Airdrie Academy

National 5 Biology

Revision Question Booklet

Unit 1 Cell Biology

I can…. XIdentify, draw and label different cell types.

Match cell structures to their functions.

Calculate average widths of cells from field of view diagrams.

Identify, draw and label structures of the cell membrane.

Explain the terms diffusion, osmosis and active transport in terms of molecular movement and energy requirements.Describe the effect of osmosis on plant and animal cells

Calculate percentage increases/decreases in mass

Evaluate experiments involving osmosis to identify variables to be kept constant and possible changes to improve reliability of results.Identify the stages and provide definitions for mitosis

Calculate the number of expected cells after a number of division/length of time. Explain why aseptic techniques are used during cell culturing

Describe the structure of DNA and the complimentary base pairs.Calculate basic percentages for DNA bases

Discuss how a protein is made with reference to mRNA.

Explain how the order of bases determines the protein function.Provide examples of proteins and their functions

Explain the functions of enzymes in detail with regards to specificity.

Provide examples of synthesis and degradation reactions.

Describe what is meant by an enzymes optimum conditions and the associated effects on activity out with these ranges.Identify the stages and provide definitions for the process of genetic engineering. Provide examples of useful products made via genetic engineering.Explain the advantages/ disadvantages of genetic engineering.Write the word equation for photosynthesis and identify the raw materials and products.Describe in detail the Light Dependant stage of photosynthesis with specific reference to energy transfer.Describe in detail the Carbon Fixation stage of photosynthesis.State the 3 fates of glucose in a plant.

Work with limiting factor graphs to explain why the rate of photosynthesis is affected by an increase/decrease of certain substances.Write the respiration equation and identify the raw materials and products.Explain how ATP generation is cyclic.

Provide examples of ways in which energy released via Aerobic Respiration can be used by cells.Describe in detail stage 1 and 2 of aerobic respiration with specific reference to ATP production.Describe in detail the process of fermentation in the absence of oxygen in animals, plants, bacteria and fungi.Explain the results obtained from experiments involving a respirometer.

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions

Q1. Which structural feature is found in a plant cell and not in an animal cell? A – Nucleus B - Cell wall C - Cell membrane D – Cytoplasm

Q2. Which structural feature is found in a bacterial cell but not an animal cell? A - Plasmid B - Cytoplasm C - Cell membrane D – Nucleus

Q3. In active transport, molecules are moved by membrane:

A – proteins against a concentration gradient B – lipids down the concentration gradient C – lipids against the concentration gradient D – proteins down the concentration gradient

Q4. Which of the following does not involve mitosis?

A - Synthesis of protein B - Growth of tissue C - Maintenance of the diploid chromosome complement D - Repair of tissue

Q5. The following diagrams show a cell at four different stages of mitosis.

The correct order of the stages of mitosis is:

A– 1,3,2,4 B - 2,3,4,1 C - 3,2,1,4 D - 4,1,2,3

Q6. The diagram below shows one of the stages of mitosis in the root tip of a plant.

Which of the following statements describes the stages shown? A – Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell. B – Daughter chromosomes gather at the ends of the cell. C – Chromosomes become visible as pairs of identical chromatids. D – Spindle fibres pull chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.

Q7. Red blood cells were placed into a salt solution more concentrated than blood plasma. Which word best describes the predicted appearance of the cells after a few seconds A – Burst B – Plasmolysed C – Turgid D – Shrunken

Q8.Which of the following correctly identifies the complementary base pairs in DNA? A - Guanine and thymine B - Cytosine and guanine C - Adenine and cytosine D - Cytosine and thymine

Q9. During protein production messenger RNA (mRNA) is made in the: A – Nucleus B – Cytoplasm C - Ribosome D – Mitochondria

Q10. What is the function of the cell membrane?

A – Provide shape and support B - Controls exchange of substances C – Controls cell activities D – Site of chemical reactions

Q11. Which of the following is not an essential factor to control during cell culture? A - Oxygen availability B – pH C - Carbon dioxide availability D - Temperature

Q12. A cell divides every five minutes. How many cells will be present after one hour? A – 4096 B – 2048 C – 12 D - 512

Q13. Which line in the table below correctly describes the importance of mitosis to unicellular and multicellular organisms?

Unicellular Multicellular

A Growth and repair Reproduction

B Reproduction Growth and reproduction

C Repair Reproduction

D Reproduction Growth and repair

Q14. Which line in the table identifies the appearance of plant cells in each solution? 10% Salt Sol. Pure Water A Plasmolysed Turgid B Burst Plasmolysed C Turgid Shrunk D Plasmolysed Turgid

Q15. Which of the following is not a feature of an enzyme? A - Speeds up chemical reactions B - Changed in chemical reactions C - Has an active site D - Is specific to one substrate

Q16. There are four bases in DNA. Which of the following is NOT a DNA base? A – Uracil B – Thymine C – Adenosine D - Guanine

Q17. The cell membrane is made up of which two components?

A- Proteins and Phosphates B - Lipids and Phosphates C – Proteins and Lipids D – Water and Lipids

Q18. A reaction takes place because the active site of an enzyme is complementary to; A – one type of substrate molecule B – all types of substrate molecule C – one type of product molecule D- all types of product molecules.

Q19.The role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis is to trap A - Light energy for ATP production B - Chemical energy for ATP production C - Light energy for ADP production D - Chemical energy for ADP production

Q20. Which line in the table below correctly identifies the raw materials and products for photosynthesis?

Raw materials Products

A Sugar and oxygen Carbon dioxide and water

B Oxygen and water Carbon dioxide and sugar

C Carbon dioxide and water Sugar and oxygen

D Carbon dioxide and sugar Oxygen and water

Q21.Which of the following does not occur when an enzyme is denatured? A - Shape of active site is changed B - Activity is increased C – Substrate can no longer bind D - Activity is decreased

Q22. Which of the following stages in respiration would result in the production of 38 molecules of ATP? A - Glucose to pyruvic acid B - Pyruvic acid to lactic acid C - Glucose to carbon dioxide and water D - Pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water

Q23. Which of the following enzymes are involved in degradation reactions? A - Phosphorylase and amylase B - Amylase and catalase C - Catalase and phosphorylase D - Phosphorylase only

Q24. In the diagram below, the circles represent molecules on either side of the cell membrane. Which of these diagrams would the

molecules move into a cell by diffusion?

