Body Immunity System

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Body Immunity System

Jamil Ihsan | Nizan Dani Oktama | Harri Kahfi

XI Science 1 SMAN Plus Riau Province


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SMAN PLUSPROPINSI RIAU

Jl. Lingkar KubangRayaPO. Box 1447-Pekanbaru


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BODY IMMUNITY

Body immunity is the ability of the body to fight disease

germ in order to avoid from the disease.

EFFECTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEMBeneficial:

Protection from invaders/pathogens Intracellular (e.g. viruses and some bacteria and

parasites) Extracellular (e.g. most bacteria, fungi and

parasites)Elimination of modified or altered Self

Detrimental:

Discomfort and collateral damage (inflammation)

Damage to self (hypersensitivity or autoimmunity)


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Body immunity is separated into two :

COMPARISON OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity

No time lag A lag period

Non antigen specific Antigen specificNo memory Development of memory

INNATE IMMUNITYRapid responses to a

broad range of microbes

ACQUIRED IMMUNITYSlower responses to

specific microbesExternal defenses Internal defenses

SkinMucous membranes

Secretions

Phagocytic cellsAntimicrobial proteinsInflammatory responseNatural killer cells

Humoral response(antibodies)

Cell-mediated response(cytotoxic lymphocytes)

Invadingmicrobes

(pathogens)


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general response to anything other than recognized self cells

System/Organ Cell type Mechanism

Skin Squamous epitheliumPhysical barrier

Desquamation

MucousMembranes

Non-ciliated epithelium

(e.g. GI tract)Peristalsis

Ciliated epithelium

(e.g. respiratory tract) Mucociliary elevator

Epithelium

(e.g. nasopharynx)

Flushing action of

tears, saliva, mucus,

urine

1. Mechanical Barricade

Kind ofBody Immunity

Is present before any exposure to pathogens and iseffective from the time of birth

Involves nonspecific responses to pathogens


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2. Chemical Barricade

System or Organ Component Mechanism

Skin SweatAnti-microbial fatty

acids

Mucous Membranes

HCl (parietal cells)

Tears and saliva

Low pH

Lysozyme and

phospholipase A

Defensins

(respiratory & GI tract)Antimicrobial

Surfactants (lung) Opsonin

3. Complementary System

Effect Function

OpsinonCan stick microorganism with leucocytes so it

simplify for the occurrence of phagocytosis.

Chemotoxin Attract leucocytes to infection region

Making Holes Killing microorganism

HystaminHystamin produces the widening of blood vessel

(vasodilatation) and capillary permeability to protein

ChininHas function like hystamin and it can stimulate the

end of pain and itchy receptors.Kind ofBody Immunity


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specific counter-assault against a known foreign invader

[previously recognized]Also called acquired immunity

Develops only after exposure to inducing agents such as

microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances

Involves a very specific response to pathogens



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B cell receptors

Bind to specific, intact antigens

Are often called membrane antibodies or

membrane immunoglobulins

Antigen-

binding

site

Antigen-

binding site

Disulfide

bridge

Light

chain

Heavy chains

Cytoplasm of B cell

V

A B cell receptor consists of two identical heavy

chains and two identical light chains linked by

several disulfide bridges.

(a)

Variable

regions

Constant

regions

Transmembrane

region

Plasma

membrane

B cell

VV

C

C C

C

V



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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:B_cell_activation.png


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Antigen-

Binding site

chain

Disulfide bridge chain

T cell

A T cell receptor consists of one chain and one chain linked bya disulfide bridge.

(b)

Variable

regions

Constant

regions

Transmembrane

region

Plasma

membrane

Cytoplasm of T cell

Each T cell receptor Consists of two different polypeptide chains

V V

C C



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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:T_cell_activation.png


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Kinds of T-cell1. Destroyer T-CellBonding itself with antigen secreting a lyphotoxin, destroy that antigen so causes

death in that microorganism.Producing a lymphotoxin protein to strengthen phagocytosis the power of

macrophage to the infection region.

2. Servant T-Cell (T4)

Producing interleukin-2 destroyer T-cell develops faster.

Chemical substance to produce antibody

3. Suppressor T-Cell (T8)

Retarding activity of T4.

Decreasing activity of destroyer T-cell.

4. Memory T-Cell

Recall antigen that has entered body and stronger secondary response from thatmemory T-cell shows that someone that has immunity to certain disease.

5. Amplifier T-Cell

Strengthen the works of T4,

T8and plasma cell.

6. Hypersensitive T-Cell

Produced lympoxin that is related with allergic reaction.


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IMMUNITY

Immunity is a treatment that causes someone becomes

immune to a disease.


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Lymphocytes are activated by antigens on the surface of

pathogens that infected the body Develops naturally in response to an infection Can also develop following immunization, also called vaccination


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B and T cells have not been activated, antibodies have

not been produced Is conferred naturally when IgG crosses the placenta

from mother to fetus or when IgA passes from mother to

infant in breast milk Can be conferred artificially by injecting antibodies into a

no immune person


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DISORDERS IN BODY IMMUNITY SYSTEM


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Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), it eventuallydestroys the bodys ability to fight infection.

HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to

10 years

AIDS name applied during advanced stages of disease

After immune system destroyed, opportunistic infections occur.Epidemic throughout much of the world

14,000 people are infected with the AIDS virus every day

HIV is the virus that causes AIDS and that is transmitted mainly

in blood and semen

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

(AIDS)


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Allergies are abnormal sensitivities to allergens inthe surroundings

Allergen(pollen grain)

B cells makeantibodies

Antigenicdeterminant

SENSITIZATION: Initial exposure to allergen

Antibodiesattach to

mast cell

B cell(plasma cell)

HistamineMastcell

Allergen binds toantibodies on

mast cell

Histamine isreleased, causing

allergy symptomsLATER EXPOSURE TO SAME ALLERGEN

Allergy (Hypersensitive)


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Jl. Lingkar KubangRayaPO. Box 1447-Pekanbaru Thankyou!!

Biology is

Fun, right??Referensi Materi:

Nizan Dani OktamaHarri Kahfi

PowerPoint Maker:

Jamil Ihsan


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Body Immunity System