av;pm;cspfcif&ygaom vGwfvyfa&;AdokumMuD;

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

(NrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rfwGif pkpnf;wifNyxm;orQ)

2007? arv 13&ufxd

MrYoda \vufaqmif

AdkvfcsKyfaNymcJYwJY rSwfom;zG,frdefYcGef;av;awG

(peace06 &dkufwifay;onf)

ArmawG pdwfxufoav;bmav;eJY wvGJqHyifaumif;aeMuw,f/ ArmNynfvGwfvyfa&;&atmif vkyf&wJYwkdufyGJrsdK;rSm toHk;rcsbl;/ ArmNynfNyefvnfxlaxmifa&;rSm toHk;rcsbl;/ ArmArmcsif; cszdkYrSm vkyfcsifw,f/ 'grsdK;awG vkyfcsifvdkY b,fawmYrS tusdK;r&Sdbl;/ (1947-ckESpf?Zlvdkifv 13-&uf NrdKYawmfcef;rü aNymMum;cJYaom aemufqHk;rdefYcGef;rS ) EdkifiHa&;qdkwmu wcgw&HrS tpnf;ta0;vkyfNyD;awmY pifNrifYay:uaNymwJYvluaNym?em;axmifwJYvluem;axmifw JY udpörsdK;r[kwfbl;/tNrJwrf;tm;NzifY wwdkif;NynfvHk;rSm&SdwJY wkdif;olNynfom;awG[m rdrdwdkY&JU qdkif&mqkdif&m tusdK;awGudk qdkifovdk zGJYpnf;NyD;awmYum? rdrdwdkY NyóemawGudk vkyfNyD;awmYum aNz&Sif;&eftwGuf tNrJwrf;vkyfaewJY udpöNzpfw,f/ (1946-ckESpf?Zefe0g&Dv 23-&uf zqyvNynfvHk;uRwfnDvmcHwGif wifoGif;cJYaom nDnGwfa&;tqdkrS ) vlxkudk,fpm;vS,ftppfNzpfwJY vlawG ae&mwumay:aygufvmNyD; urÇmwpfckvHk;rSm&Sd&if ppfqdkwmvJ &SdrSmr[kwfbl;/ wa,mufESifYwa,muf wOD;ESifYwOD; wEdkifiHESifYwEdkifiH yl;aygif;NyD; udk,fYEdkifiHr&Sdwm olYEdkifiHu0,f?olYEdkifiHr&Sdwm ukd,fYEdkifiHu0,fpoNzifY aygif;oif;qufqHa&;NzpfvmEdkifw,f/ (1946-ckESpf?{NyDv 26-&ufara';a&SYaNy;rdefYcGef;rS ) vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf rdrd\owåd Aswådudkvnf;aumif;? olwpfyg;wdkY\ owåd Aswådudkvnf;aumif; ,HkMunftm;udk;rSomvQif MuD;us,fcrf;em; tusddK;rsm;atmif NyKvkyfaqmif&GufEdkifonfudkvnf; od&Sdem;vnfyg\/odkYaomfvnf; owåd Aswåd&Sdoludk tm;xm;av;pm;NyKrSkudk t&rf;rJY bk&m;wpfql?*lwpfvHk;vkyfum udk;uG,faNrSmufpm;onfYtNzpf a&mufapcJYvQif bk&m;twkrsm; ay:aygufapwwfavonf/ (1946-ckESpf?Zefe0g&Dv 20-&uf tv,fypö,HnDvmcHrdefYcGef;rS ) wu,fY 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm EdkifiHa&; oabmw&m;t& NynfolawG&JY tusdK;twGuf NynfolawGu wifaNrSmufwJY NynfolawG&JY tpdk;&Nzpf&HkeJY rNyD;ao;bl;/tJ'Dtpdk;&[m NynfolawG&JY vufiif;pD;yGm;a&;tqifYtwef;udk tcGifYta&;wef;wl&EdkifwJY taNctxd NrSifYwifEdkifatmif aqmif&Gufay;rS wu,fY'Drdkua&pDtxd wufvSrf;Edkifr,f/ (1947-ckESpf?arv 19-&uf zqyv yPmrNyifqifrSK nDvmcHrdefYcGef;rS ) wdkif;olNynfom; qE´t&r[kwfbJ wdkif;olNynfom;awGeJYuif;uGmNyD; rif;pdwfaygufaewJY t&m&SdawGcs,fvS,faewJY pepfqdk;rsdK;&Sdae&if trsm;NynfolwdkYqE´eJYvkyfudkif&wJY 'Drdkua&pD0g'acwfrpm;EdkifwJY zufqpf0g'qifwl&dk;rSm;awG ay:vmEdkifw,f/ (&dk;r-3 tzGifYpmrsufESmrS ul;,laz:Nyygonf)

