Bob Katz.mastering Audio.the Art and The

.

:

, :

websound.ru

* 4 2009 *

. , . - (, - ) . - , , .

http://websound.ru - . -, , , ,

, [email protected], 2008-2009

http://websound.ru/mailto:[email protected]

........................................................................................................................................................ 2

I. ......................................................................................................... 8

......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 HI-FI ............................................................................................................................................... 8 - ......................................................................................................................................... 8 .................................................................................................................................................................. 9 ........................................................................................................................................ 9 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 9 DAW .................................................................................................................................................. 10 ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 ............................................................................................................................. 11-- ? ......................................................................................................................... 12 ? ............................................................................................................................................... 12PQ LISTS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12EAN ISRC .............................................................................................................................................................. 12CD ........................................................................................................................................................................... 13 CD-DA ............................................................................................................. 13 ........................................................................................................................................... 13 - ................................................................................................................................ 14 ................................................................................................................................................ 14

II. ........................................................................................................................... 15

....................................................................................................................................................................... 15 .............................................................................................................................................. 15 ................................................................................................................................................. 15 ........................................................................................................................................... 16 .................................................................................................................................................. 16 : ? .................................................................................................. 16 ...................................................................................................................................................... 16

III. .................................................................................................................................. 17

.......................................................................................................................................................................... 17 ................................................................................................................................................ 17 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 18 . ......................................................................................................................................................... 20 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 21

IV. ............................................................................................................................. 22

................................................................................................................... 22 ........................................................................................................................................ 22 ......................................................................................................................................................... 22 ...................................................................................................................................... 22 16 ........................................................................................................ 23 24 ............................................................................................................................................... 23 .................................................................................................... 23

V. ................................................................................................................. 25

....................................................................................................................................................................... 25

10 -: ....................................................................................................... 25 ............................................................................................................................................... 26 ......................................................................................................................................... 27 ................................................................................................................. 28 24 ........................................................................................................ 28 ? ........................................................................................................................................ 28 ...................................................................................................................................................... 28 ............................................................................................................................................ 29 ........................................................................................................................................ 29 ADC ...................................................................................................................................... 29 ................................................................................................................................ 29 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 30 DAC ................................................................................................................................... 30 ........................................................................................................................................ 30 .................................................................................................................................................................. 31 ............................................................................................................................................ 31 ........................................................................................................................................ 31 .................................................................................................................................................... 31 .................................................................................................................................. 32 ...................................................................................................................... 32 . VU- PPM ......................................................................................................... 33 ............................................................................................................................................................ 33 ....................................................................................................................... 33

VI. ............................................................................................................................ 34

............................................................................................................................ 34 ............................................................................................................... 34 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 34 ................................................................................................................................................. 35 ............................................................................................................................. 35 ...................................................................................................................................................... 35 ............................................................................................................................ 36 ......................................................................................................................................................... 36 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 36

VII. ................................................................................................................................ 37

....................................................................................................................................................................... 37 ..................................................................................................................................................... 37 ................................................................................................................................................................ 38 ............................................................................................................................................................. 38 .............................................................................................................................................................. 39PQ . PQ . ................................................................................................................................................ 40 PQ ........................................................................................................................................................... 40 ................................................................................................................................................................. 40 (REDBOOK) .......................................................................................................... 41 CD ................................................................................................................................................. 41PQ ............................................................................................................................................. 41 ............................................................................................................................................................... 42 ................................................................................................................................................................. 42 ................................................................................................................................................................ 42 .................................................................................................................................................................. 42 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 42 ........................................................................................................................................................... 42 .................................................................................................................................. 43 ............................................................................................................................................ 43

......................................................................................................... 43 ................................................................................................................................ 43 ......................................................................................................................................................... 44

VIII. ........................................................................................................................ 45

............................................................................................................................................ 45 ............................................................................................................................................ 45 .................................................................................................................................. 45 ............................................................................................................................................. 46 .................................................................................................................................................... 46: Q ....................................................................................................................... 46 ................................................................................................................................................... 47 ................................................................................................................................................. 47 .................................................................................................................................................... 48 ....................................................................................... 48HIGH-PASS LOW-PASS .......................................................................................................................................... 49 ? ....................................................................................................................................................... 49 ..................................................................................................................................... 49 .................................................................................................................................. 50 ................................................................................................................................................. 50 ................................................................................................................................................. 50 .............................................................................................................................................. 50 .............................................................................................................................................. 50 ....................................................................................................................................... 51 : .............................................................................................................................. 51 FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ......................................................................................... 52 ............................................................................................................................................ 52