Q25. Red Blood Cells burst when they are put in water because:

A – the cell contents are hypotonic to the water B – the cell contents are isotonic to the water C – the water is hypotonic to the cell contents D – the water is hypertonic to the cell contents

Q26. During protein production messenger RNA (mRNA) is made in the:

A – Nucleus B – Cytoplasm C - Ribosome D – Mitochondria

Q27. Which stage in the production of human insulin by genetic engineering is represented by the diagram below? A - Human gene is inserted into a plasmid B - Human gene is inserted into a bacterium C - Plasmid is inserted into a human chromosome D - Bacterial gene is inserted into a human chromosome

Q28. Which of the following stages of genetic engineering does not require an enzyme? A - Extraction of required gene from source chromosome B - Insertion of required gene into plasmid C - Extraction of plasmid from bacterial cell D - Opening of bacterial plasmid

Q29. The diagram below represents differences in the concentration of a molecule inside and outside an animal cell, together with the direction of movement of the molecules. Which letter represents the diffusion of carbon dioxide during respiration?

Q30. Which of the following processes requires ATP? A – Osmosis B – Diffusion C - Active transport D - Passive transport

Q31. Which line in the table correctly describes what happens to a plant and animal cell placed in pure water?

Animal Cell Plant CellA Becomes turgid BurstsB Bursts Becomes turgidC Becomes plasmolysed ShrinksD Shrinks Becomes plasmolysed

Q32. Proteins have different functions. Which of the following statements identified a protein and its function? A – Hormone carry oxygen around the body B - Enzymes carry chemical messages around the body C – Antibodies defend the body against disease D – Cellulose provides strength and structure to a plant cell wall

Q33. The diagram below shows energy transfer within a cell.

Which line in the table below correctly identifies compounds X and Y?

X YA Glucose CO2

B CO2 ADPC ADP ATPD ATP Glucose

Q34. Which of the following stages in respiration would result in the production of 38 molecules of ATP? A - Glucose to pyruvic acid B - Pyruvic acid to lactic acid C - Glucose to carbon dioxide and water D - Pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water

Q35. The diagram below shows stages in the production of a substance, such as insulin, by genetic engineering.

Which line in the table correctly identified S and T?

Q36. The light energy for photosynthesis is captured by;

A – Water B – Hydrogen

C – Chlorophyll D - Oxygen

Q37. Which of the following shows the correct location and number of ATP molecules released from a molecule of glucose during fermentation?

Q38. The diagram to the right shows a cell. The function of structure X is to: A - Control cell activities B - Keep the cell turgid C - Control entry and exit of materials D - Release energy from glucose

Q39. DNA determines the structure and function of which type of molecule in the cell?

A. ProteinB. FatC. CarbohydrateD. Amino acid

Q40. Which line in the table correctly matches the plant cell structure to its function?

Plant cell structure FunctionA Cytoplasm Controls all the cell’s activitiesB Cell wall Keeps the cell turgid

C Vacuole Prevents the cell from bursting in pure water

D Cell membrane Controls which molecules enter or leave the cell

Q41. The diagram below represents a genetically engineered bacterial cell. Identify X. A – ChromosomeB – PlasmidC – RibosomeD – Nucleus

Q42. The following is a list of statements about photosynthesis.

1. Carbon dioxide required2. Light energy required3. Water required4. ATP and hydrogen required

Which statements refer to carbon fixation?

A. 2 and 3B. 1 and 4C. 2 and 4D. 1 and 3

Q43. The apparatus below was used to investigate gas exchange in germinating peas.

The movement of the coloured liquid in the capillary tube can be used to measure the volume of... A - Oxygen produced by respiration

B - Carbon dioxide used up in respiration C - Oxygen used up in respiration D - Carbon dioxide produced by respiration

Q44. What effect would increasing light intensity have on the rate of photosynthesis and plant growth? A - Increased rate of photosynthesis and decreased plant growth B - Decreased rate of photosynthesis and decreased plant growth C - Increased rate of photosynthesis and increased plant growth D - Decreased rate of photosynthesis and increased plant growth

Q45. Which of the graphs below shows the effect of increasing temperature on

enzyme activity?

Section B – Written Response

Q1. The diagram below shows some human cheek cells as they appear when viewed through a microscope

a.) The diameter of the field of view of the microscope is 120 micrometres. Calculate the average width of a human cheek cell.

Average Width: _________________ 1

b.) Name the 3 organelles which are found in a plant cells but NOT an animal cells. 1 __________________________________

__________________________________ __________________________________

Q2. The diagram below shows a single-celled organism that lives in ponds. Area X is shown magnified.

(a) What is the overall direction of movement of oxygen which takes place in Area X? 1 _________________________________________________

(b) Name the term used to describe this movement of oxygen. 1 _________________________________________________

(c) Name one other substance that moves into or out of a cell by this process. 1 __________________________________________________

Q3. Five cylinders of potato were weighed and each was placed in a sucrose solution of different concentration. The cylinders were reweighed after 4 hours and the results obtained are shown in the table below.

(a) The movement of which substance is responsible for the change in mass of the potato cylinders? 1 ____________________________________________________

(b) Complete the table by calculating the change in mass of the potato in solutions B and D. 2

(c) Which sucrose solution had the same concentration as the cell contents of the potato? 1 ____________________________________________________ (d) Identify the variable which was altered in the investigation. 1

___________________________________________________

(e) Identify two variables which must be kept constant to ensure a valid conclusion can be made. 2

1:____________________________________________

2:____________________________________________

(f) Why is it good experimental procedure to wait four hours before measuring the mass of the potato? 1 ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

Q4. The diagram below represents a cell in an early stage of mitosis.

(a) State the number of chromosomes present in this cell. 1 _________________________________________________

(b) State how many chromosomes will be present in each of the two cells produced by the process. 1 __________________________________________________

(c) A cell undergoes mitosis every 15 minutes to produce two new daughter cells. 1 Calculate how many cells there will be after 3 hours.

Cells after 3 hours: _________________________________

(d) Why is it important for the daughter cells which are created to be genetically identical to the parent? 1 ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

Q5. The diagram below shows part of a DNA molecule during replication.

(a) Identify the structures labelled X and Y. 1

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

(b) Name the bases at point 1 and 2. 1 _________________________________________

(c) In a DNA molecule made up of 760 bases, 114 bases are cytosine. Calculate the percentage of adenine bases in this molecule of DNA. 1

Adenine Bases: __________

Q6. A group of students carried out an investigation into the variety of cell types. The type of cells examined are shown below in the box.

a.) (i) Identify the type(s) of cell which have a cell wall.

_________________________________________________ 1

(ii) Identify the type(s) of cell which have a plasmid.