vlrsdK;a&;w&m;a[mvJ igYvlrsdK;rS igYvlrsdK;?wNcm;vlrsdK;awG[m igYavmufrNrwf/igYvlrsdK;om urÇmMuD;pdk;&r,fqdkwJY usOf;aNrmif; ao;odrfwJY vlrsdK;a&;w&m;r[kwfbJ udk,fYvlrsdK;udk,fcspfcifaomfvnf; wNcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk rkef;wD;Ncif;?txifao;Ncif;rNzpfbJ urÇmrSm wdkif;Nynftcsif;csif; oifYNrwfpGm wOD;tusdK;wOD; NzpfyGm;apatmif aqmif&GufwJY vlrsdK;a&;w&m;rsdK;vJ Nzpf&r,f/ (1945-ckESpf?Mo*kwfv pwkw¬tMudrffaNrmuf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; tpnf;ta0;rdefYcGef;rS ) acgif;aqmifvkyfwJYvlawG[m udk,f,HkMunfwJYudpöudk wdkif;olNynfom;awGudk aNym&J&r,f?&Sif;NyEdkif&r,f? toufpGefYoifYwJYae&mr,f pGefU&J&r,f?y&d,m,f oHk;oifYwJY ae&mr,f oHk;&r,f?tcsdeftcgvdkufNyD; vkyf&r,f/ trsm;a,mifvdkY a,mif&w,f?tarmifawmifrSef;aNrmufrSef; rodqdk&ifacgif;aqmifr[kwfbl;/ (1947-ckESpf?azaz:0g&Dv 28-&uf NrdKYrdNrdKYzrsm;rS *kPfNyKonfY {nfYcHyGJü aNymMum;onfYrdefYcGef;rS ) udk,fYudk,fukd r,HkwJYvl[m b,ftcgrS wNcm;vludk r,Hkbl;/ udk,fYwdkif;olNynfom;udkvJ r,Hkbl;/uRefawmfYtzdkY uRefawmfYudk uRefawmf,Hkw,f/cifAsm;wdkYudkvJ ,HkMunfw,f/ ArmYvGwfvyfa&;vJ ,HkMunfw,f/b,fudpörqdk vkyf&if rSm;w,frSefw,fqdkwm &mZ0ifu qHk;NzwfvdrfYr,f/ (1947-ckESpf?azaz:0g&Dv 28-&uf NrdKYrdNrdKYzrsm;rS *kPfNyKonfY {nfYcHyGJü aNymMum;onfYrdefYcGef;rS )

NrefrmYvGwfvyfa&;AdokumESifYusaemfYtNrifusaemfYtawG;(a'gufwmvGPf;aqG)

(peace06 &dkufwifay;onf)

NrefrmYvGwfvyfa&;AdokumNzpfonfY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk usaemfodrDcGifYrMuHKvdkufaomfvnf; olonf

