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Hindbrain (The brainstem) Medulla

Pons

Cerebellum

Hypothalamus

Thalamus

Forebrain The cortex

Hemispheres

Lobes

Gyri

Sulci or fissures

The limbic system Hippocampus

Amygdala

Thalalumus

Relay station

Hypothalamus

The 4 Fs

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TheBrainstemisthe oldest part of the brain, beginningwhere the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is

responsible for automatic survival functions.

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The Medulla [muh-DUL-uh]is the base of

the brainstem that

controls heartbeat andbreathing.

Reticular Formationis

a nerve network in thebrainstem that playsan important role incontrolling arousal.

Pons

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The Thalamus[THAL-uh-muss]isthe brains sensory

switchboard, locatedon top of the

brainstem. It directsmessages to the

sensory areas in thecortex and transmits

replies.

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The little brainattached to the rear ofthe brainstem. It helpscoordinate voluntary

movements and

balance.

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The Limbic Systemisassociated withemotions: fear,

aggression and drives forfood and sex. It includes

the hippocampus,important in the storage

of memory, theamygdala, andhypothalamus.

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The Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la]is linked

to fear and angerresponses.

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The Hypothalamus

lies below (hypo) thethalamus.

directs maintenanceactivities.

The 4 Fs, Feeding,Fighting, Fleeing and...

Reproductive behaviors

Also regulates theendocrine sytem via the

pituitary gland

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SanjivTalwar,SUNYDownstate

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Ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain

Projects to the nucleus accumbens

VTA stimulates the nucleus accumbens byreleasing dopamine

VTA stimulated by internal sensory system

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Control (initiate?) voluntary movement

The Striatum

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

The Globus Pallidus

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Ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain

Projects to the nucleus accumbens

VTA stimulates the nucleus accumbens byreleasing dopamine

VTA stimulated by internal sensory system

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The nuc acc sends axons to the basal nuclei

Input to mesolimbic system stimulates motorsystem (activity)

Inhibition of inhibition

Nuc acc normally inhibits basal ganglia

If nuc acc is inhibited, activity increases

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Sensory info about the environment processed by

thalamus and cortex, which projects to amygdala and

hippocampus

Prefrontal cortex-attention Hippocampus-memory of actions which led to

activation of mesolimbic system

Hippocampal output to mesolimbic system

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Hunger activates mesolimbic system

Activity increases (e.g., find food)

Stimuli and activity associated with food are stored

in cortex by hippocampus They become more noticeable (prefrontal cortex)

In the future, hunger activates mesolimbic system,and stored memories guide activity to stored stimuli.

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Sympathetic NSArouses

(fight-or-flight)

Parasympathetic NS

Calms(rest and digest)