_________________________________________________ 1

(iii) Some organelles are found in all living cells. Choose one of the following organelles and tick () the appropriate box. Describe the function of the choosen organelle. 1 Ribosome

Mitochondria

Function:_______________________________________ _______________________________________

b.) The students then measured the number of cells and calculated the average cell sizes. The results are shown in the table below.

On the graph paper below, complete the vertical axis and draw a bar chart to show the average size of the cells shown in the table. 2

Q7. DNA is a double stranded molecule. The following diagram shows part of one strand. a.) Complete the diagram to show the complementary strand. 1

b.) (i) DNA contains genetic material which controls the synthesis of chemicals made form amino acids. Name the type of chemicals that are synthesised. ________________________________________ 1

(ii) The diagram below shows an example of one of these chemicals being synthesised.

Name molecule P and describe how it determines the sequence of amino acids, represented by AA, as shown in the diagram. 2Molecule P: __________ Description: _____________________________________ ______________________________________ (iii) Name the part of the cell where molecule P was made. _______________________________________ 1

Q8. Match the description to the correct stage of mitosis. 2

Q9. Photosynthesis is a two stage process.a.) The table below shows some statements about photosynthesis. Complete the table to show which stage each statement refers to by placing a tick () in the stage 1 or stage 2 box. The first two statements have been completed for you. 2

b.) Explain why at high temperatures (above 50°C) would prevent the photosynthesis reactions from taking place. 2

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c.)The graph below shows how the rate of photosynthesis is affected by the concentration of carbon dioxide.

State two environmental factors which could limit the rate of photosynthesis between points P and Q. 1

1.________________________________________________2.________________________________________________

Q10. The process of aerobic respiration in muscle is outlined below.

a.)(i) Name stage 1. _________________________________________ 1(ii) Name product Y from Stage 1. 1 ____________________________________________ (iii) What other substance must be present for stage 2 to occur? 1 ____________________________________________

b.) ATP is formed during respiration and broken down for use in cells. (i) How many molecules of ATP are released during: 1 Stage 1 only? _____________________________ Stage 1 and 2_____________________________ (ii) State one use for the energy which is released when ATP is broken down. ____________________________________________ 1

Q11. The diagram below shows an enzyme and its substrate.

Using a named example, describe what happens to this enzyme and its substrate during a degradation reaction. 5 _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Q12. The following list contains some features of aerobic respiration and fermentation in germinating peas.

W Does not produce oxygenX Produces carbon dioxideY Yields 38 molecules of ATP per glucose moleculeZ Produces ethanol

Complete the table below by writing the letters from the list in the correct column. Each letter may be used once or more than once. (2)

Aerobic respiration in germinating peas

Fermentation in germinating peas

Q13. Euglena is a single-celled organism. The diagram below shows some of the structures found within Euglena.

a.) Complete the table below to show the names of some of the structures Euglena shares with most cells. 3

Structure FunctionControls the entry and exit of materials

CytoplasmNucleus

b.)Name the structure which identifies Euglena as a plant cell. 1 _________________________________________________

c.) Most plant cells have a cell wall. Name the structural carbohydrate of the cell wall. 1 _________________________________________________

Q14. Compare animal cells and plant cells, in terms of the parts each cell type contains. 4 __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________

Q15. The diagram below shows two cells, P and Q.

a.) Complete the table to give the name and functions of the parts labelled A, B and C. 3

Letter Part Function

A Cell membrane

Nucleus

Site of cell activities

b.) Which cell is a plant cell? Justify your answer. 1 _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

Q16. Complete the following sentences by underlining the correct word in each bracket. 2

The cell membrane is made of protein and {lipid / phospholipid}. The membrane only allows certain substances to pass through – it is said to be {selectively / semi} permeable. Substances such as {protein / amino acids} can pass across the membrane, whilst substances such as {glucose / starch} cannot.

Q17. The diagram below shows three stages, X, Y and Z that occur when an enzyme converts its substrate into a product.

This enzyme promotes the degradation of a complex molecule into simpler molecules. (a) Put the stages in the correct order to show this degradation reaction. 1

________________________________________________________

(b) Which number in the diagram represents the active site? 1________________________________________________________

(c) Explain the effect of an increase in temperature on the activity of an enzyme. 4_______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q18. Carbon dioxide is used during photosynthesis to produce sugar.a.) Complete the diagram below to show the fates of carbon dioxide after photosynthesis has taken place. 2

b.) Suggest why soot deposits on leaves would reduce the rate of photosynthesis. 1 ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

Q19. In the boxes below, describe each of the stages carried out to transfer a human gene into a bacterial cell. 4

Q20. The diagram below shows the link between aerobic respiration and protein synthesis.

(a) Name substances A, B and C. 3_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(b) Some energy released in respiration can be used for protein synthesis. Give 3 other examples of cellular processes which require energy. 3_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Unit 2 Multicellular Biology

I can…. XExplain the differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms Describe the relationship between cells, tissues and organs.

Explain that specialisation refers to a feature which allows a cell to carry out its function and provide examples in animals and plants.Explain what stem cells are, where they are found and why they are of interest to research scientists.Debate why the use of embryonic stem cells is controversial.

Identify the meristem regions in a plant and explain their function.Identify the components of the nervous system.

Identify, label and provide functions for the 3 regions of the

brain.Explain how messages are passed along the sensory, relay and motor neurons.Label the reflex arc and state the function of these type of responses.Describe key differences between nervous and hormonal control in the body.Describe the functions of hormones with regards to specificity.Explain the hormonal response to an increase/decrease in blood glucose concentration.Provide an in depth discussion about the treatments and lifestyle habits of people living with Diabetes. Define asexual reproduction as only requiring one parent and does not involve the production of gametes.Define sexual reproduction as requiring 2 parents, involves the production of gametes and ensures variation in a species.Explain that gametes (sex cells) contain half the genetic information of the parent and are termed haploid. All other cells are diploid.Identify, label and provide a function for each structure associated with the male and female reproductive organs in humans.Identify, label and provide a function for each structure associated with flowering plants.Define fertilisation as the fusion of nuclei of the two gametes to produce a diploid zygote (fertilised ovum/egg cell)Explain the two different types of variation using examples.

Provide the correct definitions for the key genetic terms; allele, phenotype, genotype, heterozygous, homozygous, dominant and recessive.Perform monohybrid crosses to determine the genotypes/phenotypes of the offspring for a given example.Use a punnet square to predict ratios.