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tm;vHk;?toif;tzGJUrsm;tm;vHk; zqyvtzGJYcsKyfMuD;wGiff yg0ifyl;aygif;Mu&efESifY vGwfvyfa&;MudK;yrf;rSkydkrdkxd a&mufrSk&Sdap&eftwGuf wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;pkpnf;nDnGwfrSkudkwnfaqmufMu&efAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Nyif;Nyif; xefxefwdkufwGef;ESdK;aqmfcJYonf/AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf NrefrmYvGwfvyfa&;twGuf vufeufudkifwyf&Sd&ef vdkonf[k ol,HkMunfonfYtwdkif; rsdK;cspfArmYwyfrawmfudk t&ifwnfaqmufonf/xkdYaemuf vGwfvyfa&;udk awmif;qdk&ef wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;pkpnf;nDnGwfrSk&SdzdkYvdkonf[k ol,HkMunfonfYtwkdif;wwdkif;NynfvHk;ukd vSnfYvnfNyD; aeYrtm;nrem;pnf;&Hk;aqmif&GufNyefonf/xkdYaMumifYvnf; 1946ckESpfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; twGuf“tyifyef;qHk;aomESpf”NzpfcJYovdk “t&Tifvef;qHk;aomESpf”vnf;NzpfcJYonf[kqdkonf/tb,faMumifY qdkaomf ol,HkMunfonfYtwdkif; pnf;&Hk;vkyfaqmif&mwGif tcuftcJ?aNcxdk;rSktrsdK;rsdK;ESifY&ifqdkifcJY&onfYwdkif tqHk;wGif wdkif;&if;om;Nynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;u olYaemufrSrm;rm;&yfwnfcJYMuaomaMumifYNzpfygonf/ wenf;tm;NzifY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf pdwful;,OfrqefbJ NzpfEdkifaNc&SdonfY,HkMunfrSK twdkif; vufawGYvkyfaqmifum vlxkudkpnf;&Hk;vSHKUaqmfEdkifcJYonfYtwGuf “wESpftwGif;vGwfvyfa&;&apYr,f” [lonfY MuD;av;aomuwdpum;rsdK;udk ay;EdkifcJYNcif;Nzpfonf[k xifrdygonf/ “,HkMunfrSkqdkonfrSm ,ckxdoufaorNy&ao;onfY wu,fYNzpfEdkifaNctodw&m;ay:rSm cdkifrmpGmoabmayguf em;vnfNcif;udk ac:onf/,HkMunfrSkonf(arQmfvifYcsufuJYodkYyif) tem*wfudkMudKwifrSef;qNcif;r[kwf? rNzpfay: ao;onfYtaNctaerSm&SdonfY ypöKyÜef\tNrifwckNzpfonf/wenf;aNymvQif ,HkMunfrSkonf oHo,rSvGwfuif; onfY aocsmrSkESifYoufqdkifaeonf/” “,HkMunfrSkESifYa&marQmfvifYcsufESifYyg qufoG,faeonfY tNcm;twGif;pdwftaNctaewck&Sdygao;onf/¤if;rSm owådNzpfonf/” AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ol\arQmfrSef;csuf?,HkMunfcsuftwdkif; csDwuf&mwGif rqkwfrepfaomZGJ?vHkYv0D&d,wkdY&Sd onfYtNyif owåd&Sd&SdNzifYvnf; tcuftcJtusyftwnf;[lorQukd &ifqdkifausmfNzwfcJYonf/*syefwdkYxHppfynm oifMum;aepOf &JabmfoHk;usdyftzGJY0ifwdkYtm; *syefwdkY\ &kdif;pdkif;NyD;&ufpufMurf;MuKwfonfY tNyKtrlwkdYudk owåd &Sd&SdNzifY&ifqdkif&ef tm;ay;nTefMum;cJYyHkrSm rSwfom;avmufay\/ “a[Yaovnf; ArmyDyDZmwdrmefeJYaoMuyg/&efolurd&if “vuf”tm;&if vufeJYxdk;? “aNc”tm; &ifaNceJUuefyg/ aemufqHk;“yg;pyf”tm;&if yg;pyfeJYudkufNyD;rS &J&JomaoNyvkdufwmaygY” [kAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u nTefMum;tm; ay;yHkudk &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifAdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZmu ol\udk,fa&;tw¬KyÜwådpmtkyfwGif a&;om;cJYonf/ *syefawmfvSefa&;tNyD; t*FvdyfwdkYNyef0ifvmcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: EdkifiHa&;t&rvdkrkef;xm;pdwf&Sd aom yk*¾dKvfrsm;u bk&ifcHqma':refprpfudk csOf;uyfum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk vlowfrSkNzifYzrf;qD;&ef wdku wGef;Muonf/bDtdkifatwyfMuD; NrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odkYcsDwufvmpOfu oxHke,fbufwGif &Gmw&GmrSolMuD; wa,mufukd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwkdifowfypfonf[lonfY trSkudpöNzpfonf/ xkdudpöESifYywfoufí Adkvf csKyfatmifqef;\owåd&Sd&SdwHkYNyefyHkrSmvnf; rSwfom;p&myif/AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u “rdrdonfrnfonfYtcgrQ rw&m;rvkyf?rdrdonf rnfonfYpGyfpGJrSkudkrSraMumuf? rdrd\vdyfNymrSmtNrJoefY&Sif;vsuf”[k 1946ckESpf{NyDv xkwf owif;pHk*sme,fwGif aqmif;yg;a&;umNyefvnfacsycJY\/xdkaqmif;yg;udkkzwfMunfYvQif AdkvfcsKyfatmif qef;\owådESifYNywfom;rSkudkxifxif&Sm;&Sm;awGYEkdifygonf “owådqdkonfrSm t"dyÜg,fESpfcGrxGufatmifaNymzdkYqkdvQif wenf;tm;NzifY acgif;at;at;NzifY&ifqdkifEdkifpGrf; odkYr[kwf csKyfwnf;EkdifpGrf;owåd (Fortitude)[kvnf; aNymEkdifygonf/” csKyf&vQifum; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wnf;[laom vlxl;vlqef;yk*¾dKvfMuD;onf t,l0g'a&;&mudka&SUwef;rwifbJ NrefrmNynfolvlxk\ tusdK;pD;yGm;twGufNzpfEdkifaNc&Sdonfukd "r®"dVmefususvkyfaqmifcJYonfY vufawGYtusdK; arQmf0g'D (Pragmatist)wOD;Nzpfonf[k usaemfYtaeESifY,lqrdygonf/ olonf olarQmfrSef;onfYvGwfvyfa&; yef;wdkifodkY a&muf&Sdatmif ol,HkMunfonfYvrf;pOfESifY owåd&Sd&Sd&ifqdkifwkdufyGJ0ifcJYonfYtwGuf NrefrmYvGwfvyf a&; Adokumwnf;[laom MuD;NrwfonfY*kPfyk'fudk &&SdcJYNcif;Nzpfonf[kvnf; usaemfawG;xifrdygonf/ udk;um;- 1/ocifwifOD;-usaemfwdkYrSwfrdod&SdorQAdkvfcsKyf 2/AdkvfrSL;baomif;(armifokw)-ArmYawmfvSefa&;ordkif; 3/AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm-udk,fwdkifa&;tw¦KyÜwåd(yxrwGJ) 4/*sL;-arQmfvifYcsufESifYtNcm;aqmif;yg;rsm;

