Board Sentences

• 1) The Renaissance was a cultural rebirth that occurred in Europe from the 14th through the middle of the 17th century, which influenced technological advances, education, and European Exploration.

• 2) Martin Luther led The Reformation which was a 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church ending in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches.

• 3) European exploration was fueled by the three G’s: Gold, Glory, and God.

• 4) An exchange of goods between the New World* and the Old World* was called the Columbian Exchange.

• 5) An exchange of goods from North America to Europe to Africa was called the Triangle Trade.

• 6) The transport of slaves from Africa to North America comprised the Middle Passage of the Triangle Trade.

• 7) Mercantilism was the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances; also that gold (or wealth) is the ultimate measure of a country.

8) Sir Walter Raleigh established the colony of Roanoke in the Outer Banks, but the settlers disappeared without trace earning the colony the nickname “The Lost Colony.”

9) Jamestown was the first successful English colony in North America due to the success of tobacco.

10) Plymouth colony was founded for religious freedom by English Puritans escaping persecution.*

• 11)The Virginia House of Burgesses became the first legislative* body in the American colonies.

• 12)The 13 English colonies were grouped in similarity by regions: New England, Middle, and Southern colonies.

• 13)Salutary neglect was a practice by the English monarchy which left the American colonies to themselves as long as the colonies still benefitted England economically.

• 14)The French and Indian War caused tensions between the American colonists and the English monarchy and can be viewed as a cause of the American Revolution.

• 15)The Proclamation Line of 1763, forbidding settlement in the west, angered colonists who believed they had fought a war for the rights to that land.

• 16)To pay for the French and Indian War the English monarchy raised American colonists’ taxes, sparking the phrase “No Taxation without Representation.”

• 17)The Coercive/Intolerable Act restricted colonists rights which prompted the colonies to meet at the First Continental Congress to discuss their greivances.*

• 18)The Enlightenment, an European intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition, led the Founding Fathers to believe the American colonies needed to be independent.

• 19)Thomas Payne wrote Common Sense to convince American colonists to fight against the British.

• 20)The Declaration of Independence formally called for a separation of the American colonies from British rule.

• 21)American colonies won the Revolutionary War with the help of the French.

• 22)The Articles of Confederation, the first attempt at American government, were weak because they did not have the power to tax or the power to raise a militia.

• 23)Shay’s Rebellion demonstrated the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and caused the government to write a new, stronger document.

• 24)The US Constitution outlines the plan for American government with three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.

• 25)In 1787 delegates* met at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia to address the Articles of Confederation’s problems in governing the United States.

• 26)The Great Compromise Plan was a proposal for a bicameral* legislative branch with representatives in the House being decided by state population and the Senate having two from each state.

• 27)The Three-Fifths Compromise allowed 3/5ths of slaves to be counted towards a state’s population when determining House of Representative seats.

• 28)Anti-Federalists would not sign the Constitution until it explicitly stated the rights afforded to all Americans; they called for the institution of the first 10 amendments called the Bill of Rights.

29)George Washington became the nation’s first President under the US Constitution.

30)George Washington’s first precedent* as President was to establish a cabinet.*

31)Federalists wanted a strong central government and were led by Alexander Hamilton; Anti-Federalists (aka Democratic Republicans) wanted strong state governments and were led by Thomas Jefferson.

• 32) The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated that the new Constitution gave the Federal Government power to enforce* its laws.

• 33)Alexander Hamilton, Washington’s Secretary of the Treasury, created an economic plan which established a national bank and a protective tariff.*

34) Jay’s Treaty with Britain enabled the US to avoid a war that it could not win, but angered the Anti-Federalists (Democratic Rep.).

35) Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain gave the US right of deposit at New Orleans and opened Mississippi Valley to economic development.

36)Washington’s greatest precedent* was leaving office after two terms.

37) Washington’s “Farewell Address” advised his country to avoid political parties and long-term foreign alliances.

• 38)Trying to avoid war, Adams sent delegates to France but were bribed by three of their men; named the XYZ Affair this event sparked the call for war against France by Federalists.

• 39)Adams and the Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition Acts to curb Democratic-Republican speech and build Federalist power.

• 40) In the Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions Jefferson and Madison proposed states’ rights to nullify* federal laws.

41) In the “Revolution of 1800” the Democratic-Republican Jefferson peacefully replaced the Federalist Adams as president; the election was important because it was a peaceful transfer of power.