Explain why punnet square ratios are not always achieved with respect to fertilisation being random.Identify cells in a leaf structure and provide functions for them.Compare the two vessels used for transport in plants in detail.Explain what is mean by the ‘transpiration stream’ and give factors which affect this.Identify the four chambers of the heart and associated blood vessels.Describe the pathway of blood through the heart.

Compare and contrast functions and structures in the blood vessels.Identify the main components of blood and their functions.

Explain the purpose of valves in the circulatory system.

Identify, label and give the functions for the structures of the respiratory system.Provide an in-depth explanation of how the airway is kept clear with respect to cilia and mucus.Identify features of the lungs which make them efficient at their job.Identify, label and give the functions of the organs associated with the digestive system.Explain the muscular wave of contractions called peristalsis.

Identify, label and discuss the key features of the small intestine which allow rapid absorption of food.

Section A - Multiple Choice Questions Q1. A group of similar cells working together to perform the same function is called: A - an organism B - a system C - an organ D - a tissue

Q2.Which of the following statements is false in relation to stem cells? Stem cells: A - are found in animal embryos B - can undergo cell division C - develop into gametes D - can produce new stem cells

Q3. The diagram below shows a vertical section through the human brain.

Which letter indicates the site of memory storage and reasoning?

Q4. Which organ contains target tissues that respond to insulin?

A - Small intestine B - Pancreas C - Liver D - Brain

Q5. The following statements refer to the response of the nervous system to a stimulus. 1. Central nervous system sorts information 2. Nerve impulses sent to muscles 3. Nerve impulses sent to central nervous system 4. Senses detect the stimulus 5. Response is produced

The correct order of these statements is: A - 4 > 3 > 1 > 2 > 5 B - 3 > 4 > 2 > 1 > 5 C - 4 > 3 > 2 > 1 > 5 D - 3 > 4 > 1 > 2 > 5

Q6. The plant tissue that carries sugar from the leaves to the roots is the:

A - mesophyll B - xylem C - phloem D - epidermis

Q7. The diagram below shows neurons connecting the eye with the central nervous system. Which line in the table below identifies correctly the types of neurones and the direction of impulses which travel along them?

Q8. Which of the following terms describes an organism made up of only one cell? A – Haploid B – Diploid C – Unicellular D –Multicellular

Q9. The diagram shows the main parts of a flower.

Which line in the table below correctly identified

the structure labelled X and the gamtes it

produces?

Q10. Which line in the table below identifies the type of variation shown by each of these characteristics?

Height Weight Ear lobe types

A Continuous Continuous Discrete

B Discrete Continuous Continuous

C Discrete Discrete Continuous

D Continuous Discrete Discrete

Q11. Which line in the following table correctly describes stem cells?

Specialised / Unspecialised

Can divide to produce more stem cells

Have the potential to become different cell types

A Specialised No Yes

B Unspecialised Yes Yes

C Specialised Yes Yes

D Unspecialised Yes No

Q12. The diagram below shows the process of fertilisation.

Cell R is: A - a zygote B - a gamte C - an ovule D - an embryo

Q13. What is the function of the cerebrum? A - Controls balance and muscle coordination B - Controls conscious thought and memory C - Controls temperature D -Controls breathing and heart rate

Q14. A hairy stemmed pea plant is crossed with a smooth stemmed pea plant. All the F1 plants had hairy stems. The genotype of the F1 plants was A - Heterozygous B - Homozygous C - Dominant D - Recessive

Q15. Which of the following shows the order of decreasing complexity? A - Organ system organ tissue cell B - Cell tissue organ organ system C - Organ organ system tissue cell D - Cell tissue organ system organ

Q16. Which line in the table correctly identifies the human gametes and their sites of production?

Q17. The effects of 2 hormones, P and Q, on human sperm production are shown in the graph below.

A possible conclusion from the graph is that when the level of: A - hormone P is high and hormone Q is high, sperm production is low B - hormone P is low and hormone Q is low, sperm production is low C - hormone P is low and hormone Q is high, sperm production is high D - hormone P is high and hormone Q is low, sperm production is high

Q18. In gerbils, agouti coat colour is dominant to white. Some heterozygous gerbils were allowed to interbreed and 56 offspring were produced. What

would be the expected number of agouti gerbils? A – 14 B – 28 C – 42 D - 56

Q19. The diagram below shows the heart and circulation.

Male GameteSite of Production of Male Gamete

Female Gamete

Site of Production of Female Gamete

A Pollen Anther Ovule Ovary

B Ovule Ovary Pollen Anther

C Sperm Testes Ovum Ovary

D Ovum Ovary Sperm Testes

Which line in the table describes correctly the types of blood in vessels X and Y?

Q20. The diagram below shows the human digestive system. Which structure

contains villi?

Q21. Where are meristems found in animals?

A. Shoot and Root Tip B. Bone Marrow

Vessel X Vessel Y

A Deoxygenated Deoxygenated

B Oxygenated Deoxygenated

C Oxygenated Oxygenated

D Deoxygenated Oxygenated

C. Embryo D. None of the above

Q22. The following statements describe the hormonal response to a change in blood glucose: 1.Pancreas produces glucagon 2.Pancreas detects change in blood glucose 3.Liver releases glucose into bloodstream 4.Glucagon converts glycogen to glucose

The correct order which describes the response to a decrease in blood glucose is: A - 1, 2, 4, 3 B - 2, 4, 3, 1 C - 2, 1, 4, 3 D - 2, 3, 4, 1

Q23. Which line in the table below correctly describes responses by effectors?

Effector Response

A Gland Fast

B Muscle Slow

C Gland Slow

D Tissue Fast

Q24. Sheep have a diploid chromosome number of 54. How many chromosomes are in their gametes? A -27 B – 54 C – 108 D - None of the above

Q25. In trout, the average number of eggs fertilised at one time is 1000. Of these, there are 20 surviving offspring. What is the percentage survival rate for trout? A - 2%

B - 20% C - 50% D - It is impossible to tell

Q26. Which of the following is not a feature of hormones A -Hormones are released by endocrine glands B - Hormones act on specific target tissues C - Target tissues have cells with receptor proteins for hormones D - Hormones have an active site which allows them to combine with only one substrate

Q27. The diagram below shows some structures in a villus.

Which line in the table below correctly identifies the products of digestion which pass into structures X and Y?

Q28. In corn on the cob, yellow seed (G) is dominant to purple seed (g). The cob shown below shows some yellow and some purple seeds. The seeds have been counted.

