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Blood Typing
Honors BiologyPowerpoint #2
What is in blood?
1) White blood cells
2) Platelets
3) Plasma
4) Red Blood Cells• Carry oxygen throughout body
• Determine blood type
Blood Typing Genotypes
Up to this point, we have talked about only 2 alleles for any gene (for example A or a)
In human blood types, there are 3 alleles: IA, IB, and i (A, B and O)
This is called multiple alleles
Blood Typing GenotypesSome rules in blood typing:
I is dominant to i
There are 6 possible genotypes, and 4 phenotypes
IAIA and IAi = blood type AIBIB and IBi = blood type BIAIB = blood type ABii = blood type O
What does your blood type mean?
Different blood types have
different SURFACE
PROTEINS on their
RED BLOOD CELLS
Glycoproteins on the surface of cells help identify “self”, AKA Antigen on blood cells
The pattern of proteins that are attached is determined by a gene
Type A (IAIA and Iai)
An A allele (IA) tellsthe cell to put“A” Antigenson its surface
Type B (IBIB and Ibi)
B allele (IB) tells the cell to put “B” Antigens on its surface
Type O (ii) An O allele (i) tells the cell NOT to put A
or B glycoproteins on its surface
Type AB (IAIB)
A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH A and B glycoproteins on its
surface
Glycoproteins on the surface of cells that cause animmune reaction are calledANTIGENS
ANTIBODIES are specialized proteins that are part of your immune system. They react to, and attempt to destroy, ‘foreign’ invaders. Grab on to anitgens
How Antigens & Antibodies InteractIf you are blood type “A”, you have:“A” Antigens AND “B” Antibodies
If you add ANTI-A (antibody A)to cells with “A” antigens on their
surface, it causes them toclump together= ________________________AGGLUTINATION
Healthy blood cells vs Agglutinated cells
How Antigens & Antibodies Interact
Adding ANTI-Aantibodies to cellswith B glycoproteins on their surfacecauses NO REACTION
BLOOD TYPES
Will ANTI-A react?
NO YES NOYES
BLOOD TYPES
Will ANTI-B react?
NO NO YESYES
Blood Types
Blood Type:Phenotype
Possible Genotypes Antigens Antibodies
Can give blood to
Can get blood from
A IAIA
IAiA B A, AB A, O
B IBIB
IBiB A B, AB B, O
AB IAIB A & B None AB A, B, AB, O
O ii None A & B A, B, AB, O
O
The A,B,O SYSTEM IS NOT THE ONLY ONE
Blood can also be Rh+ (positive) or Rh-(negative)
Rh Factor
If your blood does contain the Rh protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+)
If your blood does NOT contain the Rh protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-)
The Rh factor describes another surface protein on the RBC. It is named after the Rhesus monkey, where it was initially identified
Rh FactorSimilar to ABO blood types, an Rh- person may have the Rh antibody.
Therefore, Rh+ individuals can give blood only to other Rh+, but Rh- can give blood to both Rh+ and Rh-
So, O- is the ultimate donor!
You can determine the blood type of a cell by seeing which ANTIBODY it reacts with
Add 1 drop of person’s blood to each well
Add 15uL ANTI-A serum to A well
Add 15uL of ANTI-B serum to B well
Add 15uL of ANTI-Rh to Rh well
You are looking for blood agglutination
• Type A will clump in well A• Type B will clump in well B• Type AB will clump in both well
A & B• Type O will NOT clump in A or B• Rh+ will clump in Rh well• What type of blood does this
person have?
Blood Typing Review questions
1. Could two parents who are both Type B have a Type O child? Type A child?
2. What type of Antibodies does a Type O person make?
3. If two parents have a type O- baby and one parent is A-, what Blood Types could the other parent be?
4. What possible blood types could heterozygous B – and O+ (heterozygous for Rh) parents make and in what %