July 1979

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J 0

Board of Director Elections-Vote Nowl "' Ed Bas asks, "What's holding up the show?"

"Wealth: The Super Weapon," by Carolyn Henson

L-5 NEWS A PUBLICATION OF THE L-5 SOCIETY

VOL. 4 NUMBER 5 JULY 1979

In this issue:

Jennifer L. Atkins, Editor-in-Chief

Randy Ci<111101u, Caroly11 llr11su11. Editorwl Staff

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Brtrr)' (;oltfo•alrr. Sr. l<obert ,/ . ll f'111/1•111 R11rb11ra Marx 1/11/Jbnrd Cordon Ii . 11' ood rork J'/11/ip K. C:lrap111a11 ,/rtlr11r Ka11trowll: I\'"' rad A". 1>111111t·11 /Jn.Q f:d11•ard fl. Fi111 h. Jr. J. l't•/t•r l'ajk J11< k I>. Sa/111011 /Jnrln11 S1111tlr ,\'om• I l 11drllt, ,\lark llopk111s II . A't•11h llr 11.""' Cflro/vn M f'111rl ll r11""" 11111/iam ll't>1.Qlr

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1 Wealth: The Super Weapon by Carolyn Henson. Could wealth be the key to ending all wars?

2 Inhibitors: What's Holding Up the L-5 Show? Ed Bas looks for the stumbling blocks holding up space commercialization.

3 L-5's National Anthem? Bill H iggins' and Bary Gehm's hilarious space song "H ome, Home on Lagrange."

4 Astronomy from Space by Ed Bas

5 Gas Entrained Solids-A Heat Transfer Fluid For Use In Space Jn response to requests for more technical material, here's H . Keith Henson's and K. Eric Drexler's paper from the 1979 Princeton Space Manufacturing Conference. (Part I of two parts)

7 L-5 Saves the Day by Ken McCormick. L -5ers push Congress!

8 News Briefs

9 What time is it? Time to move into space? Am)' S. Bouska reports.

IO Announcements

12 Inside the L-5 Society

13 Annual Elections Vote now for the L-5 Board of Directors.

Cover: What's there to do o n a Sa LUrday night if you're a solar power satellite construction worker sta tioned at geosynchronous orbit? Pictured here are two workers loosening up with free fa ll acrobatics in the recreation room. The woman's weigh ted belt he lps 10 ba lance the center of gravity where her hands clasp her partner 's. O utside the window North America a nd a IOGW power satelli te 100 km2 are visible. (Artwork by Carolyn Henson.)

Wealth: The Super Weapon

() 0

o~

~o by Carolyn Henson

Artwork by Jame~ Babcock

"'The evidence shows a strong correlation between economic deprivation and violent social action.' .. wealth ... may someday silence all the guns and bombs and nukes."

Space colonizalion may give us Lhe lever­age Lo pul a n end Lo war. How? Ask Micky McWilliams. He's a tall , red-bearded sociology instructor a1 1he University of ~lississippi and Preside111of1he Ole ~ l i ss

L-5 chapter. This modern day Viking isn "1 t•xaclly one

of your detached ivory tower types. In Lhe fall of 1977 he was invited to presem his ideas to a C:Ongressional seminar on space colonization. So he and 1wo friends hop­ped imo his car, which carried a dayglo "L-5 Sex al Zero Gravity" bumper sticker, and tooled off for Washingto n.

Maybe that slicker was bad luck, because ~ hours out they were broadsided by a Lruck. A nearby hospital sewed them back Logelher and a friend drove them home 10 Oxford. Micky's car was LOta led.

As Lhey reached city limits 1he unlucky trio decided they could't bear 10 miss their chance 10 bend 1he course of his1ory. De­claring. ··1regH·I1ha1 I ha\"l· b111 one car 10 give 10 the movemem ," Micky borrowed an old raule1rap and they drove off, s1i1ches and headaches and bruises, day and night, and just barely staggered into the Rayburn Building in time 10 meet with members of C:Ongress.

McWilliams' message? "We're talking about opening up our environment." Ac-

cording 10 him -and many other re­searchers -1he colonization of space will generaLe enormous wealth. T ake unlimit­ed energy, trillions of ions of asteroids full of n ickel, iron, platinum, water, oil, every known dcmen1. and a bunch of advc11 1urou~ peoplt' and Wt'

0 ll crca1e an

How about civil unrest in our countryr ... people who have hi-f is and cars and scuba gear don't want to lose them.

economic boom as big as the galaxy. How will Lhis wealth end war? "The

evidence shows a strong correlation be­tween economic deprivation and violem social action." Micky explains. "Of the 27 countries classified by the World Bank as rich , only one suffered a major imernal upheaval o n its own 1erriLOry between 1958 through 1966. On the o ther hand, during th is same period 32 of the 38 nations classified as very poor experienced significam con£lic1s ...

Yes, wealth is the super weapon that may someday si lence a ll the g uns a nd bombs and nukes.

But-ii a ll sounds 100 simple, doesn't iL? Didn't the U.S. send troops 10 Vie1nam a nd bomb Hanoi? Yes, but would we have done ii if Hanoi could have bombed Los Angeles? h would have killed people, damaged real estate and tied up traffic on the freeways! Ralph Nader would have forced the governmem 10 recall the war because ii was unsafe for the consumers.

How about civil unrest in our country? The Weathermen moslly blew up them­selves. The Symbionese Libera1ion Army never gathered more than a handful of warriors. The reason is that people who have hi-fis and cars and scuba gear don 't want 10 lose them.

In New Delhi, on the other hand, when people gel mad a t the government they go bananas. I remember the time- it was late November 1966-when some Indians were p rotesting their govemmem 's refusal to ban Lhe butchering of caule. h was per­fectly legal for the local butcher 10 go ouL in the middle of the night a nd call " here cow, here cow" until he found a nice heahhy stray hunk of hamburger. He'd lure it imo h is house and butcher it. The next morning he'd stuff a chunk of the carcass in a gunny sack and go from door to door, selling 10 Moslems and Christians. "Pssil Wanna buy some bee£?"

I must admit, sacred cow steak was a mouthwatering delight. Anyhow, one day this huge procession of cow-sympathizers came marching down the street. It was a real sight. At least a quaner of these prot­estors were sadhus-holy men and women who go naked with ashes and cow dung plastered in their hair. I got bad vibes from the crowd so I nonchalantly faded back and got inside just before the first volley of bricks hit the windows.

Having never seen honest to gosh violence I ran to a second story window for a good view-more time to duck the bricks up there I People lay bleeding on the street. Police with staves were beating up everyone they could catch and rio ters were now running around turning over buses and torching them. Columns of smoke t0wered everywhere. I started to get ner­vous when a character with a torch started running my way.

I dashed for the bedroom and stuffed opals and star rubies in my bra-I didn't have any rupees on hand and figured a bribe or two could come in handy. I pulled the end of my sari over my head and looked at myself in the mirror. Would the rioters believe that I was a six foot tall blue-eyed vegetarian?

T hen I heard a holler-the cavalry had come through, or at least a jeep from the American Embassy. As we roared off to their forLified compound I noticed one bloody body had lain in the street for a long time.

The p lain fact is that people who couldn't even dream of owning a bicycle, who fear they'll be a casualty of the next famine, have a lot to gripe about. They may at times seem to have quixotic goals: the right to force women to wear veils, the right to put the Sikh butcher out of busi­ness. But they have little to lose and much to gain.

T he same goes for wars. When Idi Amin got afraid that Ugandans were about to kick h is ass, he distracted h is angry coum rypeople by provoking a war with Tanzania. h 's an age o ld trick, but it doesn' t seem to work on a prosperous people.

Of course, it could be people are just perverse. In spite of Micky McWilliams' observations, even the unlimited wealth o f space may not bring an end to riots, war and bloody revolt. But it's such a pleasam sounding cure that it's surely worth a try.

You can do your bit to end war the fun way by getting your dayglo orange "L-5 Sex at l.ero Gravity" bumper sticker from Micky McWilliams, L-5 Ole Miss, Box 891. Oxford . MS 38655. They cost 50ti each, three for Sl.25. And remember to slily 0111

of tlw way or trucks!

2

Inhibitors: What's Holding Up the L-5 Show?

"Our power monopolies had Edison, Ford had Ford.

Who will sell space?"

by Ed Bas

"The crowd had pushed to the west end of the platform as the ship swarmed up the mountain. Harriman had stayed where he was, nor had Dixon and Strong followed the crowd. The three were alone, Harriman most alone for he did not seem aware that the others were near him. He was watching the sky.

"Strong was watching him. Presently Strong barely whispered to Dixon, 'Do you read the Bible?'

"'Some.' " 'He looks as Moses must have looked,

as he gazed out over the promised land.' "Harriman dropped his eyes from the

sky and saw them. 'You guys still here?' he said. 'Come on-there's work to be done.'"

-Robert Heinlein The Man Who Sold the Moon

Where are you, Delos D. Harriman, now that we need you? Our power monopolies had Edison, Ford had Ford. Who will sell space? Heinlein wrote the blueprint for him in his 1910 story-wanted: a pioneer­ing spirit, a mover and a shaker. But where is his real-life counterpart? Who will make outer space the greatest thing since sliced bread?

