Body fluids

• Body contains many fluids differ in composition to meet their functions .The most important body fluids are :blood ,urine, milk, semen, cerebrospinal fluids , aqueous homour ,sweat , tear, lymph , amniotic fluids, synovial fluids,pericardial and peritoneal fluids.

Blood

• Blood is a liquid consisted of a yellowish fluid called plasma in which red and white blood cells and platelets are suspended.

• The blood cells are clotted(coagulated),the remaining liquid is called serum.Thus, serum is plasma without clotting factors.

Functions of the blood

• Respiration• Nutrition• Excretion• Maintenance of normal acid –base balance.• Defence• Hormones• Coagulation

Plasma

• Water : 90%• Solids: 10%• organic constituents: proteins, lipids,

carbohydrates , hormones, enzymes,Ketone bodies , and other organic

compounds.Inorganic compounds: Na, K Ca,Cl,and

CO2.

Clinical significance of plasma proteins• Normal serum total protein= 6-8gm%• Albimin 3.5-5.0gm%• Globulin 1.8-3.4gm%• Fibrinogen 200-400mgs%

Albumin

• Maintain colloidal osmotic pressure.• Control body water distribution.• Acts as transport agent for wide

variety of substance.drugs ,fatty acids, corticol, histamine.

Cont.

• When plasma albumin concentration falls : <2.5gm % odema occurs.

• Disorders of albumin: • Analbumenemia:absence of albumin.

(homozygotes)• Site liver• Decreased in hepatocellular failurenormal plasma: 10-40 mgs%

Function of the plasma proteins• Transport functions• Synthesis of plasma proteins• Albumin /globulin ration

Urine

• volume• Normally :800-2000 ml/day• During sleep ½ the amount formed during

the day.• polyuria = excretion more than

2000ml/day• 1. high intake of fliud• 2. diabetes patients.

Cont.

• Oliguria: less than 500 ml/day • anuria: less than 125ml/day• Pathological oliguria or anuira as in

urinary obstructions (by stone or tumour,)excessive vomiting and diarrhoea or due to shock and hemorrage.

Ketone bodies(kenuria)

• Normally less than 18mg of ketone bodies are excreted per day .

• Ketonuria is the presence of ketone bodies in the urine in abnormal concentrations.

• Ketonuria may occur in any conditions where carbohydrate utilization is impaired e.g starvation,carbohydrate poor diet.

Blood (hematuria)

• It is the presence of blood or intact red cells in urine

• It is caused by urinary bilharziasis , glomerulonephritis, traumatic or malignant disease.

Bilirubin

• The presence of bilirubin in the urine occurs in obstructive jaundice and hepatocellular jaundice.

• It gives the urine a dark greenish brown colour.

Urinary stone(calculi)

• 10 % adult male urinary stones suffer form .

• Urinary stones are almost composed of substance normally excreted in the urine .These substances for unknown cause are supersaturated ,precipitated and form crystals. The crystals are then bound together by a binding substance forming stones.

Chemical composition

Calcium oxalate(common in India)Calcium phophateCalcium carbonateMagnesium ammonium phosphateLess commonlyUric acid :4 -10 %Cystine stone: less than 1%

Causes of urinary calculi

• Change in pH• Distribution of vitamins• Disturbance of hormones• excess excretion of uric acid

Milk

• Secretion of mammary gland in humans and animals.

• Colour: white=fat globules + calcium phosphate

• pH= 6-6.7• Milk protein=1.2g/dl• Milk carbohydrate= lactose =7.0gm/dl• Milk fat+3.7g/dl

Cont.

• Milk minerals= • Irons• Calcium and phosphorus• Sodium and potassium• Milk vitamins A and B2 .. Poor in Vit

C ,D and K

Colostrum

• Yellowish fluid secreted in first weel of lactation.

• Excess carotenes• Rich in globulins• Less fat and less carbohydrates

Semen (seminal fluid)

• Milky mixture of spermatogenesis and secretion of epididymis seminal vesicles and prostrate.

• 60 -120 millions/ml• Sperm count below 10 millions is called

:oligospermia.• Absence of sperms is

called :azospermia.

Cont.

• Shape : 80% normal ,20 % abnormal• Motility:speed of sperm movement is

3 mm/min .It can reach the oviduct within 30-60 min after copulation .The average percentage of ac active motile spermatozoa is 70-90% in the first hour . The lower limit of normal is 40% motile.

Constituents of seminal fluids • Carbohydrates• Proteins• Lipids• minerals

Cerebrospinal fluids

• CSF is produced by the choroid plexuses of brain ventricles.

• It fills the ventricle system of the brain and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and the spinal cord.

function

• To protect brain and spinal cord form mechanical injury caused by sudden movement of the body.

• To maintain a constaant pressure inside the head and arround the spinal cord.

• To carry nutrients to the brain and spinal cord and remove waste substance.

Sweat and tears

• These are hypotonic solutions containing mainly NA+ and Cl-.

• It also contain urea and K+• Lysozyme ,and enzyme that has an

antibacterial action , present ion sweat and tear.

Lymph

• Lymph is an interstitial fluid which has passed into the lymph vessels .It is formed by the filtration of plasma through the capillary walls.

• Composition: less proteins than plasma

Amniotic fluid

• It is fluid contain inside the aminotic sac in which embryo is free to move and protected against mechanical injury.

• Vol. 450-1500ml

Synovial fluid

• Present in joints cavities and tendon spaces

• Contain high % of hyaluronic acid

Functions

• Minimise the friction between during bones movement or weight bearing

• Provides nutrition for cartilage.• 0.15-3.5ml

Pleural,pericardial and peritonial fluids• Less than 20 ml in pleural cavity from

20 -50ml in pericardial sac,and less than 100 ml in peritoneal cavity.

• To lubricate the pariental and visceral tissues during organ movements