(a'gufwmvGPf;aqG)

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (1915 - 1947) (AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm)

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atmifqef;(odkYr[kwf)t&dkif;-'*kefwm&m

(so what wifay;onf)

Invictus (so what &dkufwifay;onf)

Out of the night that covers me, Black as the Pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul. In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeonings of chance My head is bloody, but unbow'd. Beyond this place of wrath and tears Lies but the horror of the shade, And yet the menace of the years Finds, and shall find me, unafraid. It matters not how strait the gate, How charged with punishments the scroll, I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul. Engrave this quote in Our Store! | Rate this Quote! | Tell a Friend -William Ernest Henley, "Invictus", 1875 tEdkifrcH

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igomvSsif ighpdwf\ tMuD;tuJ jzpfownf;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (tdk;a0r*¾Zif;? twGJ 6 trSwf 1? 1936 ck)

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tx¬KyÜwåd

(so what &dkufwifay;onf) (naughtyboy vnf; xyfrH&dkufwifay;xm;ygonf)

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ausmif;om;0wå&m;- AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

ArmYatmifqef;(1) –armifxif

ArmYatmifqef;(2) –armifxif

ig;rl;wef;rSm&kyf&SifMunfhcJhaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;- wuúodkvfae0if;

(so what wifay;onf)

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\acgif;aqmift*Fg(armifxif)

(yadanarmg wifay;onf)

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\yifukdobm0p&dkuf

(so what &dkufwifay;onf)

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AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JUaemufqHk;rdefUcGef;

(botchan wifay;onf)

1947ckESpf Zlvkdifv 13&ufaeU &efukefjrdKawmfcrf;r vlxkpnf;a0;yGJü AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; jynfolokdU aemufqHk; rSmMum;csufrdefUcGef;yg/

Who really killed Aung San? (neo &dkufwifay;xm;onf)

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awmfvSefa&;(armifxif)