For all the good intentions, there are still major stumbling blocks to the indus­trialization of outer space by American industry. Art Dula, a Houston corporate attorney specializing in technical and patem law, believes he has indentified the "most important inhibitors affecting the potential commercial materials proces­sors/ NASA business rela tionship."

Yes, " inhibitors.'' For the most pan, they poim the finger

at a general lack of knowledge on the part of the private, nonaerospace contractors of what space (read: :-.!ASA) has to o ffer. What's more, they don't know how to deal with the government (again, read: NASA) and are uncertain or downright uneasy over working within government con-

maims. And first, probably most impor­tant, Dula notes a lack of an "obvious mandate from within NASA to promote commercial materials processing."

Mandate as in "an authoritative com­mand" -Webster.

NASA would like private industry to commit funds early to research and devel­opment aboard the space shuttle. But pri­vate industry is in a trend of shying away from pure R&D, and the more they demon­strate this the more reluctant NASA seems to "sell themselves."

It has to do with traditional "laissez­faire" or government in industry-hands off or the next step is socialism. Or maybe, like most government agencies, NASA has a problem in selling themselves because they simply don't know how to go about it.

Dula suggests large amounts of person­al contact, and willingness to involve a ll nonaerospace industry.

Two points: one of congratulations, one just a question mark or rather several.

Representatives of North American Rockwell showed up at Oakland Univer­sity (Rochester, Mich .) to sell the shuttle. They huckstered it just like you'd sell soap flakes-and they did it before a general assembly of the local chapter of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Is it be­neath NASA dignity to stand on a street corner? Does i t smack of socialism for a government agency to try to turn a pro­fit ?

Along the same lines. the September '78 issue of Business Week had a special pull-out section on lhe space shuttle-put there by advertisers, not editorial writers. Wonder of wonders, there was even a post­card enclosed to send in for more informa­tion on products and services available through the shuttle. Everyone I requested informatio n from responded, and it wasn't just Boeing and Rockwell.

The o ther point has to do with the risks

L-5 News, July 1979

incurred by business in outer space ven­tures. Depending o n who you believe, Skylab will impact (read: crash) the Earth this year, either scattering flaming debris over much of 1he inhabited portion of the plane!, or plop harmlessly into the ocean.

Is private industry ready to take such a risk for a launch they sponsor? And, more importantly, do 1hey carry such risk?

As Dula poin ts ou1, space law is un­clear- as is a ll law where there are no preceden ts. But a 1972 United Nations treaty gives clear and absolute liability to the launching state in the even t of an accident. This is the Liability O>nvention, a sort of corollary to the 1967 Treaty of Principles.

If there were a question of liability, what would stop the United States from financ­ing a catch-all umbrella insurance policy, such as it did with 1he nuclear power industry in the Price-Anderson act?

There is also some confusion over whether patent and data rights can be re­tained by nonaerospace users of the shuule. No one industry is going 10 bridge new frontiers if ii can' t be sure of hanging 01110 new knowledge. Dula said that th is goes back to the Kennedy era of "full light of disclosure" 10 contrast the Soviet Union's secret space program. And Dula calls the policy "an open invitation to a

third party suit seeking 10 force NASA to disclose publicly the results o f research done on the space transportation system by nonaerospace industrial users."

NASA could remedy this easily and im­mediately, by waiving any requirements that industry information be made public.

Looking beyond the shuttle, who owns the Moon? A 1971 International Lunar

Is it beneath NASA dignity to stand on a street corner? Does it smack of socialism for a government agency to try to turn a profit?

Treaty states that "the surface and depth of the Moon cannot be the property of states ... or not as well as the property of physical persons."

O>uld international space law prevent the movement of lunar materials once a mass-driver is established, or even for L-5 mass-shielding? Do we have the right to go in and kick things around before Zambia and Bo tswana can build rockets and have the thrill of a national " first" Moon land­ing?

Can a government entity ever success­full y interact with American industry? Or are the two forever distinctly separate breeds?

Is American industry really settling into complacency, afraid of speculation? Are we sure how liability, patent laws and government contracts wi ll fare in the future? The West Germans seem to have overcome these problems, if we can believe in Orbital Transpon-und Raketen­Aktiengesellschaft (OTRAG). They are out 10 scoop the world on delivering the cheapest (CHEAP!!!) launch vehicle 10

orbit international payloads. Henry Ford may have put our nation on wheels, but Datsun and Toyota are helping keep it there. In faCl. OTRAG ha\ \\'himsically bcc·n dubbed "\'olb- Rocket."

For every step, there seems 10 be another question left unanswered, to say nothing of those that haven't been asked yet. But making money isn't supposed to be easy, or without committment, or risk.

As D.D. Harriman said, "You ask me to show figures on a brand-new type of enter­prise, knowing I can't. It's like asking the Wright brothers at Kitty Hawk to estimate how much money Curtiss-Wright O>rp­oration would someday make out of build­ing airplanes."

L-5's National Anthem?

The followi ng crazy space song was written by Bill Higgins, an engineering physicist, and Barry Gehm who is doing PhD work on the biochemistry of vision at MSU . The song was first published in the Summer, 1978 issue of The Co­Evolution Quarterly. Bill Higgins writes:

Since we introduced it at the Worldcon in Miami Beach in 1977, the song has become quite popular among science fiction fans and in L-5 circles. This summer it will be published by Ace in Jerry Pour­ncl lc·s anchology The Endless Fron­tier. Wt"n· sung ic (usually co the accompaniment of my ukelele) all over America, in cars, on merry-go­rounds, in hotel rooms, and even once knee-deep in a wading pool filled with dry ice, illuminatd by laser beams.

Barry's fond hope is that large space colon ies will indeed be built, and that their citizens will choose " Home on Lagrange" as their na­tional anthem. Why not? h 's just the th ing to sing before settling down to a ball game ...

Home, Home on Lagrange by Bill Higgins & Barry Gehm

Oh, give me a locus where the gravitons focus

Where the three-body problem is solved. Where the microwaves play, down at

three degrees K, and the cold virus never evolved.

Chorus:

Home, Home on LaGrange. Where the space debris always collecLs. We possess, so it seems, two of man's

greatest dreams, Solar power and zero-gee sex.

We eat algae pie, our vacuum is high, Our ball-bearings are perfectly round. Our horizon is curved, our warheads

are MIRVed And a kilogram weighs half a pound.

Chorus

You don't need no oil, nor a tokamak coil

Solar stations provide Earth with juice. Power beams are sublime; so nobody

will mind If we cook an occasional goose.

Chorus

I've been feeling quite blue since the crysLals I grew

Became 100 big to fit through the door. But from slices I sold, Hewleu-Packard,

I'm told, Made a chip that was seven foot four.

Chorus

If we run out of space for our burgeoning race,

No more Lebensraum leh for che Mensch,

When we're ready to start we can Lake Mars apan,

If we just find a big enough wrench.

Chorus

I'm sick of this place, it's just McDonald 's in space,

And living up here is a bore. Tell the shiggies "Don't cry," they can

kiss me goodbye, 'Cause I'm moving next week to L4.

Copyright 1977 by Bill Higgins and Barry Gehm

3

Apollo 16 viewed from thr Lunar Module at Earthrise.

by Ed Bas

L5 enthmiasb have made a valid point that the frui tion of a space colony will open the " last frontie1" to more 1:>eoplc. this tim(• the non-astronauts-the ma n ufac turers. the engineers. the entrepreneurs.

But let's not forget tha t it will a lso open up space to the group that has held it for so lo n g. yet ne,·er g rasped it-the astronomttl>.

Already. a revolut ion in as tro nomy is occurring that will shake the foundatio ns of that science more than any discovery since the telescope. The revolution is multi-faceted and multi-fascinating.

Astronomy o ff the Earth's surface wi ll have the impact that a Renaissance interest in amnomy had on the an world. In a few decades we' ll wonder how we ever even developed the science while Earthbound.

Viking to Mai:., Voyager to the outer solar system and beyond, P ioneer Venus with its multiprobes and the High Energy Astronomical Observatories (H EAO I and II) are building by leaps and bounds our knowledge of the universe.

No astronome1 has yet fl own in space. That's no t as surprising as it might seem at first when you consider the six piloted Moon landing~ did not transport any scientists a t all un til che las t. Apollo XVII , landed a geologist there.

Most astronomc·rs would agree chat we are nearing the end of ou1 rope in useful observing from Earth. T he new discoveries from Earth will bemo1ccsoteric,studics in cosmology rather than observation .

Mount Pa lomar is a prime example of our limitations. If built today, it would

4

cost about S 10 million toduplicatc· thc200-inch reflector. about one·thir<l thc· cost of a nuclear submarine. It is the world'l>second largest (the largest is in the U R). When it was built. it was a cientific marvel for its Lremendous light-gathering power. Yet encroaching civilization will one day render it no more than a curio ity. someLhing busloads of school children will look a t and point to much as thC)' do the mock-ups o l blue whales and T yrannosaurus Rex.

