BODY SYSTEMS

Competency: MD03 Analyze the relationship of tissues, organs, and body systemsObjectives: MD03.01 Identify structural units of the body MD03.02 Analyze body tissues and

membranes

Anatomy – study of body structures

Physiology – study of body functions

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What are anatomy & physiology?

Structure & Function are often closely related

WHAT IS A DISEASE?

Upsets normal body structure or function• Pathology• Pathophysiology

Related Terms• Etiology• Epidemiology• Diagnosis• Prognosis

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Anatomical PositionStanding erect, face

and palms forward, arms at side.

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ANATOMIC TERMINOLOGY POSITION AND DIRECTION (PAGE 1)

Anterior or ventralFront, or in front of

Posterior or dorsalBack or in back of

CranialRefers to head of the

body Caudal

Means tail end Superior

Upper or above Inferior

Lower or below5

(PAGE 2) Medial

Toward the middle Lateral

Toward the side of the body Proximal

Toward point of attachment to body or trunk (near)

DistalAway from point of attachment to body

or trunk (away from) Superficial (external)

Near surface or outside of body Deep (internal)

Inside the body 6

BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS

Planes – imaginary anatomical dividing linesSagittal Plane

Divides into Rt. And Lt. parts ? mid-sagittal plane

Coronal (frontal) Plane Vertical cut at right angles to sagittal plane, divides

into front and back sectionsTransverse Plane

Cross-section, horizontal cut divides into upper and lower parts

Section – cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane

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BODY CAVITIES Dorsal cavity

Contains cranial and spinal Brain in cranial cavity Spinal cord n spinal cavity

Anterior (ventral) cavityContains thoracic and abdominopelvic

cavities Thoracic cavity contains lungs and heart Abdominal cavity contains stomach, intestines,

liver, gallbladder and pancreas Pelvic cavity contains bladder and reproductive

organs 8

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS Lt. Hypochondriac

Epigastric

Rt. Hypochondriac

Lt. Lumbar Rt. Lumbar Umbilical

Rt. Inguinal Hypogastric Lt. Inguinal

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TISSUES

Cells grouped because they are similar in shape, size, structure, and function

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF TISSUES

Epithelial tissueCovers internal and external surfaces and

produces secretions Muscle tissue

Ability to contract and move the body Nervous tissue

Cells react to stimuli and conduct an in impulse

Connective tissueSupports and connects organs and tissue 11

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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Adipose tissue Stores fat cells

Areolar tissue Surrounds organs and supports nerve cells / blood

vessels Ligaments

Strong, flexible bands of tissue; holds bones together at joints

Tendons Attaches skeletal muscle to bone; white bands of

tissue

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AponeurosesFlat, wide bands of tissue; holds

one muscle to another Fasciae

Fibrous tissue sheets that wrap around muscle bundles to hold them in place

CartilageFirm, flexible support of

embryonic skeleton and part of adult skeleton

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MEMBRANES

Formed by putting two thin layers of similar tissue together

Cells may secrete fluid Two different types

Mucous Serous

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MUCOUS MEMBRANES

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Line open systems Digestive Reproductive Respiratory Urinary

SEROUS MEMBRANES

Double-walled, produces watery fluid, lines closed body cavitiesParietal membrane - outer part,

lines the actual cavityVisceral membrane - part covering

organs

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ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

Organ System –group of organs acting together to perform a specific, related function

Organ Systems we will study include: Integumentary Circulatory Skeletal Excretory Muscular Nervous Digestive Endocrine Respiratory Lymphatic Reproductive 18

TISSUE REPAIR:

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Primary and secondary repair

PRIMARY REPAIR

Graft skin transplanted to heal larger wounds

If deeper tissues are involved – sutures are used to sew edges together.

In clean wound with no infection New epithelial cells push up toward skin

surface Larger area – fluid escapes from broken

capillaries, dries, and seals the wound with a scab

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SECONDARY REPAIR

Granulation Occurs in large open wounds, causing

surface area to have bubbly texture, consists of newly formed capillaries and fibroblasts

Cicatrix -- scar tissue

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