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EdkifiHtwGuf 'defcJvkyfief;udk zGHYjzdK;atmif vkyfaeouJhokdY&Sd\/ jrefrmwkdY\ ig;ydvkyfief;onf bkd;awmfbk&m;acwfu enf;edoQtwkdif;omvQif &Sdao;onf/ tu,fí xkdig;ydvkyfief;udk qHkjzifhaxmif;&aompHepfrS pufrIvufrIESifh Mudwf&aompHepfokdY ajymif;vJEdkifvQif ig;ydawmfvSefa&;MuD; jzpfxGef;vmonf[k qkdEdkif\/ avmufwufaom ig;ydudk awmifpifzufESifh xkyfí a&mif;aompHepfrS oefY&Sif;aomig;ydukd p,fvkdzdef;puúLESifh avvHkvHkxkyfa&mif;aom pHepfodkY ul;ajymif;vmvQif ig;ydawmfvSefa&;MuD; jyD;ajrmufvmonf[k qkdEkdifonf/ awmol awmifom;wkdY ig;ydt&nfMudKpm;ae&onfhb0udk pnfoGyfvacsmifpm;&aom b0odkY ydkYaqmifEdkifvQif awmfvSefa&;rlum; uREkfyfwkdYonf ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmfrQ tarSmifacwfxJodkY usa&mufaeMu&rnfr[kwf/ *syefEdkifiH rDtD*sDrif;vufxufü *syefynmawmfoifrsm;onf urÇmay:&Sd EdkifiHtoD;oD;rS tawG;tac:ESifh ynmA[kokwt&yf&yfwkdYudk *syefvlxktm; jzefYcsday;EkdifouJhodkY uif;0efrif;MuD;u apvTwfxm;aom ynmawmfoifwkdYonf urÇmYtawGUtMuKH A[kokwwkdYudk jrefrmvlxktm; jzefYcsday;Edkifvdrfhrnf/ þodkYomjzpfvmcJhvQif jrefrmhawmfvSefa&;onf ESpfq,f&mpkESpfqef;vmonfESihfwjydKifeuf pwifjzpfay:vm&ayvdrfhrnf/ þodkYom jzpfay:vmcJhvQif uREkfyfwkdYonf t*Fvdyfudk apmapmuyif awmfvSefEkdifcJhvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf &mZ0ifum; wpfrsdK;wpfzHk jzpfcJhavonf/ tu,fíom 19 &mpkESifh 20 &mpkESpftul;wGif jrefrmhawmfvSefa&; pwifcJhygvQif ,aeYtzdkY uREkfyfwdkYonf awmfvSefa&;ü awGa0jcif;? aoGzDjcif;? azmufjyefjcif; r&SdEdkif&m/ awmfvSefa&; t"dyÜm,fudk taumufrrSm;Edkif&m/ ,cktcsdefü awmfvSefa&;te,frxdkifao;ojzifh t"dyÜm,ftaumufrSm;vsuf &SdMuonf/ odkYaomf acwfMuD;rSm olckd;u vl[pfaomacwfjzpfaeav&m trSm;udk awGUolu trSefudkawGUoltm; rSm;\[k &Iwfcsaeayonf/ xdkYaMumifh uREkfyfwkdY\ awmfvSefa&;rSm jrefrmhawmfvSefa&;omjzpf&rnf[laom oabmudk em;r0ifEkdifMuao;/ awmfvSefa&;udk ] umAGefaumfyD ] ul;ovkd yHkwlul;csEkdifrSom awmfvSefa&;jzpf&rnf[k ,lqaeMu\/ odkYaomf 4if;wkdY ul;csaeaom yHkwlrSm ESpfq,f&mpkESpfu yHkr[kwf/ Oa&mytv,facwf awmfvSefa&;te,frxkdifcifu yHkrsm;jzpfownf;/ 4if;wkdYul;csaeaom yHkonf rnfrQa[mif;EGrf;aqG;ajrYaeonfudk 4if;wkdY rodMu/ om;utzukd ykefuefvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? wynfhu q&mudk ykefuefvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? vli,fu vlMuD;udk ykefuefvQifaomfvnf;aumif; awmfvSefa&;rnf\[k xifrSwfaeMu\/ xkdxifrSwfcsufjzifh qJa&;wkdif;xGmaeMu\/ odkYaomf awmfvSefa&;obm0udk em;vnfaom EkdifiHwkdYüum; om;onf tzxuf acwffrDatmif MudK;yrf;aeMu\/ wynfhonf q&mxuf vufapmif;xuf&ef MudK;yrf;aeMu\/ vli,fonf vlMuD;xuf xufjrufatmif MudK;yrf;aeMu\/ rdrdxufomaom om;udk tzu ydkcspf\/ rdrdxufomaom wynfhudk q&mu csD;usL;\/ rdrdxufomaomvli,fudk vlMuD;u rsufESmomay;\/ odkYaomf om;onf4if;? wynfhonf4if;? vli,fonf4if; rmewHcGefrxl/ tqifhqifh wkd;wufMuzkdYudkom &nfpl;Muayonf/ wkdif;oljynfom;ESifh tpdk;&wkdYqufqHrIüvnf; txufygenf;twdkif; pOfpm;íMunfhav/ eufeJpGm pOf;pm;oltzkdY eufeJaom t"dyÜm,fay:vmvdrfhrnf/ pOf;pm;rIü aoGzDwwfolwdkYtzkdYum; rnfodkYpOf;pm; pOf;pm; t"dyÜm,frSefudk &Muvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ odkYaomf awmfvSefa&;um; &yfwefYaevdrfhrnf r[kwf/ a&SUodkY wa&GUa&GUoGm;vdrfhOD;rnf/ awmfvSefa&;onf þuJhodkYwa&GUa&GUESifh zGHUjzdK;aecsdef0,f awmfvSefa&;\ y#dpöorkyg'fukd em;rvnfao;aom olwkdYonf 20 &mpkrS 16 &mpkodkY aemufjyefoGm;Muvdrfhrnf/ awmfvSefa&;udk udk,fusdK;tvdkYiSm t&if;jyKolwkdYonfvnf; 20 &mpkESpfwGif ed,wHkusifhMuvdrfhrnf/ a&SUodkYwpfvufrrQ wkd;vmEkdifMuvdrfhrnfr[kwf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf tdrftdkMuD;ü aeí rjzpfawmhojzifh tdrftdkMuD;udk zsufMu&onf/ zsufoifhonfrSef\/ rzsufvQif tdrftdkMuD; jydKusaomtcg uREkfyfwkdYonf ,ufratmufüydí toufxGufMu&vdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf tdrfudkzsufolonf tdrfudkaqmufwwf&OD;rnf/ tdrfa[mif;zsufjyD; tdrfopfraqmufwwfvQif uREkfyfwkdY vGifwD;acgifü aeMu&vdrfhrnf/ (armifxif)