Astronomy off the Earth's sur­face will have the impact that a Renaissance interest in anatomy had on the art world. In a few decades we'll wonder how we ever developed the science while Earthbound.

Lights. the bane of astronomers. arc C\'Crywhere. Our power monopo lies arc every year giving us higher output for less energy- incandcscen ts. fl uoresc<'nts, mercury vapor. high pressure odium. Already. in ever-increasing radii of our me tropolitan centers. there is no darkness-ever.

Anyone who has ever go11en completely away from cities, and gasped as I did at the splendor of the Milky Way, wi ll have a hard time returning home and taking urban observing seriously.

The great discoveries of the next ccmury wi ll be made from span· itself, which by that time might be no less accessible than the high mountains of Chile.

It 1001.. actual fl~ -bys of ;\Jars in tlw '60'l> IC> finally. onte and for all. disprov<> llw myth of the Martian canals. Un til then , all was speculation. Percival Lowell was as right as Edgar Rice Burroughs. And Mars is o ne of our closest neighbors. T he same for Venus, which was not revealed until Pioneer.

How many moons does Jupiter have? Galileo guessed four, and the count is 13 or 14 today. It took a satellite p hoto to find Uranus' ring, and Voyager to fi nd .Jupiter's. Is there a tenth planet 10 justify the "missing mass" and cptune's p lanetary wobble? Does Barnard's Star have planets?

Radio telescopes face the same threat as optic telescopes. Just as our skies are no longer dark, neither arc they "quiet."

A return of samples from Mars is being contemplated. Where belier than space to stud)· them, and thus avoid possible comamination?

L5 will open up space to the nurses, plumbers, farmers, barbers, dentists and welders. But ma ny o f them will be claiming telescopes as part of their perso nal baggage a ll otment. The journalists will have them along with their ty):>Cwriters. Sure, we' ll exploit space. but let 's not forget that we're also going there 10 marvel at it, and catch a g limpse of a universe long denied us-a glimpse Ga lileo wo uld have longed for.

L -5 News, July 1979

Gas Entrained Solids­A Heat Transfer Fluid

For Use In Space

H. Keith Henson Analog Precision, Inc.

by

K. Eric Drexler Massachusetts Institute of

Technology

Part I of a two-part article.

The high cost of low temperature radiators could be reduced by the use of extraterrestrial materials.

The ra te of expansio n or human activi­ties into space will depend a t lcast in pan on the rela ti\'l' advantages and d isadvan ­iages that spacr o ffers to industry com­pared to thos1· ofl'1·red by pl anetary sur­facc·s. In sp ill, of the author~· well kno wn bias in favo1 of m oving in<lu) tr)' a11<l peo · pie into space. it may be too early to tell how soon and o n what sca le it will happen .

T he obvio us advantages o f space for industry, such as energy availability. con ­tro l of acceleration . a nd the low structura l mass o f large objects ha\'e bren widely no ted. However. planetary surfaces a lso have s ignifini nt advamagrs for industry. Ours. at least, possesses concentrated depos­its o r useful elements. some. like tin, of very low cosmic a bundance. A pla netary surface like o urs is a lso extremely useful for disposing of large quantities or the inev­itable industria l waste product- heat.

Nothing bea ts a planet covered by liq­uids and gases for a low cost heat sink. Waste heat on o ur planet is carried away from concentra ted sources such as power plant condensers by water or air and eventu­ally radiated from the Earth into the cold (rluee degree Kel vin) unin ·rsl'.

Ge11ing rid of massive amo unts or waste heat without a pla net is not difficult , just expensive. Designers of space ha bita ts, space industria l facilities, and thermal cycle power satellites all need economical

-e:copyright 1l merica11 In sti tute of Astro­nautics and Aeronautics, paper #79-1 382. ( l?epri11ted by pnmission.)

ways to dispose or immense amounts of waste heat. Radiators for these applica­tio ns will USC vast quantities of materia ls and will be very. very large. Hopefull y, a method discussed below wil l keep them from being correspondingly expensive.

Not surprising ly. humans and their machines fu nctio n best around "'roo m

Getting rid of massive amounts of waste heat without a planet is not difficult, just expensive.

tempera ture."' 293° Kelvin p lus or minus a few degrees. Due to temperature drops in the heat exchangers, the above mentioned radia tors would have to operate at least twenty degrees below this. a bout 273° Kel­vin o r nearzero Celsius. The radiat io n rate of a perfect .. blackbod y" in walls per square meter is the Stefan-Boltzman con ­stant (5.67 x 10-s meter2 T -4 ) times the temperature in degrees Kel vin ra ised to the fou rth power. For ordinary surfaces. the eq ua tion is modified by multipl ying the blackbody radia tion by a emi ssivit y factor e. Surface emi ssivities of 0.9 are not too difficu lt to produce. These numbers impl y a requirement of about four square meters or radia to r surface area for each kilowa 11 of waste heat. For these two applications, it seems probable that reducing the radiator area by using heal pumps to raise the radia-

tor temperature will be counterproductive due to the cost of equipment. energy. and the additional radiator area required to dump the heat pump energy.•

Given this radiation rate a nd assuming sunlighdiltered to one kW per mcter2 • ha b­ita ts in thermal ba lance will require a bo ut four times as much radiator area as they have sunlig ht collectors. For 10,000people in a habitat gro wing most of their food, the projected radiator area (bo th sides radiate) is close to a square kilometer.

Space industrial facilities vary in their waste heat outp ut. but the energy trapped in fini shed products like aluminum is likely to be small compared to overall use. Five hundred megawa11s or waste heat Crom a medium sized materia l processing p lant will require two square kilometers or radiato r surface. This will be the reference size radiator discussed below.

T hermal cycle solar power satellite (S PS) designs arc dri ven to a considerable extent by the radiator requiremen ts. Radia­tor size is minimized by using the highest possible temperature. Potassium Rankine cycle radiators seem to optimize at very high temperawres, 928 degrees Kelvin

• Th is is not true at lower temperatures. For constant heat flux , the radiator area (proportio11al to I I r' )goes up by a facto r of 16 for each drop of temperature by I 12 in absolute degrees. A t liq uid oxygen temp­era tu res, a k ilowatt of heat radintio11 would require over 300 square m eters of area.

5

( 1210 deg. F). At this temperature. they would radiate close to 100 times as much waste heat per square meter as habitat or industrial radiators. Brayton cycle SPS radiator designs were proposed to o perate above 530 degrees Kelvin, where they radiate between four and five kilowaus per square meter. Even at this rate, a 10 G\o\I SPS would have about 6 square kilometers of radiator surface area.

It would seem enough of a burden that waste heat radiators need to be so large, but, worse yet, they exhibit diseconomies of scale. The radiation rate (R) is propor­tional to the square of the linear dimensions, and mass (M ) is proportiona l LO the cube of the linear dimensions.

M::u R::L2

Therefore M/ R (in :: L ' / L 2 o r L by (2)

or

units

( I ) (2)

of kg/ kw)

L::JR M/ R ::JR

For radiators, small, if not beautiful, is a t least less expensive. (See box)

In the Boeing Brayton cycle SPS design. the radiators would be twice as heavy for the same dissipation if the four modules were combined into a sing le unit. As it is, radiators, fluid and the piping system for the hea t transfer fluid contribute about 45% of the mass of a the rmal SPS. 1 Later work on the po1.assi11m R:mkinf' cycle both raised the radia tor temperature (at the expense of thermodynamic effi ciency) and reduced the radiator module size by increas­ing the number of power modules to I 6.2

There a re o ther discouraging factors about radia tors. In large single phase (i.e. non-condensing) radiawrs, where the fluid mass is dominant. ir seems impossible 10

desig n the piping system w have less mass than the radiawr itself. Fluids, especially liquids, a re limited in the maximum veloc­ity of flow. For water in commercia l a ir conditioning systems. this limit is about eight feet per second. Higher velocity will cause pipe damage due LO cavitation. Min­imum system mass requires maximum velocity everywhere in the closed loop. If the velocity (and density) is constant, the cross section area of the loop must be con­sta nt a lso. It fo llows, therefore, that the mass of a piping system will be propor­tiona l 10 its length.