X Y

A Glucose Amino acids

B Glycerol Fatty acids

C Amino acids Glycogen

D Fatty acids Glucose

The genotypes of the parents that produced this cob were: A - GG x gg B - Gg x gg C - gg x gg D - Gg x Gg

Q29. The graph below shows the relationship between the concentration of carbon dioxide and oxyhaemoglobin in the blood.

Which of the following statements describes this relationship? A - As carbon dioxide concentration decreases, oxyhaemoglobin concentration decreases B - As carbon dioxide concentration increases, oxyhaemoglobin concentration decreases C - As carbon dioxide concentration increases, oxyhaemoglobin concentration increases D - Carbon dioxide concentration has no effect on oxyhaemoglobin concentration

Q30. Which line in the following table correctly identifies features of xylem and

phloem? Xylem Phloem

A Living cells No sieve plates

B Transports water Companion cells

C Transports sugar Lignified

D Dead cells Transport minerals

Q31. The loss of water through the leaves by evaporation is A - Transpiration B - Respiration C - Fermentation D - Photosynthesis

Q32. The following statements refer to the state of muscles in the gut. 1. Contracted in front of food 2. Relaxed in front of food 3. Contracted behind food 4. Relaxed behind food

Which statements describe peristalsis? A - 2 and 3 B - 1 and 3 C - 1 and 4 D - 2 and 4

Q33. Which of the following pairs of human cells have the same number of chromosomes? A - Liver cell and sperm cell B - Kidney cell and sperm cell C - Kidney cell and liver cell D - Liver cell and egg cell

Q34. Which of the following describes meristems A - Sites of production of specialised cells in plants B - Sites of production of non-specialised cells in plants

C - Sites of production of specialised cells in animals D - Sites of production of non-specialised cells in animals

Q35.Meristems are important for growth and repair in which organisms A - Animals, plants, bacteria and fungi B - Animals and plants C - Plants only D - Animals only

1. Q36. Which of the following statements about neurons is incorrect? A - Sensory neuron pass information from receptor to CNS B - Motor neurons receive information from receptor C - Relay neuron passes information from one part of the CNS to another D - Motor neurons pass information to effector

Q37. The diagram below shows an alveolus with part of its capillary.

At which position would blood with the highest concentration of oxygen be found?

Q38. A student has a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a cardiac output of 4 litres per minute. Cardiac output is calculated using the following equation:

Cardiac output = volume of blood per beat x heart rate per minute

What is the volume of blood pumped per beat? A - 5cm3

B - 20cm3

C - 50cm3

D - 320cm3

Q39. Which substances are transported by xylem vessels? A - Water and sugar B - Water only C - Sugar and minerals D - Water and minerals

Q40. In humans, the allele for free earlobes (E) is dominant to the allele for fixed earlobes (e). The diagram below shows the inheritance of this characteristic.

Which line in the table identifies correctly the genotypes of persons P and Q?

Genotypes

P Q

A ee EE

B ee Ee

C EE Ee

D Ee Ee

Q41. Differences in the mass of sunflower seeds are due to the interaction of the alleles of several genes. This type of inheritance is called A – Dominant B – Monohybrid

C – Polygenic D - Co-dominant Q42. Which line in the table correctly identifies characteristics of asexual and sexual reproduction?

2.Q43.A group of tissues specialised to perform a particular function is: A - An organism B - A tissue C - An organ D - An organ system

Q44. Carbon dioxide is removed from the body through the lungs. The correct pathway taken by a molecule of carbon dioxide out of the lungs is: A - Alveoli bronchioles bronchi trachea B - Trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli C - Alveoli bronchi bronchioles trachea D - Trachea bronchioles bronchi alveoli

Q45. Which of the following layers of a leaf contain chlorophyll? A - Spongy mesophyll and upper epidermis B - Lower epidermis and palisade mesophyll C - Spongy mesophyll and palisade mesophyll D - None of the above

Section B – Written Response

Q1. Complete the following sentence by underlining the correct option in each

Type of reproduction

Number of parents

Gametes produced

A Asexual 1 No

B Sexual 1 Yes

C Asexual 2 Yes

D Sexual 2 No

bracket. 1 Onion epidermis is a (n) (organ / tissue) which is made up of cells carrying out a (similar / different) function.

Q2.The diagram below represents cells from a region of cell division in a young plant root.

a.) Describe the stage of mitosis shown in cell X 1 ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

b.) Name the structure labelled Y. 1

_________________________________________________ c.) Complete the sentences below by underlining the correct option in each of the choice brackets. 2 The two nuclei in cell Z are genetically (different / identical) to each other, and in each has the (haploid / diploid) number of chromosomes. The two cells that are forming will be (specialised / unspecialised).

Q3. The diagram below shows some structures involved in an example of a rapid reflex action in humans.

a.) Neurons A, B and C form the reflex arc. Name each of these neurons. 2

A - ____________________________________________ B -_____________________________________________ C - _____________________________________________

b.) Identify the stimulus and describe the expected response in this example. 2Stimulus: _____________________________________________Description of Response: _____________________________________________________________________________________

c.) Explain the importance of rapid reflex actions in general. 1

______________________________________________

Q4. Coat colour in Labradors is an inherited characteristic. Black coat colour (B)

is dominant to chocolate coat colour (b).

a.) A homozygous dominant black Labrador was crossed with a Labrador with a

chocolate coloured coat. Complete the diagram below to show the genotypes of each of the parents and the F1 phenotype.

i) Explain what is meant by polygenic inheritance. 1 _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

ii) State the type of variation shown by polygenic inheritance. 1 _______________________________________________________

Q5. The diagram below shows a section through a human heart.

a.) Name structure X and chamber Y shown in the diagram. 2 ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

b.) Decide if each of the following statements about the heart and its associated blood vessels are True or False and tick (ü) the appropriate box. If the statement is False, write the correct word in the Correction box to replace the word underlined in the statement. 6

Statement True False Correction

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart via the vena cava

The heart contains four valves which prevent backflow of blood

Oxygenated blood leaves the heart via the pulmonary vein

Arteries carry blood away from the heart

Capillaries contain valves

Veins allow gas exchange

Q6. The diagram below shows some stages in the development of blood cells and nerve cells.

a.) Describe the feature of stem cells which gives them the potential to develop into many different cell types, such as blood and nerve cells. 1 ________________________________________________________

b.) Give two examples of therapeutic uses for stem cells. 2 _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

c.) Which of the following statements refer to processes involving stem cells?