taMumufEdkifiHa&;(armifxif)

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(armifxif)

tem*wfjrefrmhEdkifiHa&;(armifxif)

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(armifxif)

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avQmhaps; aps;&if;

uuf&SrD,majctdwf 1$ 8yJ 1$ 12yJ

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a&Ta&mifcg;ydkufaqmifem&D 5$ 12yJ 7$ 8yJ

ukr®m&DpdefwkMu,foD;wpfpHk 5$

a&TtppfuGif;wyfvsufpdefwkMu,foD;wpfpHk 20$ 8yJ

a&Ga&mifvufywfem&D 22$

bDuef(Beacon)&SL;zdeyfrsm; 32$ 8yJ 39$ 8yJ? 44$ 8yJ

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16/ ocifoef;wif(2) - Adkvfjr'if 17/ ocifatmifoef; - AdkvfpMuFm 18/ ocifpdk; - AdkvfjrifYatmif 19/ocifpHjr - Adkvfawmufxdef 20/ udkvS - Adkvfrif;a&mif 21/ udkapmvGif - Adkvfrif;acgif 22/ ocifausmfpdef - Adkvfrdk;ndK 23/ ocifopf - Adkvfapmaemif 24/ ocif cifarmifOD; - Adkvfwm&m 25/ ocifxGef;vGif - AdkvfAv 26/ ocifoef;nGefY - AdkvfZifa,mf 27/ ocifat;armif - Adkvfrdk; 28/ ocifarmifarmif - AdkvfOmP 29/ ocifaiG - Adkvfapmatmif 30/ ocifxGef;tkyf - ppfynmroifbJ tkyfcsKyfa&;ynmomoifojzifY AdkvfbGJYrcH,lcJY/

rSwfrdorQ-udkatmifqef;\ ausmif;om;b0 (ocifausmfpdef )