IX. ................................................................................................................................... 53

............................................................................................................................. 53 ............................................................................................................................... 53 ........................................................................................................ 53 .......................................................................................................... 54 ................................................................................................. 54 ............................................................ 54 .............................................................................................................................................. 55 ............................................................................................................. 55

X. .................................................................................................................. 56

................................................................................................ 56 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 57 ........................................................................................................................................ 57 .................................................................................................................................... 58 ............................................................................................................................................... 59 ................................................................................................................................ 59 .................................................................................................................... 60 ................................................................................................................................. 60 ..................................................................................................................................................... 61 ................................................................................................................................ 61 ......................................................................................... 62 ............................................................................................................ 62 ........................................................................................................................................... 63 : ......................................................................................... 63 ? ............................................................................................................. 64 ......................................................................................................................................................... 64

.................................................................................................................... 64, - ............................................................................................................................ 65 ....................................................................................................................................... 65

XI. ............................................................................................................................... 66

....................................................................................................................................................................... 66 ............................................................................................................................................... 66 ............................................................................................................................ 66 ................................................................................................ 67 ...................................................................................................................................... 68 .................................................................................................................... 69 ? .............................................................................................................................................. 69 ...................................................................... 70

XII. ................................................................................................................................ 71

............................................................................................................................................................ 71 ............................................................................................................................................................. 71 ? ................................................................................................................................................... 71 ........................................................................................................................................ 72 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 72 ................................................................................................................................................ 72 ............................................................................................................... 73 ..................................................................................................................................... 73 ........................................................................................................................................ 73 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 73 ....................................................................................................................................................... 74 ................................................................................................................................... 74 ....................................................................................................................................................... 74 .............................................................................................................................................. 75

XIII. ......................................................................................................................... 76

....................................................................................................................................................................... 76 .................................................................................................................... 76 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 76 ............................................................................................................................................... 77 ........................................................................................................................................................... 77 ......................................................................................................................................... 77 ............................................................................................................................................ 78 ........................................................................................................................... 79 ............................................................................................ 80

XIV. XXI ............................................................................................. 81

....................................................................................................................................................... 81 ........................................................................................................................... 82 ...................................................................................................................................... 83 .................................................................................................................................. 83 ? ......................................................................................................... 86 ................................................................................................................ 86 ........................................................................................... 88-: , ................. 89 - .................................................................................................................................. 89 - .............................................................................................................................................. 91 DVD ................................................................................................................................................................ 92 ................................................................................................. 93 ........................................................................................................... 94

DVD .................................................................................................................................................................................. 94HD-DVD BLUE-RAY .......................................................................................................................................................... 94

XV. ........................................................................................................................ 95

83 DB? .................................................................................................................................................................... 95 .................................................................................................................................................. 95 ..................................................................................................................................... 96 ..................................................................................................................................... 97 ........................................................................................................................... 98 ....................................................................................................................................................... 98 .......................................................................................................................................... 98 ..................................................................................................................................... 99 , .......................................................................................................................... 99 ..................................................................................................... 100 LFE .................................................................................................................................... 100 ............................................................................................................................................... 100

XVI. ........................................................................................ 101

.......................................................................................................................................................... 101 ................................................................................................................................................ 102 .......................................................................................................................... 103 ..................................................................................................... 105

I.

- -. - , - . , . - .

C - , - , . - , , . , , . , - . , , .

Hi-Fi 90 1995 - . . - , - , - . , , 3 - , - -.

2000-2010. CD, , SACD DVD-A. , . , iPod- , . - , .

2010-?. HiFi . , - HiFi -. - . , .

- - HiFi . . 1980 . - , . - , , -

-- ... , - , . - . - - HiEnd . , .

, , , - . , 2 -. . , , , . , . -, - , - .

- . , . --. , ... , . - - , . -, , , , . : , - , , - - . - , , DDP .

- - . - (10 ) , "" ( ). - LBR ( ) , . LBR -- , , , - . , - . . (?), , - . . , - .

- . . , - ( ) , , . - ( ). , ... . ( RF-output ).

DAW

DAW - . DAW Sonic Solutions. Source-to-Destination . . : Audiocube, Pyramix, SADiE, Sequoia, Wavelab Waveburner Peak.

, DAW :

;

( DAW)

(EDL)

, 50% ,

, , EDL -

16 24 . , EDL

. ( ) EDL

, -

,

" ", - . - -, . - . ,

. :

1) . , . , .