Growth of new skin 1

Transmission of nerve impulses

Muscle contraction

Repair of broken bones

Production of insulin

d.) Despite their remarkable potential in medicine, the use of stem cell technology remains controversial. Suggest why this is the case. 1 ________________________________________________________

e.) Stem cells may divide by cell division to produce more stem cells. How many stem cells would be produced from one original cell which has undergone 6 divisions? 1

________________________cells

Q7. The diagram below shows a summary of the events that occur during reproduction in a flowering plant.

a.) Name Process Q and Cell R. 1 ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

b.) Complete the following table by inserting a tick (ü) in the correct boxes to show which of the cells in the diagram are haploid and which are diploid. 1

Cell Haploid Diploid

Pollen

Ovule

Cell R

Q8a) The diagram shows a hormone, such as insulin, binding with its target cell

i) Explain why a hormone only works on its target cell. 1 __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________

ii) Hormone messages travel slower than nerve messages. State one other difference between these messages. 1

________________________________________________

b) Diabetes is a condition in which the blood glucose level is not fully controlled by insulin. There are two types of diabetes. The table shows information about both types.

A person with diabetes was treated with daily insulin injections.

i) Using information from the table, state which type of diabetes this person had and why this treatment was required. 1

__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ii) Describe what would happen to this person’s blood glucose level if they had not been treated. 1 ___________________________________________________

iii) Name the organ which is not functioning properly, causing type 1 diabetes. 1 ____________________________________________________

Q9. Decide if each of the following statements about inheritance are True or False and tick (ü) the appropriate box. If the statement is False, write the correct word in the Correction box to replace the word underlined in the statement. 3

Statement True False Correction

A characteristic controlled by many genes is called co-dominant

An individual must inherit two recessive alleles to display the recessive phenotype

True breeding is another way of describing a heterozygous individual

Q10. The diagrams below show some examples of some types of specialised cells from the human body.

The cells are not drawn to the same scale. (µm = micrometre)

Arrange the cells in order of increasing size using the letters. 1

_____________________________________________________________

Q11. The effect of changing the carbon dioxide concentration in inhaled air on a person's breathing was investigated. The table below shows the average

volume of air inhaled each minute at different concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide concentration in inhaled air (%) 0 2 4 6 8

Average volume of air inhaled (litres per minute) 8 12 16 24 60

a.) How many times greater is the average volume of inhaled air per minute when the carbon dioxide concentration is increased from 2% to 8%? 1 ___________________________________________________________b.)Calculate the average volume of carbon dioxide entering the lungs each hour when the carbon dioxide concentration in the air is 4%. 1 ____________________________________________________________c.) Calculate the increase in the average volume of air breathed per minute when the carbon dioxide concentration changes from 0% to 2% and from

6% to 8%. Express these increases as a simple whole number ratio. 1 ________________:__________________

Q12. Tongue rolling is an inherited characteristic. The diagram below shows the pattern of inheritance in one family.

a.) Using R for the dominant form of the gene, state the genotypes of Maureen, Jim and Kevin. 1 _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________

b.) If Rab and Fiona have a child, what are the chances of the child being able to roll its tongue? 1 _______________________________________________________

c.) Which of the original parents can be described as true-breeding'? 1 _______________________________________________________

d.) Name a tongue roller in the F1 generation. 1 _______________________________________________________

e.) Explain why the proportions of offspring phenotypes from genetic crosses are not always exactly as predicted. 1

__________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________

Q13. The three types of neurons involved in the reflex arc for blinking are shown in the diagram below.

a.) Name neurons P and Q. 1 _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

b.) Which labelled structure is the effector in this response? 1 _________________________________________________________

c.) What is the function of a reflex action? 1 _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

Q14. The regulation of glucose in the blood is represented in the diagram below.

a.) The diagram above has two options in each of the four boxes A, B, C and D. Identify the correct option in each box. 2

b.) Identify organs X and Y. 1 _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________

Q15. The diagram below represents the human male and female reproductive organs.

Complete the table below to name the human gametes and their site(s) of production. 2

Gamete NameLetter which represents site of production

Name of site of production

Male gamete

Female gamete

Q16. Candytuft is a plant with white or pink flowers. The two forms of the gene

responsible for the flower are P (pink) and p (white). A plant breeder crossed two flowers heterozygous for flower colour.

a.) What is the expected ratio of pink to white flowers in the offspring? 1 ______: _______

b.) If 60 offspring had been produced, how many white flowered plants would have been expected? 1 _______________________________________________________

c.) The offspring actually consisted of 40 pink flowers and 20 white flowers. What is the simplest whole number ratio of pink to white flowered plants in

the offspring'? 1 __________: ___________

Q17. The diagram below shows an alveolus in the lungs.

Describe two features of the alveolus that allow efficient gas exchange. 2________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q18. The diagram below represents a tissue found in the stem of a plant.

a.) Name the tissue shown and state its function. 2 _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

b.) Name Structure A and Cell B. 2 ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________c.) Name the leaf tissue in which stomata are found. 1 ________________________________________________________

d.)Name the cells which control the opening and closing of the stomata. 1 _________________________________________________________

Q19. Compare veins and arteries, in terms of structure and function. 4 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q20. The flow chart below shows the structures in a reflex arc.A.) Complete the chart by inserting the names of the missing neurons. 1

b.) What is a reflex action? 1 _________________________________________________________

c.) Between neurons there is a tiny gap called a synapse. Describe how messages are transferred across the synapse. 1 _______________________________________________________

Unit 3 Life on Earth

I can…. XProvide a definition of biodiversity and explain how human activities impact it.Provide definitions for the key terms of biomes, community, ecosystem, habitat, population, species and niche.Identify an organism’s niche based on a set of statements.

Explain that abiotic factors are non-living e.g. temperature

Describe the methods of sampling abiotic factors and how to avoid errorsExplain that biotic factors are living e.g. predation

Describe the methods of sampling biotic factors and how to avoid errors. Create and use paired statement and branched keys for identifying organisms.Use the terms producer, consumer, omnivore, carnivore, herbivore, predator and prey correctly.Explain food chains/webs in terms of energy flow between organismsCalculate percentages regarding energy flow.

State that 90% of energy is lost via cellular processes, movement, temperature regulation or waste.Describe the impact an increase/decrease of an organism will have on others in the food web.Provide definitions for intraspecific competition and interspecific competition using examples I have studied.

Use food chains to construct or use pyramids of biomass, numbers and energy.Draw, label and identify the processes involved in the nitrogen cycle.Explain that a mutation is a random change to genetic material.Provide examples of how mutation rates can be increased.

