i o n a l a s p i r a t e d

v o i c e d s t o p s - - bh, dh, gh, gliih - - have been r e i n t e r p r e t e dA) a s murmured s t o p s (Hopper 1 9 7 3 : 1 4 9 -5 4 ) , B) a s p l a i n

v o i c e d s t o p s , which l a t e r deve loped i n t o v o i c e d a s p i r a t e si n s e v e r a l d i a l e c t s o f D i s i n t e g r a t i n g Indo-European Born-h a r d 1 9 8 4 : 3 1 - 3 4 ) , and C) a s a s p i r a t e d v o i c e d s t o p s i nwhich t h e f e a t u r e o f a s p i r a t i o n i s p h o n e mi c a l l y i r r e l e v a n t( Ga m k r e l i d z e - I v a n o v 1 9 7 3 : 1 5 4 -5 5 ) , t h a t i s t o s a y t h a t t h i s

s e r i e s c o u l d a p p e a r e i t h e r w i t h o r w i t h o u t a s p i r a t i o n d e p e nd i n g upon t h e p a r a d i g m a t i c a l t e r n a t i o n o f r o o t morphemes,w h i l e t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p l a i n v o i c e l e s s s t o p s - - p, t , k,

klii - - have b e e n r e i n t e r p r e t e d A) a s a s p i r a t e d v o i c e l e s ss t o p s i n which t h e f e a t u r e o f a s p i r a t i o n i s p h o n e mi c a l l y

i r r e l e v a n t (Gamkre l idze - Ivanov 1973:154 ; Normier 1977:172 ;s e e a l s o Emends 1972:108-22) and B) a s p l a i n v o i c e l e s ss t o p s w i t h nonphonemic a s p i r a t i o n (Hopper 1973:152 ; Bernhard198 4 :1 9 - 20 ) .

While t h e r e i s a growing concensus among I n d o - E u r o p e a ni s t s t h a t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p l a i n v o i c e d s t o p s o u g h t t o ber e i n t e r p r e t e d as g l o t t a l i c s a l o n g t h e l i n e s p r o p o se d b yHopper and G a mk re l i d z e - Iv a n o v, t h e r e i s s t i l l no o v e r a l lagreement on t h e n a t u r e o f e i t h e r t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p l a i nv o i c e l e s s s t o p s o r t h e t r a d i t i o n a l v o i c e d a s p i r a t e s .


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A

ALLAN R. BOMB RD

Gk. rr:


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THE ASPIRATED STOPS OF PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN 71

3. THE TRADITIONAL PLAIN UNASPIRATED) VOICELESS STOPS

On t h e b a s i s o f t h e r e f l e x e s found i n S a n s k r i t , Greek ,L a t i n , B a l t i c , and S l a v i c , t h e Neogrammarians (as w e l l asAugus t S c h l e i c h e r b e f o r e them) p o s i t e d a s e r i e s o f p l a i n

u n a s p i r a t e d ) v o i c e l e s s s t o p s f o r s e r i e s 1 a t t h e P r o t oIndo -European l e v e l . The e v i d e n c e o f Germanic , C e l t i c , andArmenian ( a l o n g w i t h t h a t o f t h e p o o r l y - a t t e s t e d Th ra c i a nand P h r y g i a n ) , howeve r, p o i n t s t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f a s p i r at i o n i n t h i s s e r i e s i n P ro t o - In d o -Eu ro p e a n . Two e x p l a n at i o n s were a v a i l a b l e t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e r e f l e x e s found i nt h e d a u g h t e r l a n g u a g e s : A) l o s s o f a s p i r a t i o n i n S a n s k r i t ,Greek , L a t i n , B a l t i c , and S l a v i c and B) se c o n d a r y d e v e l o pment o f a s p i r a t i o n i n Germanic , C e l t i c , Armenian, T hr a c i a n ,and P h ry g i a n . The Neogrammarians chose t h e second a l t e r n a

t i v e c f . , f o r example , M e i l l e t 1 9 8 4 : 9 1 -9 2 ) , and t h i s viewhas been f o l l o we d by mos t s c h o l a r s u n t i l f a i r l y r e c e n t l y .L e t us now t a ke a look a t t h e f i r s t a l t e r n a t i v e , t h a t i s ,t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t a s p i r a t i o n was l o s t i n S a n s k r i t , Greek ,L a t i n , B a l t i c , and S l a v i c . We w i l l b e g i n by l o o k i n g a t t h edeve lopmen ts i n Germanic , C e l t i c , and Armenian , and we w i l lt h e n c o n s i d e r t h e r e m a i n i n g d a u g h t e r l a n g u a g e s .