Beca use the pipe mass is proponional 10

its length, s imple geometry of plana r shapes a nd closed loops will define the besr shapes for radiawrs. One example is a radiator of unir area, aspect ratio x, and mass (if in a square shape) of m . The aspect ratio is the width (across flow) w length (with fl ow) ra tio. As each of the tapered headers that distributes the fluid 10 the radia tor has a dia meter weig hted leng th of l / 2x, the two headers will have a mass of

6

2m

• This may not be obvious. but

consider rwo idemically-shaped radia to rs at the same operating conditio ns. one four times as la rge a nd twice as long as the o ther. The small o ne will con­ta in a fluid mass of m, which passes through in a unit of time (LIV). The sma ll one has a radia· tion rate of R and the large one. 4R. The velocity of fl ow (V) wi ll be limited by the fluid . Now con· sider rhe left ha lf of the large radiator which radia tes 2R. To carry twice as much heat. a mass o f 2m per unit rime (f/V) must flow into the radiator. S ince the velocity is the same. the fluid den­s ity per unit a rea of the radiator must be doubled. Therefore the la rger radiator must have twice as much fluid mass per unit area as the smaller radia tor.

v

mx. The radiator a nd the re turn pipe will each have a mass of m/ x. System mass is the sum of these three o r M=m (x+(2/ x)). The minimum (about 3.4 times the radia· to r mass) for this func tio n occurs at a n aspect ratio of the square root of 2. Since wl l =J2 and wl =I , w=•J2 and I =1! 4 J2 ( l.1 9by .84). Therewrn pipe is not needed if the fluid is reheated by passing it through a heat exchanger and on to an adjacem radia­tor. In this case, system mass is minimized (at twice radiator mass) by using square

radiators. A glance a t current space habitat models indicates that the radiators may miss being optimized by a factor of 4 or 5.

Another possibly sub-opti m iscd geomet­ric characte ristic is the "self-viewing" no ted in some radia to r designs. A radiator which faces part of itself or another radia­to r of the same temperature has reduced effective radiation over what it would have with an unobstructed view of the sky.

A sma ll amount of self-viewing may be permissable if it a llows the radiator to be broken imo smaller blocks. T he u adeoffs between smaller radiator segments and the ideal of a radiator looking only at the stars is somewhat complex. Radiawr self view­ing ca n sometimes be avoided by using thin reflector sheets to block the view from one radiat0r to another. The reflecwr sheets should not reflect a radia to r upon itself.

A planar arrayof tubes provides an exam­ple of the potential improvemen t refl ecto r sheets can provide. Figure (A) shows the effective loss o f surface area of an a rray of tubes as a fun ctio n of their spacing to diameter ratio. Touching tubes provide an

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

F..fft~cch1..• ,urrart·· :1 .. a l 1111nion ''' 1lw pi1r h lU di:Ulll'll'r r;11io

0.6 ..__ ___ ......_ ___ ..__ ___ ......_ __ ~

Fig. A r o

effective a rea per unit leng th of onl y 2d instead of rrd. Tubes spaced far apart radiate better but require long a nd there· fo re massive headers to connect them. Fig­ure (B) and Fig ure (C) give examples of reflectors which improve the radia tion per­formance to about tha t of a n isolated tube. In Figure (B) the wbes a re spaced about 4.8 radii apart, providing 65% of the a rea a fl at surface between them wou ld provide. In Fig ure (C) the spacing is 3.65 radii g iving a performance of 85% of a fl at surface between them would provide. At this spac­ing the reflecwrs provide a 17% improve­ment in the radia tion by preveming the wbes from seeing each o ther. An "'air mat­tress" design (essentia ll y a number of over­lapping wbes with common walls) is bet­ter a t space filling, but for the same amoum of materia l g ives o nl y 72% of the radiatio n of an isola ted tube. Fabrication

L-5 News, July 1979

----- - -- 4 Sr

Fig. R

Fig. C

or 1he "a ir mauress" shape. while simple, would be more diffi r ull 1lrnn plain tubes. h also makes blocking orr and dcpressurizing a tube for repairs difficult.

Micrometcors make case of repa irs a con­sidera1ion in radi a1or design . The size or the radiators will be so large that microme­teoro id impacts. some causing holes. will be commonplace. A square kilomcter rad ia-1or using 0.008 inch thick wa lls would experience about 20 p 11nc111rcs per hou r. Each increase o f wall 1hickncss by a Jiule over 2 (cube· root» o f I 0) would dC'crt'ase 1he punc111rc ra te by a factor of I 0.3

Ano ther serious sourre o r 1rouble posed by punctures is 1ha1 subs1antia l a mo unts o f the gas or liquid hea1 transrcr fluid circu­lated within the radia1or could he lost. Leaks can have serious econo mic conse­quences especiall y ir 1hc hca1 1ransrerfluid must be imported from Ear1h . T hey would be less significanl if ex1ra1crrcs1rial resour­ces or lower cost could be used . There arc also potential problems wi1h 1hc leaking fluid damaging nearby objects. T he i nhab­itan is or a space colony might be somcwha t upset ir 1he windows were suddenly plated over wi1h sodium.

Leak preven1io n fa vors 1hick walls, but thick walls over la rge areas will be heavy and therefore: costl y. A wa ll th ickness o f one millimeter of alu min um o n a sq uare kilometer or radia tor area would weigh 2.7 millio n kilograms. lm pon ed from Eanh at S200/ kg. 1he walls alone ror 1he rderence desig n would cos1 S540 millio n. Several 1imes this weight (and cost) would be required to rill 1hc radia1or with a hea t transfer fluid . or course. 1he norma l response when 1hings gc1 rid iculously expensive is 10 consider cx1 ra1crrestria l resources.

A serious problem in cx1ra1errestrial resource utilization is the lack or an obvious heat 1ransrcr rJuid in well known

(i.e. lunar) extra1errestrial ma terials. The onl y fluid known to be ava ilable in quan­tity rrom the Moon for use a t these tempera­tures is oxygen gas. In 1977 one of us (llcn ­son ) explo red the po~sibilitics or o xygrn rilled habitat radiators in a short a rticle.i The a mount of heat a gas stream can carry a way is propo rtiona l to its mass. Reasona­ble mass flows require fai rly high pressure (a substan1i.l l fraction of an a tmosphere). leading once again 10 the problems o r thick and cosily radia1or walls and the possi bil­ity of high loss rates th rough p unc1ures.

Now let us consider the ideal hc:a l transfer fluid fo r use in space. 11 wo uld have high spcciric heat. very low vapor pressure (which keeps do wn 1he leak rate as well as reducing the wall thickness required ) and low viscosity (to keep pump­ing losses down ). For SPS use, compa1a bi l­ity with high vol1age power conductors and insulators. and the power 1ransmis­sion antenna is a concern . Unpublished Boeing studies have noted the powntia l compa1abili1y problems of sodium and pot· assium with these subsystems. In addi1ion . the heat tra nsfer fluid sho uld no t freete (removing wa1er from consideration even ir it were available). should be a\·ailabll' fro m the Moon or astero ids a nd requi re minima l processing. ll 1urns ou1 that spacc· may be foll or just what is needed.

Shortly after the Princeton Space Man u­facturing Con fere nce of 1977. the other a uthor (Drexler) thought of using gas entrained solids for hea t t ra nsrer in Lero gra vity. The idea is qui1e simple. Use a lo w pressure gas o n the o rder o r I% or an a1mos­phere to move finely divided solids over 1hc heat transfer surfaces.

In this kind of heat transfer fluid most or the heat would be moved fro m 1hc heat exchanger to the radia1or surface hy th<• solids a1 no cost in s tructural mass. In the microgravity environment of space, there should be no tendency fo r 1he solids to settle out. The solids could he screened or finel y g ro und lunar soil or slag from pro­cessing operatio ns. The immediately o b· vious problems such as abrasive wear seemed to be controllable. Wear, for exam­ple. can be reduced to a tolerable pro blem by contro lling the shape o r the panicles. avoiding sha rp bends in the manifolds. using hardened o r replaceable parts where necessary. and keeping 1he fl ow ra te below a rew tens of meters per second.

Like most or the industria l processes con­sidered for use in space. there are mo re or less rela ted Earth -based t•xperiences to draw upon: the two 1hat come 10 mind arc fluidized beds and pncuma1ic transpor1. Fluidized beds are widely used for heat trea1ing, combustion, a nd chemica l reac­tors. Heat fl ow rates determined for heal treating may be useful in desig ning gas

entrained solids heat exchangers. There is a lso substantia l li1era1urc on

1hc suhjecl of moving, separating . a nd even cooling dus1 mixed wi1h a ir. Most o f 1he cemen1. fl our. a nd o ther bulk subsian­ces in 1hiscoumry are loaded and unloaded fro m shipping containers by pneumatic conveying. Unfortunately. due to thedom i­nanceof gravitationa l effects. this informa­tion will be of little use for desig ning zero gravity systems. Research on the zero g rav· ity movement or solids in gas s treams and sepa ra 1o rs for gases and solids sho uld have a hig h priority as hard engineering data will be needed ro r zero gra vity process design .

T o be ro11tint1ed in the Au.g ust L-5 News.

REFERENCES I. Woodcock. C. R., "Solar Sa1elli1cs­SpacC' Key to Our Energy Future.' ' Astro­nautics 8c Aeronautics, Jul y/ Aug us1 1977.

2. Gregory. D.L.. e t al. Solar Power Sat­elli te, Systems Definiti on Study, Part II. Vo l. Ill , D 180-22876-3. pg. 79.