Explain that new alleles arise due to mutation and allow adaptation for species survival to occur.Describe natural selection in terms of species survival due to selection pressures in the environment.Identify isolation barriers as being Geographical, Ecological or Reproductive.Draw, label and describe the speciation (evolution) process over time.

Section A – Multiple Choice QuestionsQ1. The total variety of all living organisms on Earth is described as its

A - Biome B - Biodiversity C - Ecosystem D - Population

Q2. Which term best describes all the organisms living in an area and the non- living factors with which the organisms interact?

A – Habitat B – Ecosystem C – Biome D - Niche

Q3. Which of the following factors are both biotic?

A – Predation and Temperature B – Temperature and pH C – pH and grazing D – Grazing and Predation

Q4. The diagram below shows a pyramid of numbers representing a food chain.

Which of the following food chains could be represented by this pyramid A – Oak Tree > Moth Caterpillar > Blue Tit > Feather Mite (a parasite) B – Oak Tree > Greenfly > Ladybird > Blue Tit (predator) C – Heather > Moth Caterpillar > Meadow Pipit > Merlin (a predator) D – Heather > Moth Caterpillar > Meadow Pipit > Feather Mite (a parasite)

Q5. Between each level in a food chain, 90% of the energy is lost. In the food chain below, the plant plankton contains 100,000 units of energy gained by photosynthesis. plant plankton > animal plankton > small fish > predatory fish

How many energy units would be found in the predatory fish?

A – 10,000 B – 1,000 C – 100 D – 10

Q6.The diagram below shows part of a food chain in the Arctic tundra.

A population in this food web is all the: A - Plants B - Reindeer C – Animals D - Living organisms

Q7. Which of the following statements about a woodland, describes a community? A – All the Oak trees B – All the Plants C – All the Oak trees and Blackbirds D – All the plants and animals

Q8. The size of a population of snails can be estimated using the following formula. Population = No. collected on Day 1 x No. collected on Day 2 No. of marked individuals on Day 2

A student investigated the population of snails in a garden. He collected 40 snails, marked their shells and released them. Next day, 35 snails were collected and 14 of these were found to be marked. The snail population was estimated to be:

A - 16 B - 100 C - 560 D – 1400

Q9. The Treecreeper is a bird which feeds on small insects on the bark of trees during the day. What is the correct description of the Treecreeper's niche?

A - The place where it lives B - The insects on which it feeds C - The plants and animals in the woodland environment D - Its role within the woodland ecosystem

Q10. Identify the correct description of a biome from the following list. A - A group of organisms capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring B - All the organisms of one species found in a particular area C - The role an organism plays within its community D - The various regions of the planet distinguished by climate, flora and fauna

Q11. Students used a quadrat to estimate the number of buttercups in a field. They threw the quadrat randomly three times in the area. In order to improve the reliability of their results they could have: A - Asked another group of students to check that they had counted correctly B - Thrown the quadrat ten times instead of three

C - Only thrown the quadrat when conditions were at an optimum D - Used a smaller quadrat for each of their samples

Q12. A rabbit feeds on grass, is eaten by foxes and is a habitat for fleas.

The statement above describes the rabbit’s: A - Ecosystem B - Community C - Niche D - Prey

Q13. The diagram below shows the pyramid of energy for a food chain.

There is a lot less energy at level X in the pyramid because: A - There are fewer organisms at this level B - Energy is stored at each level C - Energy is lost at each level D - The organisms are bigger at this level.

Q14. Which line in the table below identifies abiotic and biotic factors?

Abiotic factor Biotic factor A light intensity pH B temperature predation C grazing light intensity D predation grazing

Q15. Which of the following statements about pesticides is incorrect? A - Pesticides are chemicals used to increase plant growth of weeds, insects and fungi

B - Pesticides sprayed on crops accumulate in the body of organisms over time C - DDT is an example of a non-biodegradable pesticide used in the 1940s to kill mosquitoes D - Pesticide toxicity increases as they are passed along the food chain

Q16. The Peppered Moth is found in two distinct forms. One form is dark coloured and the other is light coloured. The moths rest on the trunks of trees. Pale coloured tree-trunks in an area were darkened by pollution. What would happen to the numbers of the two forms of Peppered Moth? A - The numbers of each form would increase B - The dark form would increase and the light form would decrease C - The numbers of each form would decrease D - The light form would increase and the dark form would decrease

Q17. Which of the following is not a feature of pitfall traps? A - Traps should be checked often to avoid animals escaping before being counted B - Traps give an idea of the variety and number of small invertebrates living

on the ground C - Trap should be covered with a piece of wood to protect from weather and predators D - Top of container must be above soil surface

Q18. The regions on Earth which are distinguished by their climate, flora and fauna is described as:

A - Biomes B - Ecosystem C - Habitat D - Population

Q19. Which of the following factors are NOT abiotic?

A – Predation B – pH C - Light Intensity

D – Rainfall

Q20. Between each level in a food chain, 90% of the energy is lost. In the food chain below, the grass contains 500,000 units of energy gained by photosynthesis

Grass > Rabbit > Fox

How many energy units would be found in the rabbit?

A – 500,000 B – 50,000 C – 5,000 D – 500

Q21. Which of the following describes interspecific competition?

A - Individuals of different species requiring different resources B - Individuals of different species requiring similar resources C - Individuals of the same species requiring different resources D - Individuals of the same species requiring similar resources

Q22. Nitrogen is recycled in our environment. Nitrogen is needed to make: A - Fats B - Carbohydrates C - Proteins D – All of the above

Q23. Which of the following allow scientists to detect the levels of pollution in an area?

A – Indicator Species B – Dead Animals C – Bacteria in the Soil D – Pesticides

Q24. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of evolution. Which of the following shows the sequence of events leading to this? A - Natural selection > mutation > use of antibiotic B - Mutation > natural selection > use of antibiotic

C - Mutation > use of antibiotic > natural selection D - Natural selection > use of antibiotic > mutation

Q25.Failure to clean a probe between readings may result in error when using: A – A Light meter B – A Soil meter C – A Thermometer D - All of the above

Q26. The table below compares the rate of extinction of mammal species over two different time periods.

Time period (years) Rate of extinction per 100 years

1500-1900 4.5

1900-2000 90

The ratio of extinction rates between 1900-2000 compared to 1500-1900 is: A - 1:20 B - 1:2 C - 2:1 D - 20:1

Q27. Which of the following statements about keys is incorrect? A - Keys are used to identify a species B - Keys are based on the behavioural characteristics of the species C - Keys may be branching keys or paired-statement keys D - None of the above

Q28. Which of the following describes a mutation? A - An inherited characteristic that makes an organism well suited to its

environment B - A section of DNA which codes for a particular protein C - A random change to genetic material D - The different forms of a gene

Q29. Which of the following does not occur when fertilisers leach into fresh water?

