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BNP Media is a registered provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education System. Credit(s)
earned upon completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of completion for
both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that
may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any
method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this
presentation.
This presentation is protected by U.S. and international copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display, and
use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited.
© Natural Stone Institute©
Natural stone is a beautiful, durable, and sustainable material with many design options and applications. However, it is critical
that the right stone be chosen for the right place. There are many factors to consider, including the material’s absorption,
resistance to abrasion, and slip resistance. In addition, many applications require the material to comply with one or more
established standards. Finally, correct installation, including the specification of appropriate anchorage systems, ensures that the
natural stone product performs as expected. This course will help design professionals confidently specify natural stone products
across a range of applications.
Upon completion of this course,
the student will be able to:
• Discuss natural stone and its most common
applications
• Explain the DCOF test
• Understand how anchorage requirements
can influence natural stone selection
• List common ASTM standards that apply to
natural stone
• Identify the potential advantages of natural
stone for both cost savings and sustainable
design
Types of stone: granite, limestone, and marble and onyx
• Granite: igneous; composed of quartz, feldspars, and
accessory minerals
• Limestone: sedimentary; at least 50 percent calcite or
calcium carbonate
• Marble: metamorphic limestone with recrystallized
carbonate
• Onyx: sedimentary rock often formed inside caves
Photos courtesy of Egymar
Types of stone: quartz-based stones, sandstone, and
serpentine
• Quartz-based stones: sedimentary; particles cemented
with hydrous silica, iron oxide, or calcium carbonate
• Sandstone: sedimentary; usually quartz (85 to 90%) and
feldspar; soft
• Serpentine: metamorphic green or grey stone; “green
marble”
Photo Courtesy of Russell Stone Products
Photo courtesy of Raducz
Types of stone: slate, soapstone, and travertine
• Slate: metamorphic, many colors and applications
• Soapstone: talc-based metamorphic, soft and non-porous
• Travertine: special limestone formed in mineral springs
Photos courtesy of Lurvey Supply
Range of applications
• Interior:
• Horizontal: flooring, countertops
• Vertical: cladding
• Other: surrounds, mantels,
furniture
• Exterior: veneer, paving, hardscaping
Photo courtesy of Coldspring
Photo Courtesy of Vermont Quarries Corp.
Photo Courtesy of Russell Stone ProductsPhoto courtesy of Raducz
Benefits of natural stone
• Durability
• Aesthetics
• Maintenance
• Sustainability
• Occupant health and well-being
Photo courtesy of Polycor Inc.
Matching stone to application: Exterior
• Strength is determining factor
• Stressors: gravity, wind, seismic forces
• Absorption: affects durability
Photo Courtesy of Russell Stone Products
Matching stone to application: Interior
• More aesthetic freedom than exterior
applications
• Vertical vs. horizontal application
• Flooring: traffic
• Countertops: staining
Photo Courtesy of Vermont Quarries Corp. Photo courtesy of Picco Engineering
Matching the stone to the application
• Aesthetics usually first consideration
• Other factors: size, thickness, durability, availability,
testing, samples, cost
• Stone failure often results from inappropriate
application
Photo courtesy of Picco Engineering
Working with accredited professionals
• Ensures stone is properly tested, specified, and installed
• Quarry rep and/or distributors work closely
• Natural Stone Institute accredits fabricators and installers
ASTM and ANSI
• ASTM International
• Nonprofit founded in 1898
• Develops voluntary consensus standards for most industries
• ASTM Committee C18 develops Dimension Stone standards
• American National Standards Institute
• Nonprofit founded in 1918
When ASTM standards do and do not apply
• Structural capability: strength tests
• Weather: absorption, porosity
• Walls: anchor pull-out test
• Floors: slip resistance
Photo courtesy of the Natural Stone Institute
How ASTM standards help protect end users
• Consistency across the industry
• Protect end users from product failures
• Prevent inappropriate applications
Photo courtesy of Coldspring
ASTM resources
• Standard Guides
• Standard Terminology
• Standard Materials Specification
• Standard Test Methods
Absorption testing
Stone that absorbs water is more likely to stain
ASTM C97 measures absorption (weight of water
absorbed compared to weight of sample)
Acceptable values range from 0.20% to 12%
Strength testing
• Compressive Strength : ASTM C170
• Modulus of rupture: ASTM C99
• Flexural strength: ASTM C880
Photo Courtesy of World Wide Stone, LLC.
