Blood constituents: A. Blood plasma:55% of blood volume
includes: 90 % water. 10 % : inorganic salts and organic
substances: mainly plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
and prothromin).
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B. blood elements: These constitute about 45 % of total blood
volume. They are the: 1-red blood corpuscles (R.B.Cs) 2-the white
blood cells (W.B.Cs) or leukocytes including a-the granular
leucocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and b-the
agranular leucocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes) 3-the blood
platelets
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Observation of a blood film
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Red blood corpuscles (R.B.Cs)
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R.B.Cs count: Average R.B.Cs count in normal males is 5 - 5.5
millions / mm 3 blood, whereas in females it is 4.5-5 millions / mm
3 blood. Life Span of R.B.Cs.: It is about 100-120 days..
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Shape: biconcave discs. Nucleus: non nucleated. Size: their
diameter ranges between 7.2-7.8 in blood films. Its cytoplasm:
contains Hemoglobin concentrated at the periphery.
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Abnormalities in R.B.Cs.: Abnormalities in the number of
R.B.Cs: i- Polycythaemia: i.e. increase in the total number of
R.B.Cs. ii- Anaemia: i.e. decrease in the total number of
R.B.Cs.
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Abnormalities in the size of R.B.Cs.: Anisocytosis: when there
are R.B.Cs. of variable sizes. i- Microcytes: when the diameter of
R.B.Cs.is less than 6 . ii- Macrocytes: when the diameter of
R.B.Cs.is more than 10 .
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Poikilocytosis: when R.B.Cs present in a blood film with
variable shapes. Sickle cell anaemia
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Leucocytes Normal Count: The average total W.B.Cs. count is
4000-10000 / mm 3 blood.
Functions of Neutrophils: P.N.Ls (neutrophils) are the first
line of defense against any invading micro-organism
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Abnormal Neutrophil Count: - Neutrophilia: i.e. abnormal
increase in the number of neutrophils. This is observed in acute
inflammations e.g. appendicitis, tonsillitis. -Neutropenia: i.e.
abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils e.g. in influenza,
typhoid fever.
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Eosinophils 1-4% of leukocytic count
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Function of Eosinophils: They are responsible for regulation of
allergic immune reactions.
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Abnormal Eosinophil Counts: 1-Eosinophilia: i.e. abnormal
increase in the number of eosinophils as in: - Allergic reactions
e.g. asthma, urticaria -Parasitic infections e.g. Bilharziasis.
2-Eosinopenia: i.e. abnormal decrease in the number of eosinophils
e.g. as result of prolonged corticosteroid therapy.
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Basophils 0-1% of leukocytic count
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Basophil
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Function of Basophils: Basophils are responsible for the
release of Histamine in systemic allergic reaction
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Agranular leukocytes
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Monocyte 3-8% Kidney-shaped nucleus platelets
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Functions of Monocytes: Monocytes are phagocytic cells.
Abnormal Monocytes Count: Monocytosis: is an abnormal increase in
the number of blood monocytes. It occurs in diseases like malaria,
typhus, viral infections
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Monocyte Lymphocyte
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Lymphocytes 20-25% Large, indented nucleus
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Abnormal Lymphocytic Count: Lymphocytosis: It is an abnormal
increase in the number of lymphocytes as in: -lymphatic leukaemia -
chronic infections e.g. tuberculosis, syphilis, whooping
cough.
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Platelets 150,000-350,00/mm 3 (about - million /mm 3 ).
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Blood platelet
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Function of Blood Platelets: Blood platelets are concerned
with: - the process of thrombus formation (blood clotting) in
response to any vascular endothelial injury to prevent excessive
blood loss. - clot retraction and removal of the blood clot after
healing of the vessel wall to re-establish the flow of the
blood.
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In an ideal blood smear you can identify many formed blood
elements