3. Ibid. pg. 7.

4. Henson . H.K ... Waste Heat Rejection Mc1hods for Space Habita ts, .. L-5 l'lews, A pri I. 1977. m L-5 Saves the Day

by Ken M cCormick

When representative Don Fuqua's cam­paig n to obtain the necessary 220 co-spon­sors for a bi ll to proclaim a ' 'United Slates Space Observance" this year showed signs of rizzl ing OU(, members or the L-5 Society responded in the I Ith hour with mail ­grams and telephone calls LO 1heir own representa tives. pushing the count or co­spon sors over the 220 mark by Lhe J une 7 deadline. When members of Mr. Fuqua's sta ff fina ll y asked for o ur (L-5) help. we telephoned contact persons in some of the larger L-5 g ro ups in a reas with congress­men who had no t yet agreed to co-sponsor the legislation . Space Wa tch and the Natio na l Action C.ommittee for Space were also a lerted. Responses to Mr. Fuq ua 's "dear colleague" a ppea ls had slo wed to a ra te of one o r two per day; during 1he next 48 hours 32 congressmen responded. T o all L-5 Socic1y mem bers who contacted 1heir own representa tives: thank you and con­graiul:uions.

L -; m embers who wish to be add<'d to the Legislntive Information Servire mniling list cn11 request this sen1ice by w riting to the 1.-5 hrndquarters.

7

NEWS BRIEFS "REACH FOR THE STARS" TO BE AIRED

On or near July 20th, the tenth anniversary of the Apollo Moon lan­ding , "Reach for the Stars" will be aired on at least 60 television sta­tions in the United States.

"Reach for the Stars" compares the settling of the American West with the future promised by space industries , solar power satellites and space colonies . Film footage covers Salyut 6 space station activities and the private OTRAG launch base in Zaire.

If you want to guarantee that your local TV station will air "Reach for the Stars," ask them to arrange it with Telecast International , (213)846- 9527.

The Soviets hav~essed the U.S. to suspend testing of t he space shuttle as part of the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. The Soviets fear the shuttle may be used as a satellite killer, scooping up targeted space vehicles and either destroying them or hauling them to Vandenberg Air Force Base for inspection. The shuttle cargo bay is big enough to capture the entire Salyut space station.

The European Space Agency and China have begun negotiations on pos­sible cooperative s2ace projects.

June 6 the Soviets launched an unpiloted Soyuz 34 craft . It will conduct two days of propulsion system tests in order to better determine if the thruster failure which aborted the Soyuz 33 mission to the Salyut 6 space station has been solved. After completion of tests it will dock at Salyut ' s rear port .

Speculation has it that the Soviets don ' t want the Salyut crew to return to ground in the Soyuz 32 craft, which has been docked with the Salyut for over 100 days. The Soviets have never tried using a Soyuz after more than 100 days in orbit and, especially after the Soyuz 33 near- tragedy, may p refer to keep the recently-tested Soyuz 34 available at the Salyut in case nf an emergency evacuation .

NASA's recently completed Lunar Resources Study concluded that the use of lunar materials for power satellite construction probably will become cost effective if more than three 5GW plants are built. Taking uncertainty factors into account , they calculated a 92% probability that lunar resources would become cost effective for a program of 30 power satellites .

The lunar resources scenario studied would require a 36 person space base in low Earth orbit, 1 , 365 people in a space manufacturing complex , probably in a higher orbit , and 48 working on the Moon .

Carter's Office of Management and Budget has released plans for the next four years of NASA activities. The FY ' 80 request is $4 . 7 billion , to be followed by $4 . 6 billion in ' 81 , $4.3 billion in ' 82, $4.0 billion in ' 83, and $3.7 billion in ' 84. The message is clear : four more years of Carter means a 22% cut (not counti ng inflation) in the NASA budget.

The National Academy bf Sciences Environmental Board has begun a study of the solar power satellite concept . The use of extraterrestrial materials will be evaluated. The study is being funded by the " High Frontier Feasibility Study" appropriation in last year's National Science Foundation bill.

8 L-5 News. July 1979

What time is it? The 1979 Goddard Memorial Symposium discussed ISi, Earthport, SPS and more.

by Amy S. Bouska

The " offi cia l" answrr rrom the 1979 Goddard Memorial Symposium in Wash· ington . · D.C. las t March was: time to

organ ize and cooperate. However. with the firs t flig ht or the Shu11le in the near h nurc(we hope). it isalso timewget going again .

T he rirs t response was hardly a surprise from a conference which was organi1.ed around the theme "Space: New Opponuni · t ics for Internatio nal Ventures" and which included as speakers j\lr. Roy Gibson . the Oir<'ctor·General o f thl· European Spac<' Agn wy (ESA). and i\11. Pc•ter Janko witsch , the Chairman of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.

Dr. Rohen Frosch. giving the first key· no te address. set the tone for the sym po· sium when he no ted that those space op por· tunities could be either com petiti ve or cooperative and, in their proper places. bo1h wo uld be desirable.

Cooperation in space can be relativel y easy. for instance in the purely scientific areas or in projects o f clear and widespread 1.x:nd it. On the o ther hand. it can be beset \\'i th dirfirnhi1:s. As j\lr. j ankowitsch r1:markecl. it is a for m o f international cooperation that has 1:voh·cd remarkably rapidl y (as o pposl·d 10 agreements o n 11s1· of the sea. for example-).

Serio us questiom which must be sell kd incl ude thl' allocatio n or geostationary

The problem of luring pri­vate money into orbit appears to be self-solving as space re­search continues.

orbit stations a nd frequencies. the use of nuclear power sources in satellites, and space armscomrol. Solutions 10 these prob· lems will demand continuing interaction between lawyers, legislators and scientists. combined with broad public suppo rt.

T he field of remo te sensing was the object of considera ble discussion . espe· cia lly in answer to the last question o f the three-day meeting. when Dr. Charles Shef-

fi e ld. Prcs idt·nt o r th e A111ni ca11 Astronautical Socic1 y. asked tlw pant'lists to spcculatl' o n the next step in the use· of space. The panel is ts were a lmost unani ­mous in their certain ty that the de"elopment o f a world-wide remote sensi ng network. with a common da ta base a nd exwnsive real-time capability. is both necessary and inevitable.

Competition in 1hc high vacuum is as o ld as the almost forgo11en(?) U -USS R Space Race. but real econo mic and techno· logical com petition is onl y no w begi nn ing to emerge from the earlier government mo no polies. Of course COMSAT and INTELSATarc the prototypical profit ven· wres in space. a nd telecommunication is firml y esta blished as a business. with 1977 revenues o f approximately o ne billio n do l· lars. According to Mr. j ohn Disher. the Director of Advanced Programs in the NASA Office of Space T ranspon atio n Sys· tems, this is the field where solid, 11 0 11 ·

speculative growth is almost g uaranteed.

Artwork by James Babcock

Wha1 about space processing? \>Vlw re is the industrial demand? As Mr. E.F. Bra· na hl. Vi ce President and G1·1wrnl Manager of McDonnell-Doug las Astronautics. ex­plained. the private sector must k11ow that a product will have high value and a stable market and that develo pment will be possi· ble and a ffordable. To these ends. the government should support proof-of-con­cept work. McDonncll·Douglas has iclenti· fi ed pharmaceuticals. incl uding the isola­tion of beta cells (a possible sing le-injec­tion cure for diabetes). as the most pro mising initia l fi eld for space process­ing. The pro blem o f luring pri va te mo ney into orbit appears to be seH·solving as space research continues.

The grea t majority of the discussion at the conference was either historical o r des· cripti ve. dealing with more or less non­specula tive topics. Against this back· ground, three to pics of specia l interest to L-5ers stood out: International Sa1dli1.e Industries. Inc. (ISi ), Earthporl. and solar

9

po\\'l'r sa1e llitc (SPS) work. i\lr. Christian Basin wa~ at the symposium wi1h copies of 1lw !SI preliminary prospt·r111s. In spitt· of Or. Frosch's rathn n m l answer 10 a qul'Slion a bo111 ISi. copit·s of 1he prospec­tus wt•rc being pickt cl up from llw ISi tabk. The Eanhpon project. reprt·sentcd by Or. Larry Smarr. st•e111t·tl to he received wi1h so111t'\\' l1<11 mon· \\'arm1h and intt' n·s1. and i1s emphasis on 1hc devd o pnw1ll o f a Rl'mo te St'nsi ng- I ns1 it u tc was very much in lin t· wi1h 1hc widespn:ad imponann· a11adwd to th is topic

Wha 1ever time it is now.1hesymposium consensus was clearl y 1ha t it is a long time toS PS-1ime. According to one ASA n ·pre­scnta ti ve. ii is " way 0111 1hcre . . . well beyond the state-of-ll1e an ." There a rc tech­nica l problems. legal probkms. financing problems. mi li1ary prohlems (possible sus­cep1ibili1y 10 sabo tage), and environmen­ta l p robll'ms. Surpris ing ly, however. 1he siwa1io n "be1ween 1he lines" was very upbea1. wi1h spea kers frequenlly going t0

pains 10 point out 1ha1 11111ch work o n o ther proj ects could be- dirt:c ll y applied 10

SPS develo pment; bigger, more complex sa1clli1cs will require more power from bigger sola r panels and ho 1h wo rk in lo \'' Ea rth o rbi1 a nd crowdin g in the geostationary o rhi1 will soon require th<: cons1ruc1ion of la rgc space pla tforms. In fan, abou1 fo rty million do lla rs of NASA's budget could be rek vant to f11111re SPS \\'Ork.