In Germanic , we f i n d t h a t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p l a i n v o i c el e s s s t o p s a r e r e ~ r e s e n t e dby t h e v o i c e l e s s f r i c a t i v e s f ,*8, *x, xw, which a r e assumed t o have d e v e lo p e d from e a r l i e rv o i c e l e s s a s p i r a t e s , t hu s c f . M e i l l e t 1 9 8 4 : 9 1 ) :

e X xAt a l a t e r d a t e , m e d i a l (and f i n a l ) f , *8, *x, xw, t o g e t h e rw i t h s , became t h e v o i c e d f r i c a t i v e s *B, *o, *y, *yw, and zr e s p e c t i v e l y e x c e p t A) b e f o r e s o r t and B) be tweenvowels when t h e a c c e n t f e l l on t h e c o n t i g u o u s p r e c e d i n gs y l l a b l e ( Ve r n e r s Law).

In C e l t i c , t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p l a i n v o i c e l e s s s t o p s a r eassumed t o have d e v e l o p e d i n t o v o i c e l e s s a s p i r a t e s , t h u s :

The l a b i a l member was e v e n t u a l l y l o s t , t h u s :

ph- h - r / ;

The Armenian deve lopmen ts can be e x p l a i n e d by as sumingt h a t i n pre -Armen ian P ro t o - In d o -Eu ro p e a n , s e r i e s 1 was v o i c el e s s and a s p i r a t e d , s e r i e s 2 was a c l u s t e r o f v o i c e l e s s s t o pp l u s a fo l l o w i n g l a r y n g e a l , s e r i e s 3 was g l o t t a l i z e d , ands e r i e s 4 was v o i c e d and a s p i r a t e d :


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Pre-Armenian PIE Armenian

1 ph; t h; kYh; kh h w, 0); t ; s ; k

2 pH; tH; k p ; t ; X

3 t ; k Y; k t ; c; k

4 bh; dh; gYh; gh b w); d; j ( z ) ; 9 j , z

In Armenian, some o f t h e r e f l e x e s o f s e r i e s 1 mergedw i t h t h e r e f l e x e s o f s e r i e s 2 . T h i s happened i n t h e c a s eo f t h e onomatopoe ic t e rms d i s c u s s e d above ( s e c t i o n 2 ,w h e r e , f o r example , e a r l i e r ph and *kh became p and xr e s p e c t i v e l y i n Armenian a s i f rom e a r l i e r pH and kH( t h i s a l s o oc c u r r e d f o r a l l o f s e r i e s 1 i n S a n s k r i t and

G r e e k , w h i l e i n S l a v i c i t o n l y t o o k p l a c e i n t h e c a s e o f

* k h . In l i k e manner, t h e a s p i r a t i o n o f s e r i e s 1 was p r e -s e r v e d i n Armenian a f t e r i n i t i a l s - . *th and *tH havemo s t l y merged i n Armenian, though e a r l i e r * r t h + Ar m . r d ,w h i l e *rtH Arm. r t ( c f . M e i l l e t 1 9 8 4 : 7 9 ) .

Thus , t h e Germanic , C e l t i c , and Armenian deve lopmen tsc a n be e x p l a i n e d by assuming t h a t s e r i e s 1 was v o i c e l e s sand a s p i r a t e d a t t h e P ro t o - In d o -Eu ro p e a n l e v e l , t h a t i s t os a y, i t i s n o t n e c e s s a r y t o p o s i t e a r l i e r p l a i n v o i c e l e s ss t o p s t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e deve lopmen ts i n t h e s e d a u g h t e rl a n g u a g e s . Armenian i s p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t i n t h a t i th a s p r e s e r v e d t h e c o n t r a s t be tween t h e o l d e r v o i c e l e s s a sp i r a t e s ( s e r i e s 1) and t h o se t h a t d e v e l o p e d l a t e r f rom

e a r l i e r c l u s t e r so f v o i c e l e s s s t o p p l u s a

f o l l o w i n gl a r y n

g e a l ( s e r i e s 2 ) . Here , Armenian p r o v i d e s t h e key t o u n d e rs t a n d i n g t h e P ro t o - In d o -Eu ro p e a n p a t t e r n i n g .

