Biochemistry of Blood ElementsVladimra KvasnicovThe figure is found at http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Blood%20cells.htm (March 2007)

Blood Elements Counterythrocytes4 - 6 x 106 / lleukocytes4 - 9 x 103 / l neutrophils47 - 75 %eosinophils 1 - 4 %basophils 0 - 1 %lymphocytes 23 - 45 %monocytes 2 - 11 %

thrombocytes150 - 400 x 103 / l

Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes)The figure is found at http://www.vghtpe.gov.tw/~hema/hematopoitic%20cell%20differentiation/RBC.htm (March 2007)

Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes)Function erythrocyte as a bag for hemoglobin O2 transport, reactive oxygen species (ROS) CO2 transport, formation of HCO3- H+ transport, maintaining pH (35% of blood buffering capacity)

Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes)Structure large surface (diffusion of gases) cytoskeletal proteins (elasticity) membrane as an osmometer (Na+/K+-ATPase)The figure is found at http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Blood%20cells.htm (March 2007)

The figure is found at http://www.vet.purdue.edu/depts/bms/nour/bms520/content/blood/b9.htm (March 2007)hemolysis (blood, plasma) What happens to red blood cells when placed in hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions? osmolarity (285 mosmol/l) acanthocytes

The figures are found at http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/pix/spherocytes_nw.jpg and http://www.mie.utoronto.ca/labs/lcdlab/biopic/fig/4.23b.jpg (March 2007)Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes)membrane and cytoskeletal proteinshereditary spherocytosis

Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) membrane transportersNa+/K+-ATPase (active transport)GLUT-1 (insulin independent)anion exchanger = band 3 protein (Cl-/HCO3-) membrane antigensblood groups

The figure is found at http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci422/mosser/ABO.gif (March 2007)ABO system

Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) metabolismglucose is the main fuel90% anaerobic glycolysis (ATP, lactate: Cori cycle; 2,3-BPG)10% hexose monophosphate pathway (NADPH)

enzyme defects : * glucose-6-P dehydrogenase * pyruvate kinase hemolytic anemia

Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) other important enzymescarbonate dehydratase (= carbonic anhydrase, CA) methemoglobin reductasesuperoxide dismutasecatalase antioxidative systemglutathione peroxidaseglutathione reductase

Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes)superoxide dismutase (SOD)

O2 + O2 + 2 H+ H2O2 + O2

catalase (CAT)

H2O2 + H2O2 2 H2O + O2

Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes)glutathione peroxidase (GPx)

2 GSH + H2O2 GS-SG + 2 H2O 2 GSH + R-O-OH GS-SG + H2O + ROH

The figure is found at http://www.cs.stedwards.edu/chem/Chemistry/CHEM47/ResMethods2003/graphics/?M=A (March 2007)glutathione = redox buffer

The figure is found at http://www.med.unibs.it/~marchesi/ppp.html (March 2007)Hexose Monophosphate Pathwayglutathione reductaseGS-SG + NADPH+H+

2 GSH + NADP+

The figure is found at http://www.vrp.com/newsimages/march04Fig1.jpg (March 2007)2Glutathione systemNADPH+H+

The figure is found at http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Blood%20cells.htm (March 2007)Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) Erythropoesis

The figure is found at http://faculty.ccp.edu/dept/biol/All_five_leukocytes.jpg (March 2007)White Blood Cells (leukocytes)

White Blood Cells(leukocytes)Classificationgranulocytesneutrophils (phagocytosis)eosinophils (alergy, parasites)basophils (alergy)

agranulocytesmonocytes macrophageslymphocytes (B, T)

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen speciesin blood elementsERYTHROCYTESenzymes for deactivation of ROS formed from high content of oxygen found in the cells

PHAGOCYTESenzymes for production of ROS and RNS to destroy particles in phagosomes

White Blood Cells(leukocytes)Neutrophils (microphages)high content of lysosoms (hydrolytic enzymes)few mitochondriaglucose dependent: NADPH productionNADPH is used for production of reactive oxygen species they kill bacteriaafter activation: RESPIRATORY BURST = increased consumption of O2 and glucose

The figure is found at http://courses.washington.edu/conj/bloodcells/radicals.gif (March 2007)Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by neutrophilsClO-

White Blood Cells(leukocytes)The figure is found at http://www.pigur.co.il/imgpku/no_synthesis.gif (March 2007)NO is a reactive nitrogen species used by phagocytesiNOS

White Blood Cells(leukocytes)proteolytic enzymes /elastasecollagenasegelatinasekathepsin G protease inhibitors1-protease inhibitor (= 1-antitrypsin)1-antichymotrypsin2-macroglobulin produced by phagocytes = plasma proteins Their ratio affects an extent of inflammation!

The figures are found at http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~lslpc/BioPhyTalk/heparin01.jpg and http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~mqzwww/images/histamine.gif (March 2007)Basofilscontain heparin and histamine

The figure is found at http://www-immuno.path.cam.ac.uk/~immuno/part1/lec06/ab12.gif (March 2007)B-lymphocytesproduce antibodies (= immunoglobulins, -globulins)( or )(, , , , )

The figure is found at http://image.bloodline.net/stories/storyReader$590 (March 2007)Platelets (thrombocytes)

The figure is found at http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Hemostasis.htm (March 2007)Platelets (thrombocytes)participate in hemostasis adhesion: glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (hyalomera) activation: free collagen, thrombin, ADP, TxA2, serotonin contraction of thrombus: Ca2+, glycogen, ATP