2) , , - ...

3) ,

. - . - , . , . , .

, . , - .

, , -, , , PQ . ( ) - DAW, , . - DAW , , DAW . - . - - - (DAC), . - (ADC) , , 16 - DAW. , . , . 2 : , . ( -), . 3 - DAW , .

( DAW, , - Sequoia). - - .

-- ?

"--". , ... - . , . , , , , , . - - - . - . - - . - . , - - - .

?

. - . , - , ...

PQ Lists

PQ , -. P - - , . Q - , - , , ISRC ... PQ - , , . - .

EAN ISRC

EAN , Mode2 . 13- , . ISRC - . RIAA CD. - . - .

ISRC : ES-BO1-01-10503. , , , - . . - , . .

CD

CD , , - . , iTunes . iTunes - CD CD . - CD , - DAW - . , CD , - CD D , .

CD-DA - (CD-DA = Compact Disk Digital Audio) : CD-DA CDR DDP (Disk Description Protocol), - . DDP , , 100% . - CD-DA, , - 100% , - - , , . - - .

DDP 4 . image.DAT. : ddpid, ddpms sd, PQ . - MD5. DDP -, .

. . - ( ) CD , - , - E32, , . DDP , .

-, . , - , . .

, , . -

. , . - . , .

, PQ -,

, . , , - , , . .

- , , - . , , . - . , . , - . , . .

: Clover System Plextools Pro, PC Plextor.

, soft errors. - hard errors. C1 C2 soft errors, - CU. 1 , 2 CU . .

C2 CU . 1 , - (BLER). , - 200. 50, 100.

CD-DA . CD-DA DDP , .

: mp3 24 , 16 .

II.

- . , , . , - . , . , . - 4-5 . , , , .

. - . - , . 1616 , 3232 , 128128. AES/EBU 2 , 128128 256 . :

1) . ( ) , . AES/EBU S/PDIF (2 ), Dolby E (8 ), Dolby Digital (6 ), MADI ( -) , mp3. - ! .

2) . , . ( AES/EBU MADI). . , - , . .

TC Electronic, Metric Halo RME, .

.

. -, . - DSP, , , . -

, . , , - .

-. . ADC (- )

. Sound Performance Lab (SPL) MMC1, - . , , . - ,

: ? ? /, . , - , - ( CD ). .

( ). - Cranesong, Crookwood, Grace SPL.

, :

- AES/EBU-ADAT-Tascam, - ;

- , - ;

- , , RMS ( - , )

III.

. .

, , . - . , , 44.1 , - , .

, , , , - . , .

. . , . - , .

, , . , - - , .

, -. , -, . : - , 250 . - , , .

, , - , .

, , - . : ,

- -, . , , - .

: 200 600 3 7 . . -

. ( ) - ( ).

/ 4 7 . - , .

-, . 2,5 8 .

300 800 , . 75 600 .

- 1. . , . , - 1/3 .

, 1/3 , . - , .

- 2. . - . , , , . , , . , , , . , , . - , , . .

, , ( 5 ) . high low pass . .

- 3. .

(- ) , . , , - . :

- ;

- 150 1.5 . 1.5 - .

, , - . 10 .

, . , . 5 . . .

. - . - . , - .

-. , , . , , .

3 . -. 500

4. . , , . - , . , . - . - - . - . , -, .

, , . -, , .

5. . - , . , : - . , , .

6. . - . . - , , ( ) - . , - , . : () , - , . -, . , - .

7. . . . , , . .

8. . , , , . - ..

9. , . , . , . - , - - . - - . - -, .

10. . - 0.5 . ? 0.5 , . , , , - . , - .

. :

- ( ), , ;

- ;

- ;

- ;

- ,

- ;

- ( )

-

- (, )

. , - . .

. - . , . .

. - . , . , - . .

. 50 60 . . - - 100 120 , . - 150 180 , .

-. .

IV.

, PCM , . -. : 65536 16 1677726 24 . - PCM 6. 8 48 . 16 96 , 24 - 144 . - -, , - , . , - .

24 .

- . , . - 40 , .

- 24 - . 16 - . 16 () - - . , .

24 , 24 48 . AES/EBU 24 , 24 . , . 24 144 , . DAW -. ProTools 48 , 24 , DAW 32 .

, - , -. , - .

16 -91 dBFS. , - . -. -

, - 3 10 22 .

- - POW-R type3 dither.