O verseas. ESA has c rea ted a specia l SPS task fo rce a nd \•Vcs1 Germa ny, Fra nct'. Japan. and the USS R are a ll studying the topic. Especiall y interes1ingand encourag­ing was an unscheduled 1.a lk by Mr. Ray­mond Munday of 1hc Bri1ish Aerospace Corpora1ion on " Euro pe's Develo ping I111crcs1s in 1he SPS." .. Aerospace & Energy, ·· wi th 1he SPS as a centra l item. was 1he 1heme of a recent display in 1hc ha lls o f Parliamen1, and 1hc members reac1ed quite fa vora bl y a fl cr 1hc shock wo re off. By Mr. Munday's rcpor1. Prince Cha rles is w ry intnes 1 ~·d in 1he SPS concept!

And where in a ll o f 1his is L-5? Abou1 wherl' ii a h,·ays has been-far o ut. Span·

Announcements: James Oberg has requested that

the L-5 News run the following: "References made t0 Jim Oberg 's ra1io­

na le for leaving the Air Force were based on my personal spccula1io ns fuelled by prfratt: convcrsa1ions. and cannot be construed to definitively describe Olx·rg's true mo tiva­tions. Readers should disrega rd m y remarks and ask Oberg direcd y if 1hey wish 10 kno \\" about this subjcc1.

C.M. Henson"

NASA Info In the May issue of the L-5 News, there

was an invitation LO readers to be put on NASA's mailing list for free NASA news releases. Apparently this has posed a pro ­blem; we have received a leuer from William Pomeroy of NASA Public Infor­mation Services informing us that NASA is not in a posi tion to accommodate such requests except to "professional represen­tatives of news media and established free lance writers."

As an alternative, Pomeroy suggests a subscription to the monthly NASA Acti­vities ($11.55 domestic per year, $14.45 foreign). Interested persons should mail their subscriptions to:

10

Superintendem of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402

WE and ESPO at Seacon

A Space Senlement Information Room is being organized for Seacon, the World Science Fiction Convention to be held in Brighton, England this year (August 23-27). The project will be a jo int effort of the L-5 West European Branch and the Euro pean Space Promotion Organization (ESPO) (formerly the European Space Association - ESA).

Copies of the L-5 News and the new ESPO paper, TNT - Tomorrow's News Today, will be distributed in addition to a whole plethora o f pamphlets now being wri11en by WE and ESPO members, covering almost every aspect of space settlements. Other plans fo r the exhibit are brewing, including a possible com­puter-simulated Moon landing and Earth Ferry Rocket docking.

The exhibitors plan to include a map indicating the locations of all L-5 chapters. Chapters are requested to send a one-page write-up of their chapter and its activities to post aro und this map. Chapter write­ups can be sent to, and all L-5ers coming to Brighton a re encouraged to write to:

Andy Nimmo Ing leneuk Waterside Road, Kirkintilloch Glasgow , G66 3HB, Scotland

colonization penetra ted as fa r as three slides in the " Spare Art Show " bu1 the silence on the idea o therwise was deafen­ing. One pro-SPS pa r1ic ipan1. when asked privately if this represented some institu­tiona lized resistance to the idea replied "No, not a t a l l." As he preceived the situa­tion, the silence is mosll y based on t'conom­ics. with the enonnous up-front cos is work­ing badl y agains t bo th la rge-scale space processing and colonization. According to the studies which he quoted. space process­ing of lunar ma teria ls wo uld become profi1-a ble somewhere be tween the fif1h a nd the tenth SPS.

So the scenario is: first, the S h1111le: then the sma ll -sca le space processing; then one SPS; then morc SPS construc tion ; then, someday. maybe. coloniza1ion. Docs this prospect sound g loom y? From the depths of the pre-Shuule blahs, I would say tha t, on the contrary, it looks slow but hopeful. It is definitely time LO look up to space again.

Voyager Photographs

Prints and s lides of the dramatic color and black-and-white views of Jupiter, its moons and ring, sent back by the Voyager space probe, are now available from the As tronomica l Socie ty o f the Pacific (A.S.P.). A world-wide nonprofit educa­tio na l o rganiza tion , the A.S.P. works to increase public understanding of as tr­onomy through its publications, resource materials and activities.

Two sets of ten s lides a nd two sets of five prims a re available. For an informa­tion sheet and price list , please send a stamped, self-addressed envelope to :

Voyager Dept. A.S.P. 1290 24th Ave. San Francisco, CA 9'1122

Models Sought Daring L-5 photographer Chuck Divine

is planning a pho tographic interpretation o f the humanization o f space. He is look­ing for models, bo th professiona l and non­professional , to pose in these photographs. If you are interested in helping, please contact Chuck at 214 Park Lane, Trenton. New j ersey 08609 (phone: 609-587-0921 ). Profits fro m the sale of these photographs will be donated 10 prospace efforts (L-5 Society, Space Studies Institute , etc.).

L-5 News. July 1979

Strategies For Feeding Humanity

\>\lorld Game was conceived by archi­tect/philosopher R. Buckminster Fuller as an alterna tive a pproach to g loba l p ro blem solving . Strategies will be ro rmulated dur­ing a one mo nth p la nning sess io n in Philadelphia, June I I-Jul y I J. These strategies will be presented at the sympo­sium a t New York Universi ty on Jul y 14- 21. At this symposium, leading food experts, represcma tives o f national and interna tiona l hunger a nd agricultural development organizatio ns, and innova-1i ve thinkers incl uding Buckminster Fuller, John Todd and Rene Dubas will make prescma tions. Also p resent will be Secretary of Agriculture Ro bert Bergla nd. T he cost of the lab, incl ud ing room and board, is $36 1.00. T he cost of the sympo­sium is $ 155.00.

For fu rther information and a pplica­tions, con tac1 Steve Mosenson , World Game 1979. 21 Washngto n Place, N.Y., N.Y. 10003. Phone 212-598-2036.

Space Movie A quality 25 minute movie on space

industrialization is ava ilable from J ohn Guthrie at Laseradio. The £ilm contains interviews with Caro lyn Henson, Timothy Leary. Peter Vaj k. and 01hers. Called ''A Void Home." it is being o ffered to comer­cial s1<1 1ions fo r a nomina l fee a nd free to PB a rri I iates. L-Sers can obtain a Betamax cassene of the Cilm for $90 from:

John Guthrie Box 77821 L.A., Ca l. 90007 (213) 666-6874

Lunar Landing Anniversary

July 20 marks the temh a nniversary of the first landing on the Moon. T o help celebrate the event, the Smithsonian's Nationa l Air and Space Museum is spon­soring a free public ceremony, a commem­orative book and special exhibits.

A p ublic ceremony, co-sponsored by 1he Na1iona l Aero nautics and Space Admini­stration (NASA), will be held Friday, July 20, from 11 :00-11 :45 a.m. o n the Mall side of the Museum. Participan ts will include the three astronauts from the Apollo 11 mission (Neil Armstrong, Edwin ]. "Buzz" Aldrin, J r. , and Michael Collins), representatives from the Smithsonian lns1itmion and NASA and o ther digni­taries.

Also on Jul y 20, a commemorative book entiLled Apollo: Ten Years Since Tran­quill ity Base will be issued by the Smithsonian Institution Press. Edited by Richard P. Hallion and T o m D. Crouch, cura tor-histo rians of 1he National Air and Space Museum, the book is a series of essays ranging Crom the Apo llo concept and its technological evolution to i ts im­pac1 on science, technology and society. Co ntributors include Rocco Petro ne, Roger Bilstein, Jo hn Logsdon, Farouk El­Baz and J ames Dean. Also contained are a comprehensive photo essay and a guide to bibliographical sources.

A special exhibit located i.n the Mile­stones of Flight gallery will open in early July. T he commemorative exhibiL will include a videotape of Lhe first wa lk on Lhe Moon, photographs and item s from the mission .

Visitors to the Museum from July 16-24 (lhe nine days during which Apollo 11 made its voyage in 1969) will be able to view day-by-day actual coverage of the mission as it was televised 10 years ago on special closed-circuit television sets.

In addition LO the Apollo 11 command module, "Columbia," which returned the lhree astronauLs from the Moon, the National Air and Space Museum contains lhe world 's o nl y " to uchable" Moon rock, a lunar landing module iden tical to the one used by the Apollo 11 team, and the Skylab O rbital Workshop which visi tors may enter.

The Museum's Apo llo LO Lhe Moon gallery contains the space-suits worn by the Apo llo 11 astronau ts, a lunar roving vehicle and various personal a nd fligh1 equipment.

The Na tiona l Air and Space Museum is open free to the public seven days a week from IO:OOa.m. to 9:00 p .m. thro ugh Labor Day. Admission is free.

