BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION

BYSmt.G.K.VINAYAGAM

PGT(BIO)K.V,DHARWAD.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Living organisms are made up of cells . This cells need oxygen and nutrients for their growth. These are supplied through circulatory system. In lower organisms like sponges and hydra circulation is through

water but in higher organisms it through blood and lymph.

BLOOD COMPONENTSBLOOD COMPONENTS

PlasmaPlasma Formed Elements;Formed Elements;

(a)(a) ErythrocytesErythrocytes

(b)(b) LeucocytesLeucocytes

(c)(c) ThrombocytesThrombocytes

It has 90_92% of water,6_8% of proteins. There are 3 types of proteins.

Fibrinogen –Helps in coagulation of blood.

Globulin-Involved in defense mechanism.

Albumin- Helps in osmotic balance. It has minerals. Plasma without fibrinogen is called

serum.

ERYTHROCYTES

• Human RBC Is devoid of nucleus

• Biconcave in shape.

• RBC contains Hemoglobin.

• Life span is 120 days.

• Total count of RBC is 5-5.5 millions/mm3

• Transport of respiratory gases.

Leucocytes Colorless. Nucleated. Total count 6000 to

8000mm3.

Short lived.

TYPES OF LEUCOCYTES

Granulocytes Agranulocytes

TYPES OF GRANULOCYTES

• Eosinophils;• 2-3% of Leucocytes.• Resist infections.• Associated with

allergic reactions.

NEUTROPHILS• 60-65% of

Leucocytes.• Phagocytic in nature.

BASOPHIL

It secretes histomine,serotonin& heparin.

Involved in inflammatory reactions.

AGRANULOCYTES Lymphocytes; It forms

20-25 % of formed element.

It is of 2 types B-Lymphocytes &T-

Lymphocytes. Both are responsible

for immune responses of the body.

Agranulocytes Monocytes;These are

phagocyte in nature.It forms 6 –8% of formed element.

BLOOD CLOTTING

Thrombokinase Prothrombin Thrombin Calcium

Fibrinogen Thrombin Fibrin Fibrin +Formed Elements Bloodclot

BLOOD GROUPING

Blood group Antigens Antibody DONATE BLOOD TO

A A anti-B A,AB

B B anti-A B,AB

AB A,B -------- AB

O ------- Anti-A,B

ALL

RH GROUPINGRH GROUPING

Another surface antigen is also Another surface antigen is also present in RBC.present in RBC.

This surface antigen was first This surface antigen was first reported in Rhesus Monkey. So it is reported in Rhesus Monkey. So it is called Rhesus factor or RH factor.called Rhesus factor or RH factor.

80% of people are Rh+ve ,they have 80% of people are Rh+ve ,they have Rh factor.Rh factor.

RH INCOMPATIBILIITYRH INCOMPATIBILIITY

FEMALE * MALEFEMALE * MALE Rh-ve Rh+veRh-ve Rh+ve

FOETUS (Rh+ve) safe

At child birth

Anti Rh antibody

Second Foetus

Destroy the 2nd foetus

LYMPH As the blood passes through the capillaries in tissues, some

water along with many small water soluble substances move out into the spaces between the cells of tissues leaving the larger proteins and most of the formed elements in the blood vessels.

This fluid released out is called the interstitial fluid or tissue fluid.

This fluid present in the lymphatic system is called the lymph.

It has lymphocytes. It is colourless. Fats are absorbed through lymph.

CIRCULATORY PATHWAY

OPEN CIRCULATION• In this blood pumped by the

heart enters into the open spaces called sinuses.

• Blood flow is not regulated

Closed circulation• In this blood is confined to

the blood vessels.

• Blood flow is regulated.

Structure of human heart

It is located in thoracic cavity in between 2 lungs.

It is protected by pericardium.

It has 4 chambers (2 Atria& 2 ventricles)

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN HEART

Heart is made up of cardiac muscle.

Right auricle is separated from Right ventricle by means of a septum with 3 flaps called tricuspid valve.

Left auricle is separated from left ventricle by means of a septum with 2flaps called bicuspid valve/mitral valve.

Conducting system of human heart Cardiac cycle initiates from SA

node( Pace maker). It also maintains the rhythm of heart beat.

It is located in the right upper corner of right atrium.

From SA node the electrical impulses reach the AV node.

AV node is located in the lower left corner of the right atrium.

From AV node it reaches the Bundle of His.

Finally it reaches the ventricles through Purkinjee fibres.

Human heart is myogenic in nature.

CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF HUMAN HEARTCONDUCTING SYSTEM OF HUMAN HEART

Cardiac cycle

CARDIAC CYCLE

CARDIAC OUTPUT

• It is the amount of blood pumped by heart per minute is called heart output or cardiac output.

• Cardiac output =72*70 ml

• =5040 ml.

TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS

ARTERIES

• Carry blood from heart to different parts of the body.

• Carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary pulmonary artery.

• Deeply seated.• Valves are absent.• Have thick walls

VEINS

• Carry blood from different parts of the body to heart.

• Carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein.

• Superficialy seated.• Valves are present.• Have thin walls.

DOUBLE CIRCULATIONDOUBLE CIRCULATION

Right Atria Right ventricle Pulmonary artery

Systemic arota Left ventricle Left atria

Pulmonary vein

Body parts

Lungs

Deoxygenated bloodDeoxygenated blood

Deoxygenated blood

oxygenated blood

oxygenated blood

oxygenated bloodoxygenated blood

oxygenated blood

Deoxygenated blood PULMONARY CIRCULATION

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

DOUBLE CIRCULATION

Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH (ECG)

ECG; It is the graphical repersentation of electrical activity of cardiac chambers.P wave-Depolarisation of atriaQRS _Depolarisation of ventricles.TwAVE_Repolarisation of cardiac chambers.

DISORDER OF CIRCULATORY DISORDER OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEMSYSTEM

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Angina PectorisAngina Pectoris Heart FailureHeart Failure

SPHYGMOMANOMETERSPHYGMOMANOMETER

HYPER TENSIONHYPER TENSION

A persistant rise in diastolic pressure A persistant rise in diastolic pressure above 90 mmHg and or systolic above 90 mmHg and or systolic pressure above 140mmHg is termed pressure above 140mmHg is termed as hypertension.as hypertension.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

• It is due to the deposition of cholesterol on the walls of arteries leading to narrowing of arteries.

• This also causes hypertension.

• Blood supply to the cardiac muscle is reduced.

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

Loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries due to ageing.

MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION

Very low blood flow to the cardiac muscle. As a result cardiac muscle cannot sustain its function.

ANGINA PECTORISANGINA PECTORIS

Acute pain in the chest due to very Acute pain in the chest due to very less supply of oxygen to the heart less supply of oxygen to the heart muscle.muscle.