In S a n s k r i t , Greek , L a t i n , B a l t i c , and S l a v i c , s e r i e s 1i s r e p r e s e n t e d by p l a i n v o i c e l e s s s t o p s . T h i s , howeve r, i sn o t t h e o r i g i n a l p a t t e r n i n g b u t i s , r a t h e r , an i n n o v a t i o n .As n o t e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n g p a r a g r a p h , Armenian p r o v i d e s t h ekey t o u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e P ro t o - In d o -Eu ro p e a n p a t t e r n i n g .T h e r e f o r e , on t h e b a s i s o f t h e t r e a t m e n t o f s e r i e s 1 i nArmenian, l e t us assume t h a t s e r i e s 1 was o r i g i n a l l y v o i c el e s s and a s p i r a t e d a n d , f u r t h e r , t h a t t h e a s p i r a t i o n wasp h o n e m i c a l l y i r r e l e v a n t ( t h i s , by t h e way, i s t h e p o s i t i o nt a k e n by G a m k r e l i d z e - I v a n o v ) . There were t hus two a l l ophones :

ph/p

t h / t

kh/k

kWhfkW


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THE ASPIRATED STOPS OF PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN 73

I n S a n s k r i t , t h e a l l o p h o n e s o f s e r i e s 1 became phonemict h e a s p i r a t e d a l l o p h o n e s a p p e a r e d i n onomatopoe ia and a f -

t e r i n i t i a l s - w h i l e t h e u n a s p i r a t e d a l l o p h o n e s a p p e a r e di n a l l o t h e r e n v i r o n m e n t s :

Skt. p

Ser ies 1:

Series 2: Skt. ph

A few examples w i l l i l l u s t r a t e t h e t r e a t m e n t o f s e r i e s 1a f t e r i n i t i a l s - i n S a n s k r i t :

A. Skt. sphurati: Arm. sp i rk and p arat

B. Skt. stMgat i : Gk. JTEYW and TEyw Lat. tego

c. Skt. skh6 lami: Arm. sxalim

Emonds (1972:120) a l s o assu mes t h a t t h e v o i c e l e s s a s -p i r a t e s found i n I n d i c , Greek , and Armenian h av e d e v e lo p e df rom s e r i e s 1 :

Final ly, NIE allows us to view the development of the tense,voice less asp i r a t es in Indic and Greek in new l i g h t . I am notdenying, however, that credib le theories about t he i r or ig in have

been advanced in terms of TIE by the int roduct ion of laryngeals,e t c . ) . However, the presence of voice less asp i r a t es in NIE ( theph-ser ies) suggests as one poss ib i l i ty an imperfect operation ofLAX or Z2 in j u s t those languages where some laxing took place,but in which a l l aspi ra ted stops were not el iminated by CG. By

imperfect operation , I mean the existence of a d ia lec t in whichthe ru le f a i l ed to operate, the d ia lec t l a t e r dying out a f t e r cont r ibut ing a number of exceptions to the previously completedh i s to r i c a l change.)

I f such an imperfect operation of Z2 took place , i t wouldaccount for Indic and Greek ph s that correspond t o p s in thecen t r a l group and ph s in Germanic . The fact that the ph s and

x s that occur in the Armenian and Slavic) examples do not correspond to the regular development of NIE ph and k in those l anguages supports the notion that imperfect operation of Z2 shouldbe in terpreted as re in t roduct ion of words from a d ia lec t that didnot undergo Z2 (or the other ru les that affected Armenian andSlav ic development of ph and kh).

Whereas Emonds s e e s t h e v o i c e l e s s a s p i r a t e d r e f l e x e s o fs e r i e s 1 i n S a n s k r i t , Greek , and Armenian a s due t o b o r r o wi n g s , I s e e them a s t h e n a t u r a l r e s u l t o f t h e p h o n e m ic i z at i o n o f t h e a l l o p h o n e s o f t h i s s e r i e s .