Remember the Future-The Apollo Story

The San Francisco secLion o f the AAS and AIAA will sponsor this two day con ­ference on July 20 and 21 a long with sponsors, the Bay Area L-5, Space Age Review and FASST. A number of broad­rang ing topics will be covered: intersleller travel, space industrialization , military in space, 1he Soviet Space Program, SETI (search for extraterrestria l intelligence), planetary exploration, advanced rocketry and space settlements. Speakers will in­clude: Peter Vajk, Ma rk Frazier, B.J. Bluth, Robert Edelson, and Chrislia n 0 . Basler. T he banquet will feature Poul Anderson,

science fi c1ion wri ter, a nd Ro bert Bussard, intersteller ramjet inven ter. T he con fere nce will be held a L the San Francisco Airport Hilion . L-5 members' cost will be $30 including the banquet; the student ra te is $20 including the ban­quet. Write to:

SF Bay Area Section of AAS P .O. Box 7205 Menlo Park, CA 94025 (408) 737-1394

"Giant Leap" for Space Day

T o commemor.1te the ten1J1 anniversary of lhe "giant leap for mankind" the Visitor's Center at NASA/Langley Research Center, Hampton. Virginia, will fea ture a special program of lectures. This program, to last Lheemirc month of July, will include a show­ing of the Apollo 11 films. For scheduleinfor­mation call 804/ 827-2855.

T o accommodate visitors during Lhe month of J uly, NASA/ Lewis Research Cen ter will be open extra ho urs: Monday Lhrough Friday from 9:00 A.M. 10 9:00 P.M .. Saturday from 10:00 A.M. LO 4:00 P.M. and Sunday from I :00 P.M. 10 6:00 P.M. Special d isplays will include commemoration of the Apollo 11 and lu nar d iscoveries a nd large (20'x24') photographs taken by Voyager spacecrafl of Jupiter a nd its saLelli tes. For more information call 216/ 433-4000. ext. 415.

Ten1h Anniversary acti vities a L NASA ! J ohnson Space Center, beginning at 9:00 A.M. July 20 at the Visitor's Center, will incl udededicalion of lhe new Lunar Sample Fad Ii Ly (Building 31A), the Saturn V Rocke1 and the Rocke1 Park. Site maps will beavdila­ble sho wing buildings open to the public, among which will be L11eSample Processing Facili1y (Building 3 IA) and the Space Shut­tle O rbiter Mockup Laboratory (Building 14). Visitors may sign up for tours as they arrive at the Building 2 Information Desk.

II

Inside the L-5 Society

Keeping Your Chapter Active

by David R. ]ones, Jr. Virginia T ech Chapter

L-5 Society

So you've decided 10 rorm an L-5 chap· 1er. You'll pu1 up a few signs-maybe wri1c your local paper. No swea1. Ge1 10-gether and have a good time. Easy? Only it doesn't work that way.

To have a good chapter you must be active. To keep active you need ''planned" events that will keep your members' inter­ests. These events should be a wide variety of things -such as discussions, movies, guest speakers, Lrips, projects, con1es1s­you name it. Just so long as you take Lime to plan it o ut and keep it interesting.

Involve your group in lively discus­sions. The more controversial the better. Announce the subject at Lhe preceeding meeting so your members can come pre­pared. And be prepared yourself. Yo u must s tart it off - usually with your own opin ­ion. A lew subjec1s that have worked well for our chapter arc:

Who should be allowed to go. How should we live (culture). Interior designs for living. Military vs civi lian comrol.

Or you could base your discussions around movies. Movies are available for free or for return postage from many sources. NASA has many on a wide range of subjects. Most libraries have movies or access to Lhem -ask 10 see Lheir lists. Also, many large businesses make movies Lhat migh1 intercs1 your chapter (such as Bell Telephone). \.\' rite and ask.

Don ' t limi1 your group to just space movies. Be diversified. Look for related topics like agriculture, communications, environment. And not just movies. Look for various speakers.

Speakers can be found at local univ­ersities, industries, through libraries, o ther clubs (such as astronomy, AlAA chapters, ham radio satellite users, e1c). Look for a varie1y of topics: power generation, was1c disposal, international and space law, the environment. Many subjects relate to space colonies.

If the speaker can'1 come 10 you, go to him. Take trips to museums, observa­tories, NASA facili1ies, e1c.

Plan projcc1s. See what your members would like 10 do. You could pu1 LO·

12

gether slide/ lectures on such subjects as space colony design history or solar power satelli1es. Offer them to local schools, clubs, even church groups. Put ou1 a news­letter. Be it fancy or small, it keeps your members informed.

Have contests. Use space colonies books as prizes. Have contests 10 name chapters, 10 design chapter pa1ches, for posters, for ~pace poem-,. to 11<1t1H' colonit·s. (Ho ,,· about an t'llll'rtain111u11 colony?)

Pu1 up displays. Libraries love for some­one 10 fill lhcir display boards. Se1 up tables at science ficiion con ventions. Sun Day activities, college regisLrauons. public events. L-5 has some nice membership forms and handou1s or make your own. Sell bumper s1ickers or L-5 pos1 cards (they're ho1 items).

And along wilh displays goes publici1y. Many local newspapers are more than glad to run no 1ices of your mee1ings-and art· hungq ror ~!Ori e~. juM don"r get LOO

t.t•chnirnl for llw local Earth-based fo lks. And keep ua1ional L-5 informed of your activities.

Mos1 imponan1, find out wha1 your chapter members are interested in. Stan working from the re and expand ou1wards. There is a universe or events and topics a waiting you.

Members Beware! by Keith Henson

Events over 1he pas1 few months prompt a reitera1ion of a long·Slanding policy of 1he Board of Directors of the L-5 Socie1y.

"Representatives of the L-5 Society con­sist of the officers and those authorized by the Board for specific purposes. Un­aulhorized representalion is grounds for revocation of membership.'"

L-5 is a young organization largely made up or young people who in many cases do not know the conven1io ns of power and personal deportment for deal­ing with 1he world of powerful people. If we are serious about our long range goal of getting large numbers of people into space, we are going to have 10 understand and use 1he rules of 1he game which have been worked out over so many years.

Among these rules is never misrepresent yourself. Being a member of any corpor­a1ely organized socie1y gives a person no more right 10 represent 1he society than a

holder of a share or General Mo1ors has 10 represent GM. If this abs1raction of hon­es1y doesn't appeal, consider the potential embarrassment.

Two recen1 examples of 1he embarrass­ment 1his kind of behavior can cause come 10 mind. One was a L-5 local chapter pres­ident who, by droping lhequalifiers, made it appear LO an important group or people in Washington 1hat he was the L-5 Socie1y president. Since a substa111ial number of these people personally knew the Society's president, a considerable amount of amusement was expressed a1 his expense.

A much more serious example was a person who los1 a job for " unprofessional conduct.' ' While there were 01her fac1ors at work, an apparently precipitating event was the unau1horiz.cd implication or rep­resenting one of the technical socielies in giving a paper.

On the Olher hand, don' t hesitate to ask if }Oil ca n repr t·sen1 the L-5 Sodery in soml' worthy endeavor. For t'xample, Norrif' Huddle, Magoroh Maruyama , Peter Vajk, and others represented the Socie1y at the UN Habita1s conference in 1976. Edward Finch , Amanda Moore a nd Frank Vt•rnuccio c11rn·11tly rt'pn·~t· 111 1he Soci<·1y as a 110 11govcrn111 1·111a l o rgani£a tion a r tht' UN. Ken McCormick represents 1he Society (and even gets paid for it) as our Congressional liaison in Washing1on.

Of course, be sure LO ask in advance. Some while ago. an L-5 member requested tha1 the Socie1y vouch for him being an L-5 member 10 a radio sta1ion. This sound­ed a lillle strange, so one of the office staff called 1he sta1io n and found that the mis­guided member was desiro us of giving an award on behalf of 1he L-5 Society 10 a commentator for a UFO program.• The sia1io11 personnf'I. wisr to rhis sor1of1hing. wa111t·d verificario11 or 1hc nwmber·s a11-thori1y to make lhe award. No such au -1hority exis1ed, and the staff had 10 say so.

We should all remember that the people in power are fairly sharp. They didn'1 ge1 where they arc by being taken by phoneys very often. They are nm impressed by puffed-up ti1Jes in organiza1ions with 1yped letterheads. So be wha1 you are, work hard with what you have, and earn people's trus1. And when you arc a rung o r 1wo up the ladder 10 respec1ability, you too can write Jillie essays on manners like 1his one.

• uFOs have nothing to do with space colonies. Once 1hey become IFOs (identi­fied rlying objec1s). 1ha1 will bt· a diff<'renr ma11t·r .

L-5 News. Jul y 1979

Annual Election

Herc's your cha nce to impact the leader­ship of Lhe L-5 ocie1y by electing Lhe L-5 Board of Directors.

The L-5 Board authorizes expenditures, sets policy and chooses 1he officers o f the Society. IL also recognizes L-5 chapters.

Beyond these duties. Board members are hard workers who assist the Society in many ways.