Flooring and abrasion resistance
• ASTM C241
• ASTM C1353
• Dimension Stone Design Manual recommendations:
• Light Traffic > 6.0
• Moderate Traffic > 7.0
• Heavy Traffic > 12.0
Photo courtesy of NC Granite
Materials that haven’t been tested
• Request testing from quarry or company
• Independent labs can perform tests and create
reports
Photo courtesy of NC Granite
Static Coefficient of Friction
• ASTM C1028: amount of force required to displace
weighted plate on wet surface
• Test doesn’t reflect real-world conditions
• Test method has been withdrawn
ANSI 326.3: Dynamic Coefficient of Friction test
• Measures amount of force required to keep object in motion as it slides across tile
• Level interior spaces: wet DCOF of 0.42 or greater
Photo Courtesy of World Wide Stone, LLC.
The limitations of DCOF
• Minimum level when floor is wet with water
• 0.42 value does not guarantee safety
• Other factors: use, spill types and frequency, slope,
surroundings
Photo courtesy of Polycor Inc
Anchorage systems and forces
• Gravity: proportional to mass
• Wind load: positive and negative
pressure
• Seismic load: dynamic loads that
act in opposite direction to
earthquake motion
Photo courtesy of NC GranitePhotos courtesy of Picco Engineering
Types of anchorage systems
• Custom or standard
• Common failure points
• Three key load transition points
Common types of anchors
• Main purpose: attach stone to frame
• Simpler is better
• Must resist galvanic corrosion
Filler types
Gypsum-based fillers (not
appropriate)
Cementitious fillers
Resinous fillers Elastomeric fillers Shims
Life cycle benefits
• Long service life mitigates upfront cost
• Recyclable (either intact or as fill)
• Quarries have improved safety and
environmental responsibility
Photo Courtesy of Vermont Quarries Corp.
Natural stone and biophilia
• Connects building with local landscape
• Connects occupants with natural environment
• Biophilic design has positive health benefits
Photo courtesy of Coldspring
Healthy interiors
• Stone does not emit harmful chemicals
• Low and no-VOC sealants and chemical anchors
• GREENGUARD certification
ANSI/NSC 373
• Sustainable production standards
• Expands sustainability criteria to whole life cycle
• Developed with multiple stakeholders
Photo courtesy of Coldspring
Qualifying for certification under NSF 373
• Company must meet 18 requirements
• Bronze, silver, gold, and platinum certification
• Recertification every three years
Green building programs
• LEED: Material Resources credit
• Living Building Challenge: Materials Petal
• IgCC: Recognizes NSF as approved standard for materials selection
Thank you for your interest in understanding the benefits of specifying
natural stone. This concludes the American Institute of Architects
Continuing Education Systems Course.
Please contact the Natural Stone Academy directly if you have any questions about
the material presented here.
Natural Stone Academy contact information:
Website: www.naturalstoneinstitute.org
Phone: (440) 250-9222
Email: [email protected]
• Relevant ASTM Standards: https://www.naturalstoneinstitute.org/designprofessionals/astm/
• Accreditation: https://www.naturalstoneinstitute.org/accreditation/why-select-an-accredited-company/
• Natural Stone Resource Library: http://pubs.naturalstoneinstitute.org/resources/library/index.cfm
• Dimension Stone Design Manual
• Dimension Stone Test Methods, Standards, and Guides:
https://www.stonesofnorthamerica.com/technical/Dimension_Stone_Test_Methods_Guides_and_Standards.pdf
• Testing Frictional Properties of Natural Stone Walking Surfaces
• http://pubs.naturalstoneinstitute.org/pub/977637c3-e1ee-32ea-7fdb-a8c2ba0e8126