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BODY FLUIDSUniversity of the Cordilleras

Dorothy Silva-Jamero

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Urineis liquid waste product of the body secreted

by the kidneys by a process of filtration from blood and excreted through the urethra . Thiswaste is eventually expelled from the body ina process known as urination .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney

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UrineComposition

Water

Electrolytes NitrogenAcid

MetabolitesDissolved heavy metalsGlucose

Bacteria

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UrineProperties

Color

Odor pHTransparency

Specific gravity

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UrineTest for Urea

Phenol red (also known asphenolsulfonphthalein or PSP ) is a pH indicator that is frequently used in cell biology laboratories.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_indicatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_indicator

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Phenol red

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Urea CrystalsLong,colorless,

rhombic prismsSoluble in

water andalcohol

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Uric acid crystalsFinal productof purine

oxidationReddishcrystals

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Creatininea waste product formed by the slow, spontaneous degradationof creatine phosphate (muscles)useful for assessing kidney function

picric acid +NaOH ----

red color

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Creatinine

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GlucoseBenedicts Test

Test for glucose

Normally there isvery little or noglucose in urine

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Acetone bodiesRotheras Test

test for the presence of ketone bodies , diacetic

acid and acetone in urine

Test used to determine level of acetone in theurine in order to determine existence of ketosisand diabetes mellitus.

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Acetone bodies

trace protein, pH 8.5, +++blood, trace ketone, +bilirubin, and markedglucosuria

Normal urine

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AlbuminProteinuria describes a condition in which urinecontains an abnormal amount of proteinAcetic acid increases precipitation on the heated

protein solutionturbid

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Blood

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BloodOnly fluid tissue in the human bodyConnective tissue

Living cells = formed elements Non-living matrix = plasma (90% water)

5 times thicker than water

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Physical CharacteristicsColor

Oxygen rich = scarlet red

Oxygen poor = dull red pH = 7.35 to 7.45Slightly alkaline

TemperatureSlightly higher than the body temperature5.6 liters of about 6 quarts/body

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Formed ElementsErythrocytes = red blood cellsLeukocytes = white blood cells

Thrombocytes = platelets

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ErythrocytesCarry oxygenAnatomy:

BiconcaveBags of hemoglobin (250 hemoglobin/RBC)Anucleate (no nucleus)

1000:1 (ratio of RBC to WBC)

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LeukocytesDefense against diseaseComplete cells

DiapedesisRespond to chemicals released by damagedtissues

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Leukocyte Levels in the Blood Normal = 4,000 to 11,000 cells/mLAbnormal

LeukocytosisAbove 11,000 cells/mLGenerally indicates infection

LeukopeniaAbnormally low leukocyte levelCaused by certain drugs

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Types of Leukocytes

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ThrombocytesDerived from ruptured multinucleate cells(megakaryocytes)

Needed for clotting process Normal platelet count = 300,000 cells/mm 3

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HematopoiesisBlood cell formationOccurs in red bone marrow

All blood cells are derived from a commonstem cell (hemocytoblast)

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Fate of ErythrocytesUnable to divide, grow or synthesize proteinsWear out in 100 to 120 days

Are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver Lost cells are replaced by division of stem cells

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Vessel damage, blood loss, vascular spasm

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Platelet plug forms

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Coagulation

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Coagulation

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Blood ClottingBlood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutesClot remains as endothelium regenerates

Clot is broken down after tissue repair

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Undesirable ClottingThrombus

A clot in an unbroken blood vessel

Can be deadly in areas like the heartEmbolus

Thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in

the bloodstreamCan later clog vessels in critical areas such as the

brain

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Blood Groups and TransfusionsLarge losses of blood have seriousconsequences:

Loss of 15% to 30% = weaknessLoss of over 30% = shock

Transfusions are the only way to replace

blood quickly

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Human Blood GroupsThere are over 30 common red blood cellantigens

The most vigorous transfusion reactions arecaused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens

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Blood Groups

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Rh Blood Groups Named such because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens

(agglutinogen D)Most Americans are Rh+Problems can occru in mixing Rh+ blood into

a body with Rh- blood

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Rh Factor

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Prevention and TreatmentRh immune-globulin shots during her first

pregnancy

Exchange transfusions

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Benzidine TestBenzidine is a reagent that forms a blueprecipitate upon oxidation by the heme

group of hemoglobin in the presence of hydrogen peroxide .it serves as a histochemical stain specific fordifferentiated red blood cells

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Hemin TestFormation of dark brown or chocolate-coloredcrystals of hemin

Presence of blood

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Test for GlucoseBenedicts Test

Brick red precipitate

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Test for PhosphateLight green to molybdenum blue

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Test for ChloridesFormation of cloudywhite precipitate

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Test for IronCombine an unknown with aqueous KSCN toconfirm the presence of iron (III) ions .

Iron(III) reacts with the thiocyanate ion(SCN-) to produce the bright red FeSCN2+ion .

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Test for Oxyhemoglobin and ReducedHemoglobin

Oxyhemoglobin is scarlet in color;reduced hemoglobin is of a purplishcolor.Hemoglobin is a member of the sameclass of porphyrins to which chlorophyllalso belongs. A hemoglobin molecule

consists of a porphyrin ring with acentral iron atom (heme), hooked to aclump of protein called globin.

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The End