For example, L -5 Director Edward R. Finch, Jr. (who is also Chairman of 1he American Bar Association Aerospace Law Commiuee) is the L-5 Society's representa­tive 10 the United Nations. He arranged the necessary lcuers of recommendation and mer in person with U.N. officials to arrange Lhe L-5 Society's acceptance as a U.N. Non-Governmental Organization . He supervises Amanda Moore, a graduate student working o n her doctorate in inter­national law, and Frank Vernuccio, a young lawyer, in Lheir work covering U.N. activities. They make frequem written and telephone reports 10 the L-5 President. Much of the L·5 News coverage of U.N. activi ties depends on thei1 WUJ k.

Senator Barry Goldwater, Robert A. Heinlein and Philip K. Chapman have been working on methods t0 increase our membership. They have wriuen promo­tional pieces for direct mail and advertis­ing efforts. In addition , Mr. Heinlein loca1t·c.J a rret· ad ~pan· and pa id for anothn ou1 of his own pockt l. Ont· of Senator Goldwa1<'1"s staff locatt·d a rr p111able direct mail firm for 11s.

Barbara Marx H ubbard is one of the largest financial supporters of the L-5 Society. She uses her considerable in· fluence in Washington circles on behalf of 1he caust· of 1ht• se11lemen1 of space. She has a lso contribu1ed articles to the L-5 News.

Norrie H uddle is our '' to ken en viro n­mentalist," as she likes to joke. She organ­ized Lhe L-5 Society's presenta tion a t the United Nations Habitat Conference. She curremly is working as a free lance writer in Washington , D.C. We find her contacts with the environmental ist and anti -war movements invaluable. She has a lso been an excellent fund-raiser for L-5.

Gordon R. Woodcock has obtained large amounts of artwork, information and a number of well thought-out technical articles for the L-5 News.

Konrad K. Dannenberg, J . Peter Vajk,

Jack D. Salmon , Mark Hopkins, Arthur Kantrowitz, Harlan SmiLh, and Philip Chapman have provided assistance to their local L-5 groups.

Konrad Dannenberg is organ izing a L-5 Society session on space habitats for a con­ference plan ned for Atlanta next year.

H . Keilh Henson works with L-5 Presi· dent Carolyn Henson, Secretary Jack Salmon and Treasurer William Weigle in the day to day management of the Society. His activit ies have ranged from seuing up a revolving credit line 10 chairing the Nominating Comm ittee. He occasiona ll y writes for the L-5 News; his article. " Bound for Glory" (March ·79 L·5 News). has se1 the L-5 record ror the most rcprim requests.

L-5 President Carolyn Henson is cur­rently working closely wilh the American AsLronautical Society President Charles Sheffield on a pair of joint L-5/ AAS con­ferences on how to get jobs in or rela ted to space. The organizing commiuee for the one 10 be held in late June 1980 in San Francisco has already been :.et up. We phm to hold our 1980 Annual Meeting at that conference, so for once we'll have a real crowd o n hand to cheer the a nnouncement of the election results!

Ms. Henson also is conducting a study on behalf o f the U.S. Department o f Energy 10 solicit feedback on their solar power satellite program from L-5 Society members and space policy makers in Third World Nations.

Bylaws and Board Elections

As some of you are awart', o ur bylaws call for an annual meeting at which addi­tional nominations 10 the Board may be made by members. (The bylaws arc defi· ciem in that there isn' t even provision 10 decline a noor nom inatio n if you are no1 present.) These fea1ures of the bylaws are not really too appropriate for an organ i1a­tion as geographicallr spread-our as ours. The bylaws were originally adapted from a local organization where most members could come 10 the annual mec1ing.

The bylaws a lso call for the elec1io n of a new Board by 1he end of Ju ne. Last year's annual meeting was combined with ballot counting and o nl y rour L-5 members showed up.

Because or some disagreements o n the

election forma t this year. we considert'd calling an a nnua l meet ing to accept addi­tional nominatio ns per the bylaws. How­ever, since time is short. several o f the peo­ple who would be a t the annual meeting proposed the rollowing: the e111ire L-5 membershi p be nominated from 1he fl oor; this includes all possible nominees. T he nominating commi11ee has endorsed this idea. Keep in mind when vo1 ing {circlt' names) 1ha1 many or these people wou ld decli ne Board membership, and a rcw wo uld be u11erly unaccepta ble 10 the regu­lar Board. Use the write-in space ror members too recent 10 be listed.

On the ballot proposed by the nominal· ing comm iuee, vote for each person that you support ror the Board. Those with more than 50%of the number of ballots cas1 will bt· on next year's Board. We sincerely 1hank the out-going Board membt'rs for their eHon s on bchalr of the Society.

Annual Meeting The resu lts of 1he election will be

announced a1 the L-5 Annual i\leeting. This year the meeting will be ht'ld J uly 22. 2:00 p.m. a1 the Kinsey Auditorium, 7000 Staie Dr., Exposition Park. Los Angeles. CA 90037. For further information. con­ian: Charles Carr. (2 13} 719-0101. Ext. 228.

Dr. J erry Pournelle, famed space researcher, science wri­ter and best selling novelist, will open the L-5 Annual Meeting with a speech on how we can get the space pro· gram back into high gear. Dr. Pournelle is a d ynamic, fascinating speaker-don' t miss 1his opportunity to h ear him !

The followi11g pages i11clude the ap­pro11ed candidates ballot and the ballot for ca11didates nominated fro m the flour. II cofJY of the ballot may be used 1j you c/011 't want to cut up you r L-5 News, hown1er, onl)' those in !ht• official em1e /opP will br countrd.

13

Ballot

You may vote for as many of the candidates for the Board of Directors as you wish . All candidates who receive a majority of the ballots cast will be elected.

Approved Candidates

____ Senator Barry Goldwater, Sr. He was one of the rirst people in the U.S. Congress to support both solar power satellites and space colon ies.

____ Freeman Dyson He originated the theory o r quantum electrodynamics, which unirics quantum mecha nics a nd Einstein 's special rela tivity. He is a professor at Princeton 's Institute ror Advanced Studies. He has been a lo ng term advocate o f the use o f asteroids and comets for the colo nization of space. His book. Disturbing the Universe (Harper and Rowe) to be released this August, carries a detailed account of past human migrations and considers how we can accomplish the next migration when we will spread throughout the un iverse.

---- Barbara Marx Hubbard She chairs the International Committee for the Future. She was one of the earliest financial supporters o f space settlements research, and was responsible for framing I louse Concurrent Resolution 451 which called for the United States Office of T echnology Assessment to study the reasibility and value o f space settlements and the use of extraterrestria l material s. She is currently touring as the star o f the Theatre of the Future.

---- Robert A. Heinlein He is a science fiction writer; his books such as The Man Who Sold the Moon and The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress foresaw many of the issues which are now a matter of serious international debate.

____ Hon. Edward R. Finch Jr. He is Chairman of the American Bar Association Aerospace Law Committee.

____ Arthur Kantrowitz He is one o f the wo rld's foremost experts on lasers.

_ _ __ Philip K. Chapman A scientist/ astronaut, he was responsible for crew training and coordination for the Apollo 14 mission in 1970. He is an advisor to the Earthport project and currently works for Arthur D. Li1tlc, Inc. o n solar power satellites.

---- K. Eric Drexler He was an organizer of the Princeton Conference on Space Colonies in 1974. and Prof. G. K. O'Neill's research assista nt from 1974-77. He is currently a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Techno logy where he is developing the high performance solar sail as the key to inexpensive mining o f the astero ids. He founded the MIT Space Habitation Study Group in Ja nuary 1975. (h may be the oldest pro-space habitats citizen 's group in existence.) In August 1975 he came to Tucson for several weeks and assisted Keith a nd Caro lyn Henson and William Weig le in forming the L-5 Society.

____ J erry Pournelle He is the former Chief of Human Factors at Boeing. He has worked on the Mercury, Gemini. and Apollo projects. Dr. Pournelle was Willey Ley's successor as science editor for Galaxy magazine and curremly covers science develop­ments for Destinies. He edited T he Endless Frontier, an amhology of factual articles and fictional speculation on space settlemen ts. It wi ll be released th is September by Grosset and Dunlap (hardback) and Ace Books (paperback).

____ Gordon R. Woodcock He is Boeing's solar power satellite study manager.

___ _ Norrie Huddle She is an environmentalist and author of Island of Dreams, a chronicle of the environmental crisis in Japan.

---- Harlan Smith He is head o f the Astronomy Department at the University of T exas in Austin and Director of McDo nald Observatory.

---- Konrad K. Dannenberg He is a veteran of Peencmunde, former project director of the J upiter missile system and deputy manager of the Saturn Program.

____ J . Peter Vajk He is a space industrialization researcher for Science Applicatio ns, Inc.

____ Mark Hopkins He is a researcher with Rand Corporation .

- --- Caro lyn Meinel Henson She is President of the L-5 Society and one o f i ts fou nders. Her papers on space activities have been published in Science and Space Manufacturing Facilities I.

____ H. Keith Henson He is a founder or the L-5 Society and its first President. His technical papers have appeared in every volume o f the American Institu te or Astronautics and Aeronautics series Space Manufacturing.

----William Weigle He is a founder o f the L-5 ociety and the currem T reasurer.

14 L-5 News. July 1979

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L-5 News, Jul y 1979