(peace06 &dkufwifay;onf) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (0g )ocifatmifqef; (0g ) udkatmifqef;ESifY ausmif;aebuf EdkifiHa&;vkyfaz:udkifbuf wpfOD;NzpfcJUí ausmif;üaepOfu rSwfrdorQudk rSwfwrf;wifvdkufonf/udkatmifqef;onf uRefawmfwdkYxuf 2-ESpfapmí wuúodkvfodkY a&muf&Sdaeygonf/ udkatmifqef;udk uRefawmfwdkYtwef;qif;csdefESifY oltwef;wuf&ef okwfoD;okwfysmvmcsdefwdkYwGif tif;0aqmifa&SYwGif rMumcPqHkpnf;rdwwfMuygonf/ aemuf udkatmifqef;ESifY uRefawmfwdkY cifrif&if;ESD;vmcJYMuonf/ udkatmifqef;\ ausmif;om;b0 0wfyHkqifyHkrSm uRefawmfwdkYtzdkY txl;tqef;r[kwfaomfvnf; trsm;tzdkY tawm MuD;xl;qef;aeovdkNzpfcJYygonf/&SyftuFsDudk Mu,foD;tNynfYrwyfbJ yifeDtay:tusFDudk uydku&dk0wfí rEåav; vHkcsnftEGrf;udkyif qifNref;um qHyifpkwfzGm;ESifY oifMum;ydkYcscsufrsm;vdkuf&ef rSwfpkpmtkyfvufwGifudkifNyD; pdkuf pdkufpdkufpdkufoGm;wwfavY&Sdygonf/wckckudk tpOftm&HkpdkufNyD;aeaomtoGifrSm tNrJxif&Sm;í aeygonf/udkatmif qef;onf ausmif;wGif oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifY a[;vm;0g;vm; pum;zJGUavUr&Sdyg/oifMum;ydkYcsorQudk tNrJtm&HkpdkufNyD; em;axmifrSwfom;avU&Sdygonf/xkdYaMumifYvnf; udkatmifqef;pmar;yGJwdkif;aumif;pGmatmifNrifonfcsnf;Nzpfyg onf/ udkatmifqef;ESifYcifrif&if;ESD;vmNyD; ol\tcef;odkY oGm;a&mufvnfywfaomtcg ol\tcef;rSm raooyfqHk;tcef; wpfck tNrJNzpfaeonfudk aumif;pGmowdNyKrdonf/wpfcgwpf&H udkatmifqef;onf nvHk;aygufpmzwfavY&Sdygonf/ pmoifcef;wGif ESkwfqdwfoavmuf ol\tcef;a&mufípum;prdvQif udkatmifqef;onf tmaygiftm&if;oefoefESifY pdwfygvufygaNymavY&Sdygonf/rnfonfudkavYvmavYvm ESdkufESdkufcRwfcRwftyifyef;cHNyD; avYvmwwfygonf/ xdkYaMumifY udkatmifqef;pum;aNymvQif ydkifydkifEdkifEdkifaNymvnf;aNymEdkifygonf/ol\aNym[efxJrS “'Dr,f-'Dr,f” [kaNymyHkrsm; “udk,fYvl-udk,fYvl”[kaNymyHkrsm;rSm em;xJwGifpGJí ,aeYwdkif&Sdaeygao;onf/