• 42) Jefferson almost did not purchase the Louisiana Territory from the French because he was not sure it was constitutional to do so.

• 43) Jefferson passed the Embargo* Act to avoid war but ended up hurting the US economy and his own reputation.

44) John Marshall was the Federalist Supreme Court chief justice whose decisions increased national power and weakened the states.

45) Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review* and strengthened the federal government.

46) The War of 1812 between the US and Britain was fought because of impressments, the Chesapeake Incident (freedom of the seas; neutrality rights), British aid to Indians in the Ohio Valley and the War Hawks’ desire to conquer Canada .

• 47)The Battle of New Orleans made Andrew Jackson a national hero and increased nationalism* even though it was fought after the War of 1812 had ended.

• 48)Nationalist feelings rose in America following the War of 1812 which became known as the Era of Good Feelings.

• 49) Eli Whitney’s cotton gin mechanized the process of separating seeds from fibers and led to the western spread of slavery.

• 50)The Missouri Compromise settled the slavery issue in the Louisiana Territory by establishing a boundary at 36-30 latitude.

51)Henry Clay’s “American System” strengthened the national economy with a higher tariff to fund internal improvements

52) The Monroe Doctrine ordered European empires not to interfere with the democratic nations of Latin America.*

53) The Golden Age of American Literature (1815-1850) was when US authors (Cooper; Irving; Poe) wrote about the US (patriotism/nationalism).

54)The Hudson River School were nationalist US artists who painted scenes of the natural beauty of the American landscape.

• 55) Andrew Jackson called the Election of 1824 a “Corrupt Bargain” because he believed he had lost the Presidency due to a deal between John Quincy Adams (who became President) and Henry Clay (who became Secretary of State).

56) The Nativist political party wanted to restrict the number and influence of Catholic immigrants to the US.

57) Andrew Jackson promoted his Democratic Party supporters to political office through the spoils system.

• 58) Worcester v. Georgia granted the Cherokee federal protection of their land but Jackson ignored the decision and forced the Indians on the “Trail of Tears”

• 59) Andrew Jackson distrusted the Bank of the United States, believing it gave too much power to the rich, and fought to destroy it, setting up local “pet banks” in its place.

• 60) South Carolina wanted to nullify, or void, the “Tariff of Abominations” in 1833, and threatened secession if the federal government tried to employ force against them.

• 61) The Second Great Awakening increased participation in protestant churches and spurred social, political, and economic reform in America.

• 62) Transcendentalists (Thoreau; Emerson) believed in simplicity (individualism, nature, emotion and small government)

63)The temperance movement tried to limit the amount of alcohol people drank by putting restrictions; Neal Dow was a leader of the movement who passed the first temperance laws in Maine (Maine Laws).

• 64)Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott hosted the world’s first women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY.

• 65) Dorothea Dix worked to reform American prisons (separating real criminals from those with mental illness) and her work led to the creation of mental hospitals.

• 66) Horace Mann argued that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation's children into republican citizens and he has been called the "Father of the Common School.”

67) Manifest Destiny was the belief that the US was entitled to all land as far west as the Pacific Ocean.

68) “54-40” or Fight!” was the slogan of Polk and the expansionists (Manifest Destiny) who wanted the entire Oregon Territory.

• 69) Settlers followed the Oregon Trail to find new economic opportunity (bigger and better farms) in the West.

• 70) Traders used the Santa Fe Trail to trade American manufactured goods for Mexican goods such as horses, furs, and silver.

• 72)America annexed* Texas sparking tensions between the Mexican and American governments.

• 73) The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ended the Mexican War and gave the US the “Mexican Cession” (California; Southwest).

• 74) in 1848 gold was found in California causing a mass migration in 1849 of people (forty-niners) hoping to strike it rich; called the California Gold Rush.

75)The Dawes Severalty Act attempted to “Americanize” Plains Indians by forcing them to farm individual tracts of land

76)Homesteading* was made easier by Deere’s steel plow, Glidden’s barbed wire and McCormick’s mechanical reaper

• 77)Three Antebellum* sectional* issues (caused conflict between the North and South) were slavery, the tariff and the Trans. RR

• 78)The Compromise of 1850 allowed CA to join the Union as a “free state” but gave the South a stronger fugitive slave law

• 79) The Dred Scott v. Sandford decision declared the MO Compromise line (36-30) unconstitutional

• 80) Stephen Douglas’ Kansas-Nebraska Act attempted to solve the slavery issue in the western territories with popular sovereignty* and led to the formation of the Republican Party.*

• 81)The Lincoln-Douglas debates over the issue of slavery in the territories made Lincoln famous though he did not win.

