Blood

BloodBlood

Blood - IntroductionBlood - Introduction

Connective Tissue inside blood Connective Tissue inside blood vesselsvessels

Blood - IntroductionBlood - Introduction

Composed of plasma and formed Composed of plasma and formed elements (rbc, wbc, and platelets)elements (rbc, wbc, and platelets)

Blood - PlasmaBlood - Plasma

Plasma is obtained by centrifuging Plasma is obtained by centrifuging the bloodthe blood

Blood - SerumBlood - Serum

Serum is obtained by letting the Serum is obtained by letting the blood clot in a test tube. blood clot in a test tube.

Blood - SerumBlood - Serum

Fluid that lacks clotting factors such Fluid that lacks clotting factors such as fibrinogenas fibrinogen

Interstitial FluidInterstitial Fluid

• Fluid outside the vascular system Fluid outside the vascular system that bathes body cellsthat bathes body cells

Functions of bloodFunctions of blood

Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, heat, wastes, and nutrients, heat, wastes, and hormoneshormones


Regulates pH, body temperature, Regulates pH, body temperature, and water content of cellsand water content of cells


Prevents blood loss through clottingPrevents blood loss through clotting


Combats toxins and microbes Combats toxins and microbes through certain phagocytic white through certain phagocytic white blood cells and plasma proteinsblood cells and plasma proteins

Physical Characteristics of Physical Characteristics of BloodBlood

viscosity greater than that of waterviscosity greater than that of water


Temperature 38 degrees C (100.4)Temperature 38 degrees C (100.4)


ph of 7.35 to 7.45ph of 7.35 to 7.45


8% of body weight8% of body weight


Volume = 4 to 6 litersVolume = 4 to 6 liters

Components of BloodComponents of Blood

Blood consists of Blood consists of

1.1. 55% plasma55% plasma

2.2. 45% Formed elements45% Formed elements

PlasmaPlasma

Consists of 91.5% water and 8.5% Consists of 91.5% water and 8.5% solutessolutes

PlasmaPlasma

Principal solutes include proteins Principal solutes include proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), nutrients, enzymes, hormones, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, and respiratory gases, electrolytes, and waste products such as urea and waste products such as urea and bilirubinbilirubin

PlasmaPlasma

Albumin is a transport protein for Albumin is a transport protein for steroidssteroids

PlasmaPlasma

Gamma globulins are antibodiesGamma globulins are antibodies Alpa and Beta globulins transport Alpa and Beta globulins transport

iron and fatsiron and fats

PlasmaPlasma

Fibrinogen has a role in clottingFibrinogen has a role in clotting

Formed ElementsFormed Elements

Composed of;Composed of;

1. Erythrocytes (RBCs)1. Erythrocytes (RBCs)

2.2. Leukocytes (WBCs)Leukocytes (WBCs)

3.3. Thrombocytes (platelets)Thrombocytes (platelets)


Hematocrit – percentage of total Hematocrit – percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood blood volume occupied by red blood cells cells


Normal hematocrit for;Normal hematocrit for;

1.1. Male – 42-52%Male – 42-52%

2.2. Female – 37-48%Female – 37-48%

AnemiaAnemia

A significant drop in hematocritA significant drop in hematocrit

AnemiaAnemia

• Symptoms include;Symptoms include;

1.1. HeadachesHeadaches

2.2. WeaknessWeakness

3.3. A feeling like your heart is poundingA feeling like your heart is pounding

4.4. FatigueFatigue

5.5. Shortness of breathShortness of breath

AgglutinationAgglutination

• This process involves antibodies This process involves antibodies joining red cells together and form joining red cells together and form clumpsclumps

Formation of Blood CellsFormation of Blood Cells

• All blood cells are formed from All blood cells are formed from pluripotent hematopoietic pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells stem cells


• Pluripotent stem cells divide into Pluripotent stem cells divide into myeloid stem cells myeloid stem cells and and lymphoid stem cellslymphoid stem cells


• Myeloid stem cells give rise to;Myeloid stem cells give rise to;

1.1. RBCsRBCs

2.2. PlateletesPlateletes

3.3. All WBCs except for lymphocytesAll WBCs except for lymphocytes


• Lymphoid stem cells give rise to Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphoctyeslymphoctyes


• In order to become mature In order to become mature lymphocytes, the precursor cells lymphocytes, the precursor cells leave the marrow and go to the leave the marrow and go to the thymus, lymph nodes, and spleenthymus, lymph nodes, and spleen

Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells

• Contain the oxygen-carrying protein Contain the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobinhemoglobin


• Lack nucleiLack nuclei


• Each cell contains 280 million Each cell contains 280 million hemoglobin moleculeshemoglobin molecules


• Live 120 daysLive 120 days

• Splenic macrophages remove them Splenic macrophages remove them from circulationfrom circulation


• Produce about 2 million red Produce about 2 million red cells/secondcells/second


• Hemoglobin’s function is to carry Hemoglobin’s function is to carry oxygen and carbon dioxideoxygen and carbon dioxide


• Hemoglobin is composed of four Hemoglobin is composed of four polypeptide subunits (two alpha and polypeptide subunits (two alpha and two beta)two beta)


• Each polypeptide chain contains a Each polypeptide chain contains a central, iron-containig heme group central, iron-containig heme group that combines with oxygen that combines with oxygen


• Hemoglobin picks up CO2 in the Hemoglobin picks up CO2 in the tissues, which it releases in the lungstissues, which it releases in the lungs


• 23% of CO2 is hemoglobin-bound23% of CO2 is hemoglobin-bound


• 70% of CO2 is dissolved in the 70% of CO2 is dissolved in the plasma as bicarbonateplasma as bicarbonate


• 7% is dissolved in the plasma as CO27% is dissolved in the plasma as CO2


• Hemoglobin picks up O2 in the lungs Hemoglobin picks up O2 in the lungs and releases it in body tissuesand releases it in body tissues


• 97% of O2 is carried by hemoglobin97% of O2 is carried by hemoglobin


• 3% of O2 is dissolved in the plasma3% of O2 is dissolved in the plasma

RBC Life CycleRBC Life Cycle

• RBCs undergo phagocytosis by RBCs undergo phagocytosis by macrophagesmacrophages


• Hemoglobin is recycledHemoglobin is recycled


• The amino acids of hemoglobin are The amino acids of hemoglobin are reused for protein synthesisreused for protein synthesis


• The iron portion of the heme group is The iron portion of the heme group is carried in the blood by carried in the blood by transferrin transferrin and delivered to muscles or the and delivered to muscles or the marrow to be incorporated into new marrow to be incorporated into new red cellsred cells


• The rest of the heme group is The rest of the heme group is converted into bilirubin and excreted converted into bilirubin and excreted into bileinto bile


• Bile is stored and concentrated into Bile is stored and concentrated into the gall bladderthe gall bladder


• After fatty meals it is secreted into After fatty meals it is secreted into the small intestinethe small intestine


• Bilirubin is then converted into Bilirubin is then converted into urobilinogenurobilinogen


• Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed into Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed into the blood stream, and the pigment is the blood stream, and the pigment is secreted into the urine as urobilin.secreted into the urine as urobilin.


• The rest of the urobilinogen in the The rest of the urobilinogen in the intestines is coverted into stercobilin, intestines is coverted into stercobilin, which colors the stool brownwhich colors the stool brown

White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells

• LeukocytesLeukocytes


• Nucleated and doesn’t contain Nucleated and doesn’t contain hemoglobinhemoglobin


• Two types;Two types;

1.1. Granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, Granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)basophils)

2.2. Agranular (lymphocytes and Agranular (lymphocytes and monocytes)monocytes)


• Monocytes differentiate into Monocytes differentiate into macrophagesmacrophages


• WBCs contain surface proteins called WBCs contain surface proteins called major histocompatibility major histocompatibility antigens (MHC)antigens (MHC)

• Unique for each person except for Unique for each person except for identical siblingsidentical siblings


• Live for a few hours or a few daysLive for a few hours or a few days


• 5000 – 10000 leukocytes/mm35000 – 10000 leukocytes/mm3


• Leukocytosis – increase in the Leukocytosis – increase in the number of WBCsnumber of WBCs


• Leukopenia – abnormally low number Leukopenia – abnormally low number of WBCsof WBCs


• Neutropenia – low neutrophil countNeutropenia – low neutrophil count


• General function of WBCs is to General function of WBCs is to combat inflammation and infectioncombat inflammation and infection

NeutrophilsNeutrophils

• Kill bacteria by phagocytosisKill bacteria by phagocytosis

NeutrophilsNeutrophils

• Neutrophil count is elevated during Neutrophil count is elevated during bacterial infectionsbacterial infections