wpfnaewGif oxHkaqmifüaeaom udkausmfNidrf;?udkatmifqef;ESifY uRefawmfwdkY oHk;OD;om; wuúodkvf&dyfomvrf;ESifY tif;vsm;vrf;axmifY(,ck ukvm;vufzuf&nfqdkifem; ) wGif a&mif;aeaom taMumfqdkifü w0pm;MuNyD; tif;vsm; uefbufudk avQmufMuygonf/b*FgvDvli,frsm;\aNcmufvSefYowfNzwfa&;0g' (Terrorism) udk ol&GH&Smrkef;wD; yHkudk tm;&yg;&aNymNyD;vQif olonf wpfOD;csif;vlpGrf;aumif;0g'udk rkef;wD;aMumif;?pkaygif;pnf;&Hk;vkyfudkifNcif; (organized action) udkom ,HkMunfaMumif; wpfem&DausmfausmfcefYaNymEdkifcJYonf/ udkatmifqef;\ pmzwfyHkrSm tawmfMuD;pepfusvSygonf/ yxrpmtkyf\ rmwdumudk aumif;pGmrSwfom;ygonf/ aemufwpfcef;pDzwfvsuf zwfNyD;om; tcef;rsm;\ tcsKyfoabmudk rSwfpkpmtkyfNzpfap?pm&GufvGwfüNzpfap rmwd umacgif;pOfcsí twdkcsKyf rdrdbmomrdrda&;om;avU&Sdygonf/udkatmifqef;onf ausmif;pmESifYtNyifpm ESpfckvHk;udk ausvnfatmif zwfEkdifaomowåd&SdolNzpfavonf/ xkdacwftcgu ay:aygufaeaom Nyóemrsm;?taNctaersm;udk rMumcPqdkovdk udkatmifqef;ESifY aqG;aEG;Muyg onf/udkatmifqef;onf tNzD;tNzef;rygbJ vdk&if;tcsufrsm;udk NywfNywfom;om;wpfwpfcGcG az:xkwfavY&Sd ygonf/ pma&;&mwGifvnf; t*FvdyfbmomESifYNzpfap?NrefrmbmomESifYNzpfap xdxdrdrdxif&Sm;ay:vGifatmifa&;om; Ekdifygonf/ ESpfbmomvHk;udk aumif;aumif;MuD; uRrf;uRrf;usifusif a&;Ekdifolrsm; enf;yg;aomfvnf; udkatmifqef; rSm xdkodkYa&;EdkifolwpfOD;Nzpfygonf/ udkatmifqef; Oya'wef; yxrESpfoifMum;aecdkuf xdkpOfu uG,fvGefola'gufwmodef;armifOD;pD;aom Nrefrmydkif t*Fvdyfowif;pm “e,l;bm;rm;” wGif tcsdefydkif;t,f'DwmtNzpf vkyfvsuf&Sdygonf/uRefawmfwdkYESpfOD;vHk;onf nae 3-em&DcGJausmfrS owif;pmwkdufodkY a&mufMuygonf/owif;pmwdkufa&mufvQif udkatmifqef;onf aemuf wpfaeYwGufowif;acgif;MuD;udk MudKwifpOf;pm;vmcJYonfYtwdkif; xdkif&mrxqdkovdkwxkdifwnf;ESifYtNyD;a&;avY&Sd ygonf/ udkatmifqef;a&;cJYaom owif;pmacgif;MuD;ydkif;rsm;rSm e,fcsJYqefYusifa&;rsm;om NzpfMuygonf/ t*Fvdyfpmudka&;&mü Ekdifeif;onfESifYtrQ cufcJvSaomNyóemwdkYudk &Sif;vif;yDopGm az: xkwfEkdifcJYoNzifY e,fcsJY tpdk;&ESifY EdkifiHa&;&yfuGufwkdYwGif udkatmifqef;\ acgif;MuD;ydkif; rsm;udk av;av;pm;pm;&SdcJYMu&avonf/ Nrefrmaqmif;yg;rsm;udkrl r[m'*kef r*¾Zif;MuD;ü a&;avY&SdcJYygonf/a[maNym&mürl udkatmifqef;onf a'grsm;rsm; ygNyD; aNymcsifaZmMuD;aeonfudk rMumcPMuHK&wwfygonf/ tdk;a0 r*¾Zif;pmwnf;tNzpf udkatmifqef;aqmif&Guf aepOfu “i&JacG;MuD;vGwfvmavNyD”[laom t*Fvdyfpmu@yg aqmif;yg;rSm wuúodkvfe,faNromru wpfEkdifiHvHk; odrfYodrfYwkefoGm;cJYygonf/xkdaqmif;yg;wGif zGifYcsvdkufaomtcsufrsm;udk taMumif;NyKí ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHk ay:cJY&avonf/ArmYEdkifiHa&;NzpfpOfwGif rSwfwdkifMuD;wpfck[k qdkEdkifygonf/ or*¾udpörsm;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGifvnf; udkatmifqef;onf tyifyef;cHum tpm;taomufttdyftaeudk yrmrNyK bJ vkyfavY&Sdygonf/tvkyfvkyf&rSmudk b,faomtcgrQ aMumuf&GHUNcif;r&Sdolrsm;wGif udkatmifqef;onf xdyfqHk;u tNrJ&Sdygonf/ZGJvnf;tvGefNyif;xefygonf/ bmvkyfvkyf pdwfa&mudk,fygvkyfwwfívnf; olvkyforQrSm c&D; a&mufavY&Sdygonf/ ausmif;om;b0ü [efa&;NyNcif;udk pufqkwfNyD; xdxdrdrdavYvmrSwfom;um ZGJ&Sd&SdESifYvkyfom;udkifom;usaom udkatmifqef;taeESifYvnf;aumif;AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;taeESifYvnf;aumif; EdkifiHYwm0efwdkYudk rarmEdkifryef; Ekdif qufvufxrf;aqmifNyD; EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;rkcfOD;odkY ta&mufydkYaqmifEkdifcJYNcif;rSm ausmif;om;ausmif;olwkdif; tm;usenf;,lzG,fyifNzpfygawmYonf/ ausmif;om;ausmif;olwdkif; udkatmifqef;enf;wl EkdifiHtwGuf MudK;yrf;tm;xkwfEkdifMuygap/ / ocifausmfpdef (1960-61 ckESpfxkwf &efukefwuúodkvfESpfvnfpmapmif twGJ (4)?trSwf(2) rS xkwfESkwfaz:Nyygonf/ )

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yHkESifY NrefrmaiGusyfrsm;

(botchan & so what wifay;ygonf)