• 82) William L. Garrison, Harriet B. Stowe and John Brown were famous abolitionists* prior to the Civil War (Lincoln was not)

83)The southern states seceded to form a confederacy* after Lincoln’s election (1860) because he was a Republican.

84)The goal of Lincoln and the North at the beginning of the Civil War was to preserve the Union.

• 85)The “Anaconda Plan”* was based on controlling the Mississippi R., capturing Richmond* and blockading southern ports.

• 86) The Emancipation Proclamation transformed the Civil War into a moral struggle* over slavery but did not actually free any slaves

87)The key battles of the Civil war were Gettysburg (turning point), Vicksburg (Union control of the Mississippi) and Atlanta*

88)The Reconstruction Amendments were the 13th (abolition), 14th (civil rights) and 15th (suffrage*)

89)The Wade-Davis (Congressional) Reconstruction plan was much harsher on white southerners than Lincoln’s “10% Plan” though neither were fully implemented.

• 90)The Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 (Congressional Plan) divided the South into five military districts overseen by Union generals to ensure they abided by the strict rules set forth by Congress.

• 91)Radical Republicans believed that African-Americans should receive full citizenship rights (education, the vote).

• 92) Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877 in which Republican Rutherford Hayes became president by promising to remove federal troops from the South (creating the “Solid South”).

• 93)The KKK used violence and terror to stop African-Americans and white Republicans from voting.

• 94) The Freedmen’s Bureau provided former slaves and poor whites with education and protection but no land or cash

End of American History 1.

•43) The Robber Barons (Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Morgan*) justified their wealth/power with Social Darwinism*

44)Vertical Integration results in a monopoly* by controlling all stages of the production of a commodity

45)The Pendleton Act introduced a civil service exam to weaken the negative effects of the “spoils system*”

46)The Sherman Antitrust* Act, which was intended to break up monopolies, failed because Gilded Age courts supported big business

47) Progressives (Addams; LaFollette; TR) were inspired by the Social Gospel* to protect the poor from Social Darwinists

48) Settlement Houses (such as Jane Addams’s Hull House) were private, non-profit centers to provide urban immigrants with education and job training

• 49)The Populist Party represented poor western farmers who wanted inflation (silver) and gov’t regulation of the railroads

• 50)William Jennings Bryan’s Populist “Cross of Gold” speech urged the federal gov’t to adopt a bimetallic* monetary policy

51) Muckrakers were journalists who exposed the social injustices of the Gilded Age to inspire Progressive Era reforms

52) Booker T. Washington preached patience and economic cooperation with segregation; WEB Du Bois demanded immediate social, political and legal equality (14th Amendment) for African Americans

53)The Progressive Party was nicknamed the “Bull Moose Party” when it nominated TR for the presidency in 1912

54) The US annexation* of Hawaii led to complete control of the naval base at Pearl Harbor and increased trade in Asia

55)The Spanish-American War began when the Yellow Journalists* falsely accused the Spanish of blowing up the USS Maine

 56)   After the Spanish-American War, the US became an imperialist* power by conquering the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico and exerting political influence in Cuba (Platt Amendment)

57)The “Open-Door” Policy was US plan to establish free trade between imperialist powers in China

58)At the beginning of WWI, the US attempted to remain neutral* but after the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmermann Telegram and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the US entered the war on the side of the Allies (Britain, France Russia*)

Board Sentences 11/17

40) The Freedmen’s Bureau provided former slaves and poor whites with education and protection but no land or cash.

42) Robber Barons (Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Morgan) justified their wealth/power with Social Darwinism.

Board Sentence 11/30

• 43) Vertical Integration results in a monopoly by controlling all stages of the production of a commodity.

Board Sentence 12/1

45) The Progressives (Addams, La Follette) were inspired by the Social Gospel to protect the poor from Social Darwinists.

46)Settlement Houses were private, non-profit centers to provide urban immigrants with education and job training.

Board Sentence 12/14

41) The Dawes Act attempted to “Americanize” Plains Indians by forcing them to settle and farm individual tracts of land.

B.S. 1/4

50) The Populist Party represented poor western farmers who wanted inflation (silver) and government regulation of the railroads.

B.S. 1/544) Nativists wanted to restrict the number and influence of Catholic immigrants to the U.S.