- , , , . 100% . - - . -.

- : Lavry Engineering 3000 Digital Optimizer, Waves L1 L2 Ultra-maximizers, Prism, POW-R . Apogee Electronics UV-22 , ( ). UV-22 -.

, 40 . !

16 , -91 dBFS. . 16 - , . , - 16 ! - .

24 24 , . - -139 dBFS, - 20 , . DAW 32 , - 32 . AES/EBU, 32 24 . - , -. . 24 ? . - - 24 . , .

1)

2) 16 ,

3)

4) - 24 , . , -

5) ,

6) - , -0.1 .

7) -, ProTools 16

8) , 16 , - DAW , DAW, ,

V.

? , . , , , -1 , , - ! , - . , - , , , / (dubbing?) .

10 -: 10) . SPL (Sound Pressure Level)

9) , -, , ! -, , , . : 40 dB SPL, -20 dBu, -25 dBFS. - . SPL - , . 40 dB SPL 0.002 a () , SPL, - .

8) , - . , ? : 10 , . . +10 dB : 10 - , , 0 .

dBu, dBm, dB SPL, dBFS , - , dBu, 1960 , , 0.775 . dBm . dBFS PCM (0 dBFS , ).

7) , : - . -23 dBU, +4 dBu 27 dB.

6) , . - 20 dB , -20 dB.

5) (SPL) 0.0002 dyne/cm2 (0 dB SPL). 74 dB SPL 12 , 94 dB SPL 1 .

4) . . - . , , - SPL, . -. 5 , - .

3) , , . SPL , , - . , . -, 2 , -, , 2 .

2) - (RMS), RMS . - -20 dBFS, - -3 dBFS. 17 . , 20 , . ( -) , , , .

1) , - . , , , . - , .

VU-meter. VU- - , . , - , - , , , . VU- , , , , - -6 +3 VU, -20 VU , , . - , VU- .

. 3 :

-

- ,

- ,

. , . - , . - , .

(-). 1 . , 0 dBFS ( ) . , - ADC , -, , , - 0 dBFS.

, - , . , . , - 0 dBFS . 44.1 - . , 33 , .

. . , , , , . - DAC, mp3 AC3. , , . TC Electronic DAC, , - ( ) , 0 dBFS. 4-5 . . - , . TC Electronic (System 6000) Sony (Oxford) -. Digi-check RME.

DAC, - mp3. - , , - . , , 3 .

-3 dBFS. , , - , . , - . . , -0.3 dB.

- , -0.1 . , . -, . - .

24 , 24 , - , . , 16 91 dBFS, , 24 48 , 16 ! 48 ! 24 -3 dBFS -10 dBFS . , -3 dBFS .

24 ADC , , , ADC . . - , ADC, . , ADC . , , - .

? . : 2 - - ! . -4 dB, 0 dB. , ? , , - , , . 4 , .

. , 6 , . , 12-14 , 20 . .

. , -. . - -, - , 0 dBFS. -

, . , , . - , .

. , . ! , , - , , / . , , - , , - , .

. , - . , , , . , . .

, - - CD? DAC . CD .

ADC VU-, - . , , 0 VU 20 dB 0 dBFS. , , 0 VU ADC -20 dB . - , 20 , 12 14 dB.

ADC , ADC. , , - ADC.

, +4 dBu :

1) . , 8-buss , - +24 dBu , +20 dBu (7.75 ). - , .

2) , , . - , 6 . , 0 VU - +4 dBu, +30 dBu. - +37 dBu. , . 300- B+ 30 dB .

, , - . 6 dB. , -, . .

+4 dBu. . , -. 0 dBu 0.775 . - 4 . - .

DAC , , - , , 0 dBFS - , , 1 . - - - 0 dBFS.

. .

, - , , , - +24 dBu . . -

, , . , -. , , - . -70 dBu -90 dBu . : , - DC-. , 26 .

-. , - , +24 dBu. . , +24 dBu . , .

. - - . , , .

, AES/EBU S/PDIF, . , , . , - . , .

, - FFT . , 1 -6 dBFS 10 dB. - 0 dBFS FFT , . , , - . - , , .

-, 24 . , -

. - . , .

, . . , , , - .

0 dBFS - , . -, . - , . 95% (- ) , 80% . , DAW.

: - . 100 , , , 100 , - . 100 . - 0 dBFS, , , . DAW , 0 dBFS. , DAC , 0 dBFS - . , - , , , . Aux -, .