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A s p i r a t i o n was l o s t i n p r e - S a n s k r i t when an e a r l i e rl a r y n g e a l f o l l o we d i n t h e s tem:

A. * s)tlzeHy- * s)teHy- s)tay- (c f . Skt. s tayat i s tea l s ,stayu-1] tayu-1] t h i e f , robber ) ;

B. * s}tlzeHi- * s) teHi- * s ) t a i - s) te- (c f . Skt. stena-1]th ie f , steya-1] t h e f t , robbery ) .

Of c o u r s e , when t h e v o i c e l e s s s t o p and l a r y n g e a l were i nd i r e c t c o n t a c t , a v o i c e l e s s a s p i r a t e r e s u l t e d :

* s ) t i - s t A -e t i Skt. t i ~ t t l z t istands

The r e s u l t i n g v o i c e l e s s a s p i r a t e was t h e n g e n e r a l i z e dt h ro u g h o u t t h e p a r a d i g m and i n d e r i v a t i v e s ( c f . S k t .stlzapayati t o c a u s e t o s t a n d ) .

We can now r e t u r n t o t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e c h o i c e s t h a twere a v a i l a b l e t o t h e Neo g rammar i an s : A) l o s s o f a s p i r at i o n i n S a n s k r i t , G r e e k , L a t i n , B a l t i c , and S l a v i c and B)se c o n d a r y d e v e lo p m e n t o f a s p i r a t i o n i n Germanic , C e l t i c ,an d Armen ian . In v iew o f t h e new t h e o r y p r o p o s e d by Gam-k r e l i d z e - I v a n o v , t i s n o t so much a q u e s t i o n o f l o s s o rr e t e n t i o n a s t i s o f t h e p h o n e mi c i z a t i o n and g e n e r a l i z at i o n o f t h e a l l o p h o n e s o f s e r i e s 1 i n t h e v a r i o u s d a u g h t e rl a n g u a g e s , though Germanic , C e l t i c , and Armenian comec l o s e r t o t h e o r i g i n a l p a t t e r n i n g t h a n do t h o s e d a u g h t e rl a n g u a g e s i n which s e r i e s 1 i s r e p r e s e n t e d by p l a i n v o i c e

l e s s s t o p s s i n c e t h e a s p i r a t e d a l l o p h o n e s seem t o havebeen p r i ma ry a t t h e P ro t o - In d o -Eu ro p e a n l e v e l . In t h i ss e n s e , S a n s k r i t , Greek , L a t i n , B a l t i c , and S l a v i c havei n n o v a t e d by g e n e r a l i z i n g t h e u n a s p i r a t e d a l l o p h o n e s o fs e r i e s 1 ( f o r d e t a i l s on t h e deve lopmen ts l e a d i n g t o l o s so f a s p i r a t i o n i n t h e s e d a u g h t e r l a n g u a g e s , c f . Suzuk i 1985:2 8 5 - 9 4 ) .

4 . THE TRADITIONAL VOICED ASPIRATES

Accord ing t o t h e t r a d i t i o n a l r e c o n s t r u c t i o n , s e r i e s 4i s assumed t o have been v o i c e d and a s p i r a t e d i n P r o t o - I n d oEuropean . The e v i d e n c e f o r v o i c i n g i s ove rwhe lming ( I n d oI r a n i a n , A l b a n i a n , Armenian, Germanic , C e l t i c , B a l t i c , andS l a v i c ) , w h i l e t h a t f o r a s p i r a t i o n i s l i m i t e d , coming m a i n l yf rom Indo -Aryan , Greek , and Armen ian . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h eassumpt ion t h a t t h i s s e r i e s was v o i c e d and a s p i r a t e d a t t h eP ro t o - In d o -Eu ro p e a n l e v e l r e m a in s t h e b e s t way t o a c c o u n tf o r t h e r e f l e x e s found i n a l l o f t h e d a u g h t e r l a n g u a g e st a k e n t o g e t h e r .