B.S. 1/6

48) The Sherman Antitrust Act was intended to break up monopolies but did not work because the courts of the Gilded Age supported big business.

B.S. 2/16

51) The Spanish-American War began when the Yellow Journalists falsely accused the Spanish of blowing up the USS Maine.

56) After the Spanish-American War, the US became an imperialist power by conquering the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico and exerting political influence in Cuba (Platt Amendment).

57) The “Open-Door” Policy was a US plan to establish free trade between imperialist powers in China.

58. At the beginning of WWI, the US attempted to remain neutral* but after the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmermann Telegram and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the US entered the war on the side of the Allies (Britain, France Russia*)

59.Wilson claimed the US was entering WWI “to make the world safe for democracy”

59)During the 1920s American society was anti-communist (the “Red Scare”), anti foreigner and anti-labor union.

60. Wilson hoped to maintain peace in Europe through his “14 Points” which focused on self-determination (no imperialism) and collective security (League of Nations).

61. The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI but helped cause WWII because it punished Germany so harshly.

62)The US adopted an isolationist foreign policy during the 1920’s and did not join the League of Nations

Board Sentences 3/3

59)During the 1920s American society was anti-communist (the “Red Scare”), anti foreigner and anti-labor union.

62)The US adopted an isolationist foreign policy during the 1920’s and did not join the League of Nations

63)During the 1920’s, American society was anti-communist (the “Red Scare”), anti-foreigner, anti-labor union and consumerist*

Board Sentences

64) The Presidents of the 1920’s followed a laissez-faire* economic policy (minimal government economic regulation)

65) The authors of the “Lost Generation” (Fitzgerald; Hemmingway; Stein) rejected the materialistic values of the 1920s.

66)The Great Depression began with the stock market crash of 1929 (“Black Tuesday”) and lasted through the 1930s.

67)FDR’s first action against the Depression was to declare a Bank Holiday to stabilize the nation’s banks

68)FDR’s bold and experimental New Deal focused on the “3 R’s”* and increased federal power (reduced state power)

69)Social Security, the SEC, the FDIC and the TVA are New Deal programs/agencies that still exist today

70)The FDR’s New Deal and “fireside chats” gave people hope but it did not end the Great Depression – WWII did

71)FDR attempted to control the judicial branch with his “court-packing” scheme but his plan failed because it threatened the American tradition of “checks and balances”

72)The Great Depression caused some European countries to become totalitarian dictatorships* seeking military conquest

• 73) The US was officially neutral at the beginning of WWII but passed the Lend-Lease Act because Americans favored the Allies

74)The US joined the Allies (Britain, USSR) against the Axis (Japan, Germany and Italy)

75)The turning points of WWII were Midway (Pacific), El Alamein (N. Africa), Stalingrad (E. Europe) and D-Day (W. Europe)

76) Pearl Harbor, island-hopping*, kamikazes and atomic bombs* were unique to the Pacific Theater during WWII

77)The United Nations was formed to promote world peace and human rights following WWII and included the US membership

• 76) Pearl Harbor, island-hopping*, kamikazes and atomic bombs* were unique to the Pacific Theater during WWII

78.The Cold War was an ideological struggle between US capitalist democracy and Soviet communist* dictatorship

79. Senator Joseph McCarthy accused the government and military of harboring communists but had no evidence

80. The Taft-Hartley Act weakened the power of labor-unions because they were believed to promote communist ideals

81.The Marshall Plan was economic containment of communism through humanitarian aid to western Europe

82.The Truman Doctrine, NATO, SEATO and Eisenhower Doctrine were examples of military containment of communism

83.The Korean War was fought to prevent the spread of communism in Asia south of the 38th Parallel

84)The Baby Boom (population increase) began at the end of WWII (1945) and ended during the Vietnam War (1965)

85)The GI Bill provided housing, education, and job training for military veterans

86)Levittowns were neighborhoods of small, affordable, uniform houses

87)The Warren Court’s decisions* protected the rights of the accused but were considered by some to be too liberal

88)The Peace Corps was a Kennedy foreign policy program for the 3rd World* (“…ask what you can do for your country”)

89)The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the world came to nuclear war (brinkmanship*) but MAD*/Balance of Terror ensured that nuclear war was avoided

90) LBJ’s Great Society was for Civil Rights and a “war on poverty” but did not work because of spending on the Vietnam War

•85)The GI Bill provided housing education and job training for military veterans

•86) Levittowns were neighborhoods of small, affordable, uniform houses