EosinophilsEosinophils

• Secrete histaminase to combat the Secrete histaminase to combat the effects of histamine in allergic effects of histamine in allergic reactionsreactions


• Combat parasitic wormsCombat parasitic worms


• Eosinophil count is elevated during Eosinophil count is elevated during parasitic infections and allergiesparasitic infections and allergies

BasophilsBasophils

• Develop into mast cells that liberate Develop into mast cells that liberate heparin and histamine in allergic heparin and histamine in allergic reactionsreactions

B lymphocytesB lymphocytes

• Differentiate into tissue plasma cells Differentiate into tissue plasma cells that produce antibodiesthat produce antibodies

T lympocytesT lympocytes

• Destroy foreign invadors directlyDestroy foreign invadors directly

LymphocytesLymphocytes

• Elevated during viral infectionElevated during viral infection

MonocytesMonocytes

• Main function phagocytosisMain function phagocytosis

MonocyteMonocyte

• Develops into macrophagesDevelops into macrophages

Blood Groups and Blood Blood Groups and Blood TypesTypes

• The surface of red blood cells contain The surface of red blood cells contain genetically determined blood group genetically determined blood group antigens, called agglutinogensantigens, called agglutinogens

Blood Groups and Blood Blood Groups and Blood TypesTypes

• Blood is categorized into different Blood is categorized into different blood groups based on the presence blood groups based on the presence or absence of various agglutinogensor absence of various agglutinogens

ABO GroupABO Group

• Agglutinogens (antigens) A and B Agglutinogens (antigens) A and B determine blood typesdetermine blood types

ABO GroupABO Group

• These antigens are located on the These antigens are located on the surface of red blood cellssurface of red blood cells

ABO GroupABO Group

•Plasma Plasma contains agglutins contains agglutins (antibodies), a and b, that react with (antibodies), a and b, that react with agglutinogens that are foreign to the agglutinogens that are foreign to the individualindividual

ABO GroupABO Group

• Type A blood has A antigens on the Type A blood has A antigens on the red cells. red cells.

• Their plasma has anti-B antibodies.Their plasma has anti-B antibodies.

ABO GroupABO Group

• Type B blood has B antigens on their Type B blood has B antigens on their red cells and their plasma has anti-A red cells and their plasma has anti-A antibodiesantibodies

ABO GroupABO Group

• Type AB blood has A and B antigens Type AB blood has A and B antigens on their red cells and their plasma on their red cells and their plasma has no anti-A or anti-B antibodieshas no anti-A or anti-B antibodies

ABO GroupABO Group

• Type O has neither A nor B antigens Type O has neither A nor B antigens on their red cells.on their red cells.

• Their plasma has anti-A and anti-B Their plasma has anti-A and anti-B antibodies.antibodies.

ABO GroupABO Group

• How can Type O blood be the How can Type O blood be the universal donor?universal donor?

ABO GroupABO Group

• Cell pack transfusion Cell pack transfusion

Rh Blood TypesRh Blood Types

• In the Rh system, individuals whose In the Rh system, individuals whose erythrocytes have Rh antigens are erythrocytes have Rh antigens are classified as Rh+classified as Rh+

Rh Blood TypesRh Blood Types

• If your are Rh- you do not develop If your are Rh- you do not develop anti-Rh antibodies.anti-Rh antibodies.

• You need to be exposed to them.You need to be exposed to them.

Hemolytic disease of the Hemolytic disease of the newbornnewborn

• If a mother is pregnant for her first If a mother is pregnant for her first time, the circulation of the mother’s time, the circulation of the mother’s blood & the fetal blood is kept blood & the fetal blood is kept separate in the placenta.separate in the placenta.


• Mixing occurs during placental Mixing occurs during placental separation at childbirthseparation at childbirth


• A tiny amount of fetal blood gets into A tiny amount of fetal blood gets into the motherthe mother


• If the mother is Rh- and the fetus is If the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+, she will develop anti-D Rh+, she will develop anti-D antibodiesantibodies


• During the next pregnancy, if the During the next pregnancy, if the fetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, fetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, her anti-D antibodies will cross the her anti-D antibodies will cross the placenta into the fetal bloodstream & placenta into the fetal bloodstream & cause a hemolytic anemiacause a hemolytic anemia


• To prevent development of these To prevent development of these antibodies, RhoGam is given around antibodies, RhoGam is given around delivery of the first child to “hide” its delivery of the first child to “hide” its Rh antigens form the mother’s Rh antigens form the mother’s immune systemimmune system

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Blood