Ga m k r e l i d z e - I v a n o v a l s o assume t h a t s e r i e s 4 was v o i c e dand a s p i r a t e d . They p o i n t o u t , howeve r, t h a t t h e f e a t u r e


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THE ASPIRATED STOPS OF PROTO INDO EUROPEAN 75

o f a s p i r a t i o n i s p h o n e mi c a l l y i r r e l e v a n t i n a sy s t e m o ft h i s t y p e and t h a t t h i s s e r i e s c a n a p p e a r e i t h e r w i t h o rw i t h o u t a s p i r a t i o n d e p e n d in g upon t h e p a r a d i g m a t i c a l t e rn a t i o n o f r o o t morphemes . S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n a lp a t t e r n i n g o f t h e a s p i r a t e d and u n a s p i r a t e d a l l o p h o n e s wasa s f o l l o w s , a t l e a s t i n I n d o - I r a n i a n and Greek c f . Gamk r e l i d z e 1 9 7 6 : 4 0 4 ) :

In par t icu la r, when phonemes of [ ser ies 4] co-occurredin a root , one of the uni ts was realized as an aspira te , theother as a non-aspirate. Thus, e . g . , a root morpheme /*bheudh-Jwould be manifested as [ b e ~ d h - Jor [ b h e ~ d - ]according to theparadigmatic a l te rna t ions of the morpheme. Grassmann s Lawshould be accordingly interpreted not as a deasp i ra t ion ru leoperating independently i n Indo-Iranian and Greek, but as aru le of allophonic varia t ions , s t i l l a t the Proto-Indo-Europeanl eve l , of the phonemes of [ ser ies 4] .

The same assumption could eas i ly, and in a natura l way,account fo r the phenomena described by Bartholomae s Law. Amorphemic sequence of /*bhudh-/ and /*- tho- / would be realizedas [ budh-J + [*- tho-] [*budtho-] ( in accordance with theru le of non-cooccurrence in a sequence, e i the r d is tan t or incontact , of two asp i ra ted al lophones) , th is yielding Old Indianbuddha, by progressive ass imi la t ion on the feature of voice.

F o r L a t i n , howeve r, t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n a l p a t t e r n i n g o ft h e a s p i r a t e d and u n a s p i r a t e d a l l o p h o n e s o f s e r i e s 4 was

p r o b a b l y c o n d i t i o n e d by t h e p r e s e n c e o f w o r d - i n i t i a l s t r e s sa l o n g t h e l i n e s s u g g e s t e d by P h i l i p B a l d i and Ruth J o h n s t o nS t a v e r ( fo r t h c o mi n g ) :

This brings us, f ina l ly, to [ ser ies 4] , what we have represented in PIE as a se r ies of voiced stops with asp i ra ted andnon-aspirated allophones. In the t r ad i t iona l framework, i t i sassumed that b d g developed s t r a igh t into Latin b d g, andtha t bh ah gh s p l i t in to the new f r i ca t ive se r ies f f h and

d g which l a t t e r group merged with the ref lexes of the plainvoiced s tops . In the new framework, a d i f f e r en t so lu t ion sugges ts i t s e l f , one that accounts well fo r the d is t r ibu t ion of

the f r i ca t ives and voiced stops i n the development of Lat in .We propose tha t the aspira t ion feature of the voiced se r ieswas conditioned by the s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l s t re ss which i s t r a d it ional ly pos tu la ted for Proto-Lat in , The usual view i s thatword-in i t ia l s t r e s s can be safe ly posi ted for Proto-Latin becauseof the l arge amount of vowel weakening and syncope in the uns t ressed syl lables of words which can be in te rna l ly reconstructedwith f u l l vowels, e .g . aetas < aevitas; affiaio < ad faaio;auaeps < avi aaps, e tc . The Lat in data can be interpreted asshowing e i the r preservation or development of aspira t ion, depend-


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76 LL N R. BOMH RD

ing on what sor t of system i s postulated for the parent PIE d ialect . Recal l that Gamkrelidze-Ivanov have in te rpre ted the aspi ra ted /non-asp i ra ted al lophones of the voiced stops as having

the asp i ra ted member as the primary one. On th i s assumption, theasp i ra ted al lophone was general ized in P ro to - I ta l ic according tothe following ru le :

b [bh] I [+ s tress]

We now have a phonetic motivation, namely the in te rac t ion ofs t re ss and aspira t ion, for the dis tr ibu t ion of the asp i ra tedand non-aspirated voiced stops in i n i t i a l and non- in i t i a l sy llables Thus, we propose the following scheme for the development of the voiced stops and voiceless f r i ca t ives in Latin:

[ b h ] > p h > < I > > f[dh] th S f

[gh] > k X > h

[ b] > b[ d ] > d

[g ] > g u)

Ba ld i and J o h n s t o n - S t a v e r f u r t h e r n o t e :

There are some exceptions to the normal development of thesesounds as out l ined above, and the new in terpreta t ion does not e l iminate them. I t does, however allow some general izat ions notavai lab le in previous frameworks.