. , DAW - ? , - . DAW, ProTools, -.

, . , , CD DVD , - , DAC . , - 0 dBu +4 dBu . ADC DAC , -20 dBFS -.

. VU- PPM , VU-, . - VU-, , 0 VU (0 dBu +4 dBu). VU- ( 0 VU), VU-, - -20 dBFS 0 VU. - -18 dBFS -14 dBFS, - , VU-. . - 14 dB -, - -20 dBFS 6 dB .

PPM (-) , - .

. 14 dB -, 0 VU, -. VU- , - . 0 VU, . , - 0 dBFS, -. 24 .

VU- , - . VU-, , . VU- CD.

VI.

. - , , . , .

1) , - , .

2) , , - . NC30, NC20 (NC30 30 2 ).

3) .

4)

5) , , 2 ( ). . , / .

6) - , , 20 15 , , 20 . -. .

7) , , - . . , 20 30 . , - . , - . .

8) .

, , 30 , . , .

. - .

, . , -, .

, . - . , . - , .

, , .

, , , -, DAC .., - - .

, . , , , . , , .

1. () , .

, , : , , - , , , - .

2. .

, , , . - . , .

3. , .

. Aiwa 2.1 - . . , - , - , .

. . , .

, , - . - , .

FM -, , , -. !

, . - , . .

-, - . :

, . -!

VII.

, , , . - -- , - , , - . ? . , - , , -- . - . , .

. , , . -, , - - . .

. . , . . , , . . , , . . , . - , .

, , : , , . , . , , , . - , . , , . - . -, , , , .

CD DAW, - . : , , . , , -. , .

-, .

. , - . , .

, , , -. , . - -? - .

. , , , - . , , , . , . , .

, -, . , - . . -, , . , , , . - . - . , , , - , -.

. . , , - . , - , , . , . .

? ? -, , ,

, , -. . - , . . - . -.

, . , 4-3-2 . 50 - . - , , , - . , , , , , , 2.5 . -. , , , . - , , - . - , . - . , - , , . , , , .

. , , , . , , - . -. - - . , 8-10 , - ! , , .

, , 30 , . , .

, , - - , , .

, , - CD, -. , - , - . CD.

PQ . PQ . (Index1) 5 SMPTE , CD , - . 12 CD , 160 (1 CD 1/75 ). DAW . DAW . , , , CD , . SMPTE , , .

PQ Index0 , . CD Index1 ( ). , , . Index0 0 .

, -. , , , . Index0 0 Index1 .

, , , , - . , Index0 Index1. , CD -, .

, - -. ( !). iTunes CD Index0. Index1 , . iPod 5 iTunes 7 , . , , -. , , , - .

CDR, , - Track-At-Once , -, .

Disc-At-Once. , Pink Floyd The Wall - .

(RedBook) , Sony/Philips, -. 99 , 4 . 99 ( ). , , , . , , . CD . 80 , - , . , . 78:00 79:38.

CD CD . - , . , ( Track-At-Once) E32 , . Disc-At-Once, CD .

PQ Sonic SADiE CDR - , . PQ .

, . - , , 4 CD , , . - , , CD , . - .

CD pregap Index0. , - RedBook . , DDP , DAW .

. . , - , . , 30 -, , .

- , , . -. , -. - , - . -, .

, : , , . . . , , , , .

, , . Cedar Retouch Algorithmix Renovator . - ( S-shape). - , , . - , .

- , - , . , , , . .

, - .

. , - .

. - , . . (. . )

, . , . - - , , , - , - . , . , , - .

-, 15-20 , - . . . , , . , , - , , . . , .

, , , - . , . , - , . - .

. - . - , . . , . .

makeup gain ( ) . , . -. , . - . , , , - , . , .

. -, .

, -, . . - . , , ! - .

VIII.

: - - ! , , , .

, - . . , , , - . - . , , , , . -, 700 2 , , . - - , -, - 60 . , - , , - .

, . ? , -. . , , - .

: , , - , . , - , . . , , . , 200 5 .

, , . , , , , - , .

, , , , - .

. , - , , . - , . , , .

, , . - , - - .

, . 1967 , : , . - , - - - . - , , - - . , , , - .

: Q

Q 3 (), . Q , . ( ): 17 50 Q, 4, 0,36 12,5 . 2 17

Q, 0,86, 1.6 . 2325 . , , - Q 0,6 0,7. Q, 2, , Q . - . , , , 80 . - - , - 5 , .

. : ( Q), , , , Q, , . , - .

