Bloodis abodily fluidinanimalsthat delivers necessary substances such asnutrientsandoxygento thecellsand transportsmetabolic wasteproducts away from those same cells.[1]When it reaches the lungs, gas exchange occurs whencarbon dioxideis diffused out of the blood into thepulmonary alveoliand oxygen is diffused into the blood. This oxygenated blood is pumped to the left hand side of the heart in thepulmonary veinand enters theleft atrium. From here it passes through the mitral valve, through theventricleand taken all around the body by theaorta. Blood containsantibodies, nutrients, oxygen and much more to help the body work.[citation needed]Invertebrates, it is composed ofblood cellssuspended inblood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume),[2]and contains dissipated proteins,glucose, mineral ions,hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation), and blood cells themselves.Albuminis the main protein in plasma, and it functions to regulate the colloidalosmotic pressureof blood. The blood cells are mainlyred blood cells(also called RBCs or erythrocytes),white blood cells(also called WBCs or leukocytes) andplatelets. The most abundant cells in vertebrate blood are red blood cells. These containhemoglobin, aniron-containing protein, which facilitates oxygen transport by reversibly binding to thisrespiratorygas and greatly increasing its solubility in blood. In contrast, carbon dioxide is almost entirely transported extracellularly dissolved in plasma asbicarbonateion.[citation needed]