Fo r Oscan-Umbr ian , Ba ld i and J o h n s t o n - S t a v e r assume t h a tt h e a s p i r a t e d a l l o p h o n e s were g e n e r a l i z e d i n a l l p o s i t i o n s .

To sum up , i n I n d o - I r a n i a n Greek , and L a t i n t h e a sp i r a t e d and u n a s p i r a t e d a l l o p h o n e s o f t h i s s e r i e s becamephonemic . In t h e r e ma i n i n g da ugh te r l a ngua ge s , on t h eo t h e r hand , t h e s e a l l o p h o n e s rema ined subphonemic .

5 ; CONCLUDING REM RKS

S e r i e s 1 - - t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p l a i n v o i c e l e s s s t o p s -s h o u l d be r e i n t e r p r e t e d a s v o i c e l e s s and a s p i r a t e d . S e r i e s2 - - t h e t r a d i t i o n a l v o i c e l e s s a s p i r a t e s - - s h o u l d be comp l e t e l y e l i m i n a t e d . S e r i e s 3 - - t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p l a i nv o i c e d s t o p s - - s h o u l d be r e i n t e r p r e t e d a s g l o t t a l i c s .S e r i e s 4 - - t h e t r a d i t i o n a l vo ic e d a s p i r a t e s - - r e ma i n s .The f e a t u r e o f a s p i r a t i o n i s p h o n e mi c a l l y n o n d i s t i n c t i v ei n s e r i e s 1 and s e r i e s 4 , t h a t i s t o say t h a t t h e r e werep o s i t i o n a l a l l o p h o n e s w i t h a s p i r a t i o n as w e l l a s w i t h o u ta s p i r a t i o n . In s e v e r a l o f t h e da ugh te r l a ngua ge s , t h e s ea l l o p h o n e s became phonemic. We t h u s a r r i v e a t t h e f o l l o wi n g r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e P ro t o - In d o -Eu ro p e a n s t o p sys t em:


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THE ASPIRATED STOPS OF PROTO INDO EUROPEAN

1 2) 3 4

ph/p (p ' ) bh/b

t h / t t dh/d

kh/k k' gh/g

kWhjkW k' ' gwh;'g

T h i s r e c o n s t r u c t i o n a g r e e s i n a l l e s s e n t i a l d e t . a i l s w i t ht h e p r o p o s a l s made by Ga m k r e l i d z e - I v a n o v ( 1 9 8 4 : 5 - 8 0 ) .

We can c l o s e b y t a k i n g a look a t S u z u k i s ( 1985 : 287)a n a l y s i s o f t h e r e v i s e d P ro t o - In d o -Eu ro p e a n s t o p sy s t e m :

Glo t t a l i cVoiced

(Aspirated

Suzuk i e l a b o r a t e s :

T

+

T

+++)

[aspirated] i s a redundant fea ture from a s t r i c t l y phonol og i ca l poin t of view. However, I take t h i s fea ture to bel i n g u i s t i c a l l y re levant i n t h a t by v i r tu e of being in complementary d i s t r ibu t ion with [g lo t t a l i c ] i t has a po ten t i a l i tyfo r serving as a d i s t inc t ive marker upon l o s s of the l a t t e r .

In t h i s sense, [aspirated] i s a sub-phonemic en t i ty.A u t h o r s A d d r e s s :

A l l a n R. Bernhard86 Waltham S t r e e tBOSTON, MA 02118 , U . S . A .

REFERENCES

77

Baldi , Ph i l i p & Ruth Johns ton-Staver. Forthcoming. Hi s t o r i ca l I t a l i cPhonology in Typological Perspect ive .