, , . , , . , Cranesong Ibis EQ .

- FFT . .

- . . - : Weiss EQ-1, Waves Renaissance EQ Manley Massive Passive.

, , . ( ). , -.

- .

- , , ;

- 15 20 , - ;

- 250 ( 5 )

- - , 6-8 / 250

, , .

15 20 , . , , . ( ).

( ) - (). - . -. , . -

. , Q 1 20 . , 20 -, 10 20 .

. , . , , - ..

High-pass Low-pass

High-pass , 61 , Low-pass , 3364 . - , , , , . High-pass , , . Low-pass , . , , - Low-pass . , -.

? , () . , , - , , - .

. -, , . , -, :

- ;

- , ;

- , : , ;

- : - .

, , . - , - - , . - , , , XVI .

. , -. , , - , - .

, - , , .

, dB. - , , , .

, , , . -, . .

. - 1.5 , . . - 65-125 , 125-250 . , - , - , .

, , 6-10 dB 50 3-5 dB 50 100 . - . , , , . , -

( III ), , - , High-Pass , - -. High-pass . - , High-Pass , .

, , - . , - . High-pass , .

- -. . -.

, Symmetric FIR filter, . , , , .

: . , . , MP mini-mum phase ( ), , . . ( ). , . -, - . , . , , - .

symmetric FIR filter - , . Weiss IIR (-).

: , (LP) -, , -, -, . - .

. - , , , - ,

. LP , - , - .

Frequency-Domain Algoriphmix Orange EQ Dual-Pass, Algoriphmix Red EQ - Frequency-Domain. , Red LP MP . - 12 .

( Weiss EQ1-Dyn) - . threshold , . -. , , , , . .

IX.

. - . 6-10 , 1 , 15 dB. - 8-15 dB -, , , , .

, . . (, ) - , . - - ( ), (, ) .

. , ; . , , . , . -, , , , , / . - (), , , , - , , . , . , , - . , - - .

, - NC-20, , . , - . - -, . Digital Do-

main , -, .

, . , , -. .

- . -, .

, . (ratio)

. Dolby ; AGC, ; -. XI . , , .

. , . - Dolby SR, DBX Quantum, Waves, Weiss DS1-MK2.

. . - . Kepex Drawmer, Dolby ; TC Finalizer; - . - , , .

- - . , , . - , - . ,

1 . , - - , .

, . , - dB , , .

: , - . . , , . :

- , ;

- dB , . , , , ;

- .

, , . , , - , . DAW - . .

, - . , - , .

X.

-. X , Y. . . , - 10 10 . , -, -10 dBFS.

Threshold , ( -), ratio . , 2.5:1, , 2.5 dB, 1 dB. , , , , gain makeup - . , , (0 dBFS). 20 dB. 1-3 dB . - -40 dB -15 dB , -15 dB . , 20 dB, 20 dB, 0 dB .

, 15-20 dB . ratio . -. - - , . -20 dBFS -10 dBFS .

10:1 - , .

knee (), . soft hard knee ( ) ( ) (), ratio . . , - , .

, , , . 50 300 ( ). 100 . , 100 , , 40 . , - !

, , , . - 50 500 , - 150-250 . . ,

- - , - .

, , . , , ! , - . (sidechain) . , . , , , . , , .

. , ratio . .

, ratio, - . , . - (), . ( ) - , - , , .

. ratio, - . ratio -

, . .

, - . , , , - . , .

. - . , -, , , .

, , - .

, 50 .

. .

, , -. , .

. , -

, . , / , , - . , -, , , . , - . 2 , ! , - , . , . , , - . SSL - .

, , . , . , . .

BBC 1940 , , 6-10 , 6 BBC PPM . - 1 , . - , - 18-20 14 . 30 IPS - . - 2 dB, 6 dB -, , 1 -. , . : -6 dBFS - , : , . R&B , - . .

! , , DAW, . 3 1-3 dB .

, - . - , , , , . , , , , . - , , .

, -:

-

, . , :

-

, .

:

-

-

, ! . - .

, - ratio (4:1) (100 ). , , - , . , - . retio , 1.2:1 250 . , ratio . , - . ! -, , 1 dB .

ratio 1,5:1 3:1 - -20 -10 dBFS. , ra-tio 5:1, ratio 1:01:1 -3 dBFS. 1.01 1.1:1 -30 -40 dB, , . - , , . ratio , , ratio .

. -, , , . - , , - , , -.

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XVI.

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