A - Algal blooms are increased B - Light levels are reduced C - Dead plants become a source of food for bacteria D - Biodiversity is increased

Q30. Which of the following is an alternative to the use of pesticides? A - Use of fertilisers B - GM crops C - Biological control D - All of the above

Section B – Written Response Q1. During a woodland survey, a group of students measured some abiotic factors. Readings they took included the temperature of the soil and the air. (a) Name one abiotic factor, other than temperature, which they could have measured in the woodland and describe the method of measuring this factor. Abiotic factor: _____________________________________ 1

Method: ________________________________________ 1

(b) (i) During the survey, the students sampled the leaf litter in the woodland using pitfall traps. However, when they checked the pitfall traps four days after setting them up, the students discovered that they were all empty. Describe an error the students might have made which would explain why there were no invertebrates in the traps. __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 1

(ii) The error was corrected and the students set out the pitfall traps once again. The table below shows the types of invertebrates and numbers found. Use the information in the table to

Invertebrates Number FoundWoodlice 35Beetles 20

Slugs 0Snails 15

Spiders 30

complete the pie chart below:

Q2.a. The following diagram shows a food web from part of the North Sea:

Use the food web to answer the following questions:

i.) Name the producer: _________________________________________ 1

ii.) Give a complete food chain consisting of three organisms from this food web: 1___________________> ____________________> ________________

iii.) Name two animals from the food web which are competing for the same food: 1________________________ & ____________________

b.) What term is used to describe all organisms that are not producers? 1 _______________________________________________

c.) The Herring from the North Sea is an example of a population. What is meant by ‘population’? 1

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

Q3. The diagram below shows part of an Antarctic food web:

a.) Explain why a decrease in sperm whale numbers may need to an increase in seal numbers. 1 ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

b.) Decide if each of the following statements is True or False, and tick the appropriate box. If the statement is false, then write the correct word in ther correction box to replace the word(s) underlined in the statement. 3

Statement True False CorrectionIn this food web, Krill are herbivores.The population of sperm whales has the highest biomass.The range of species in a population is called biodiversity.

c.) What happens to energy that is not passed on at each stage in a food chain? 1 ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

Q4. DDT can be sprayed onto crops to kill insects. Like fertilisers, it can be washed off the crops by rainwater and flow into rivers where it accumulates in food chains. A typical freshwater food chain and the concentration of DDT in each organism is shown below:

Food chain: algae > stickleback > trout > osprey DDT conc: 0·001 > 2·0 > 5·0 > 20·0

(a) Calculate the percentage increase in DDT concentration between the trout and osprey. (Space for Working) 1

__________________________________

(b) Describe the sequence of that lead to a reduction in biodiversity when fertiliser leaches into a loch. 3 ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

Q5. A river was sampled at five sites as shown in the diagram below.

The following tables show the results of analysing the samples at each site.

(a) (i) Using data from Table 1, describe the relationship between the number of bacteria and the oxygen level in the water. 1 ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

(ii) Methylene blue is a chemical which can be used to compare oxygen levels in the water. The lower the oxygen level, the faster methylene blue changes from blue to colourless. A sample of water from each of the five sites was tested. Predict which sample would lose its blue colour fastest. 1

Sample from site number: _______________________________________

b) Use data from Tables 1 and 2 to answer the following questions. (i) State which of the organisms in the samples would be found in areas of high oxygen content. 1 ___________________________________________________________

(ii) Sewage in the river is a form of water pollution. Describe the effect this pollution has on the number of different types of organisms in this river. 1 ______________________________________________________________Q6. The Cichlid fish below are all found in Lake Malawi in Africa.

(i) Using the information shown, identify the feature which enables the fish to have different diets. 1 _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

(ii) Predict two species of Cichlid which would be in competition with each other if there was a shortage of fish eggs. Give a reason for your answer. 1

Species ____ and ____ Reason: _____________________________________________________

(b) State the term which describes the role that an organism, such as the Cichlid, plays within its community. 1 ____________________________________________________________ Q7. The diagram below shows a typical Scottish woodland food web:

(a) Using information from the food web, describe how owls are dependent on plants. 1 ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

(b) From the food web, select the food chain consisting of FOUR organisms: 1

______________> ______________> ______________> _____________

(c) An outbreak of disease, killed all the Voles. Predict how this will affect the population of: i.) Toads 1 ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ii.) Insects’ 1 ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

Q8. The diagram below shows stages of the nitrogen cycle.

a.) Complete the table by giving a number from the diagram to match each of

the named stages. 2

b.) Name chemical X 1 _______________________________________________________c.) Name the type of organism responsible for stage 3. 1 ________________________________________________________

Q9. A comparison was made between types of invertebrate animals living on the branches and leaves on an oak tree with those living on a beech tree. Samples were collected as shown below.

Stage NumberAbsorption

DeathNitrification

Decomposition

a.i) Give two variables which should be kept constant to make the comparison valid when using this technique. 1 1.______________________________________________________ 2.______________________________________________________ii.) The samples collected were not representative of all the invertebrates living

on trees. Suggest a reason for this. 1 ___________________________________________________________iii.) Measurements of abiotic factors such as light intensity may be recorded at the same time as sampling. Identify a possible source of error for a named measurement technique and explain how it might be minimised. 1 Measurement Technique: _______________________________________ Source of Error: _______________________________________________ How to minimise it: ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

b.) An investigation was carried out into the effect of light intensity on the distribution of a plant species. At eight different measurement points in a garden, the average light intensity was measured and the percentage ground

cover of the plant was recorded. The results are shown below.

i.) What is the light intensity in the garden where ground cover of the plant was 100%? 1 _________________ lux What was the percentage ground cover of the plant when the light intensity was 750 lux? 1 ________________ %ii.) What is the relationship between light intensity and percentage ground cover of the plant? 1 ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________c.) Explain how light intensity affects the distribution of the plants in the garden. 1 _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

Q10. The following diagram shows the stages in the formation of a new species.

a.) Using the information in the diagram, describe how new species are formed. 4 ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

b.) Define the term mutation and give two examples of environmental factors which can increase the rate of mutation. 2 ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

c.) Define the term species. 1 ___________________________________________________________

d.) Give two examples of isolation barriers. 2 __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ e.) In any population, variation exists. Explain why variation is important for the survival of a population. 1

____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________