Bomhard, Allan R. 1979. The Indo-European Phonological System: NewThoughts about i t s reconst ruct ion and development . Orbis 28:1.66-110.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1984. Toward Prato Nostratic: A New Approach to theComparison o f Proto-Indo-European and Proto Afroasiatic. Amsterdam and Phi ladelph ia , PA: John Benjamins.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Forthcoming. Recent Trends in the Reconstruct ion ofthe Proto-Indo-European Consonant System . To appear in KZ

Brugmann, Karl . 1904. Kurze vergZeichende Grammatik der indoger-manischen Sprachen. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. (Repr. , 1970.)


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78 ALLAN R. BOMH RD

Burrow, Thomas. 1973. The Sanskrit Language. 3rd ed. London:Faber & Faber.

Emends, Joseph. 1972. A Reformulation of Grinun's Law . Contribut ions to Generative PhonoZogy, ed. by Michael K. Brame. Austin,TX: Univ. of Texas Press.

Gamkrelidze, Thomas V. 1976, Linguist ic Typology and Indo-EuropeanRecons t rue t ion Linguistic Studies Offered to Joseph Greenberg,ed. by Alphonse Ju i l land . Vol. 2. Stanford., CA: Anma Lib r i .

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1981. Language Typology and Language Universals andt he i r Implicat ions for the Reconstruction of the Indo-EuropeanStop System . Bono Homini Donwn Essays in HistoricaZ Linguist i cs in Memory o f J. AZexander Kerns, ed. by Yoel L. Arbeitman &Allan R. Bombard. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - & Vjaceslav V. Ivanov. 1972. Lingvist iceskaja t i polog i j a i rekonstrukcija sistemy indoevropejskix smycnyx . Kon-ferenaija po s r a v n i t e Z n o - I s t o r i ~ e s k o jGrammatike IndoevropejskixJaaykov, Pradvaritet nye Materiaty. Moscow: Akademija Nauk.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - & -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1973. Sprachtypologie und dieRekonstruktion der gemeinindogermanischen Verschliisse . Phonetica27.150-56.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - & -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1984. Indoevropejskij jazyk i indoevropejcy: r e k o n s t ~ d k c i j ai is toriko-tipotogiaeskij anaZia prajaayka i protokuZ tury. 2 vols . Tbi l i s i : Publishing House ofthe Tbi l i s i Sta te Univ.

Georgiev, Vladimir. 1981. Introduction to the History o f the IndoEuropean Languages. 3rd ed. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.

Hopper, Paul J 1973. Glot ta l ized and Murmured Occlusives in IndoEuropean . Gtossa 7.141-66.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1977a, The Typology of the Proto-Indo-European Segmental Inventory . JIES 5:1.41-53.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1977b. Indo-European Consonantism and the 'NewLook ' . Orbis 26:1.57-72.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - 1981. 'Decem' and 'Taihun' Languages: An Indo-European Isogloss . Bono Homini Donum Essays in HistoricaZ Linguistics in Memory o f J . AZexander Kerns, ed. by Yoel L. Arbeitman &Allan R, Bombard. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1982, Areal Typology and the Early Indo-EuropeanConsonant System . The Indo-Europeans in the Fourth and ThirdMiZZennia, ed, by Edgar C. Polome. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma,

Meillet , Antoine. 1964. Introduction a Z etude comparative des Zanguesindo-europeennes. Universi ty, AL: Universi ty of Alabama Press.Repr. of 8th ed. (1937).

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1970. GeneraZ Characteristics o f the Germanic Languages. English t rans la t ion by William P. Dismukes. Coral Gables,FL: Univ. of Miami Press.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1984. Les diatectes indo-europeens. Geneva: Edit ionsSlatkine. . Repr, of 2nd ed,

Normier, Rudolf. 1977. Idg. Konsonantismus, germ. 'Lautverschiebung'und Vernersches Gesetz , Z 91.171-218,


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THE ASPIRATED STOPS OF PROTO INDO EUROPEAN 79

Suzuki, Se i i ch i . 1985. The Glo t t a l i c Theory and Di a l ec t a l Development . Z 92:2 .285-94.

SUMM RY

The t rad i t iona l reconst ruct ion of the Proto-Indo-European s topsystem cons i s t s of (1) p la in voiceless s tops , (2) voice less asp i r a t es ,(3) p la in voiced s tops , and (4) voiced asp i ra te s . A review of thedata from the daughter languages shows tha t se r i e s 1 should be r e i nt e rpre ted as voiceless and asp i r a t ed , se r i e s 2 should be completelye l imina ted , se r i e s 3 should be r e i n t e r p r e t ed as g lo t t a l i zed , andse r i e s 4 should remain unal tered .

La reconst ruct ion t r ad i t ionne l l e du systeme occlus i f de l i n d o -europeen comporte quat re se r i e s : (1) l e s sourdes s imples , (2) l e ssourdes asp i r ee s , (3) l e s sonores s imples , e t (4) l e s sonores asp i r ee s .Un examen des donnees des d ia l ec t es indo-europeens montre que la s e r i e1 devra i t e t r e r eco n s t ru i t e comme des sourdes asp i r ee s , la s e r i e 2devra i t e t r e ent ierement el iminee, la s e r i e 3 devra i t e t r e r econs t r u i t ecomme des g l o t t a l i s e s , e t la s e r i e 4 devra i t r e s t e r sans modif ica t ion .

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Die t r ad i t ione l l e Rekonstruktion des Systems der urindogermanischen VerschluBlaute bes teht aus (1) einfachen stimmlosen VerschluBlau ten , (2) stimmlosen Aspira ta , (3) einfachen stimmhaften VerschluBl au ten sowie (4) stimmhaften Aspirata. Eine Untersuchung der Datender Tochtersprachen jedoch l eg t nahe, daB die 1. Serie neu i n t e rp ret i e r t werden s o l l t e , und zwar a l s stimmloseund asp i r i e r t e Laute , daBdie 2. ganzlich e l imin i e r t werden konnte, daB die 3. a l s g l o t t a l i s i e r t eLaute r ekons t r u i e r t werden so l l t en , wahrend die 4. unverandert bleibenkonne.


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18/18

TABLE OF ONTENTS 0 ACHRON CA Ill 1 SPRING 1986)

ARiiCLES I AUFSATZE

Dorothy Disterheft (Columbus, S.C.): The Structure and Diachrony of ConsecutivesRoger Lass (Cape Town): Conventionalism, Invention and 'Historical Reality':

Some reflections on method .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15John M. Lipski (Houston, Tx.): On the Reduction of s in Philippine Creole Spanish 43Allan R. Bomhard (Boston): The Aspirated Stops of Proto-Indo-European 67

REVIEWARTICLE I RAPPORT CRITIQUE I FORSCHUNGSBERICHT

William R. Schmalstieg (University Park, Penn.): Toward a New Paradigm in Indo-European Studies ....... 81

REVIEWSI COMPTES RENDUS I BESPRECHUNGEN

Bammesberger, Alfred, ed., Problems o Old English Lexicography: Studies in memoryo Angus Cameron (Regensburg, 1985), reviewed by Raymond C. St-Jacques(Ottawa) . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 97

Robert S.P. Beekes, he Ongms o the indo-European Nomina/Inflection (lnnsbruck,1985), compte rendu par Jean Haudry Lyon) . 101

N. E. Collinge, he Laws o Indo-European (Amsterdam Philadelphia, 1985), reviewedby Donald A Ringe (Philadelphia) 1 07

Rene Lanszweert, Die Rekonstruktion des baltischen Grundwortschatzes (Frankfurt/Main -Bern - New York, 1984), reviewed by William R. Schmalstieg(University Park, Penn.) .. . .. .. .. . ... .. .... .... .. 115

William R. Schmalstieg, An Introduction to Old Church Slavic 2nd. ed. (Columbus, Ohio,1983), reviewed by Dean S. Worth (Los Angeles) .... .... .... . 119

Jurgen Untermann Bela Brogyanyi, eds., Das Germanische und die Rekonstruktionder indogermanischen Grundsprache (Amsterdam Philadelphia, 1984), reviewed byThomas F Shannon (Berkeley) ............... 121

MISCELLANEA: NOTES I NOTIZEN

Johann Knobloch (Bonn): ltalokeltische lsoglossen irn Sachgebiet des Kerbholzes 127

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVEDI OUVRAGES RECUS I EINGEGANGENE SCHRIFTEN 131

Documents

Bomhard - The Aspirated Stops of Proto-Indo-European