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Open & Distance
Education
History, Status and Conceptual analyses
PRESENTED BY
M.KARPAGARATHINAM
M.ED SPL.ED
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Terminologies:
Correspondence education
Home study
Independent study
External studies
Continuing education
Distance teaching Self instruction
Open learningFlexible learning
Distributed learning
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History of ODL
Boston Gazette, March 20, 1728:Advertisement for Short hand course
Popularly known, 1840: Sir IsaacPitman's Short hand course
First distance teaching university,University of South Africa in 15 Feb1946:
First Open University, 1969: UKOU
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Status
Over 90 Open Universities around theWorld
15 in India alone First Open University in India started
in 1982; and the National OpenUniversity of India was established in
1985.
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Open Learning
medium or media, whether print, on-line, television orvideo; place of study, whether at home, in the workplace or
on campus;
pace of study, whether closely paced or unstructured;
support mechanisms, whether tutors on demand, audioconferences or computer-assisted learning; and
entry and exit points.
The educational philosophy of open learning emphasizes
giving learners choices about
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Distance Learning
separation of teacher and learner in time or place, or
in both time and place;
institutional accreditation; that is, learning is
accredited or certified by some institution or agency.This type of learning is distinct from learning through
your own effort without the official recognition of a
learning institution;
Most definitions of distance learning pay attention to the following
characteristics
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use of mixed-media courseware,
including print, radio and television
broadcasts, video and audio
cassettes, computer-based learningand telecommunications. Courseware
tends to be pre-tested and validatedbefore use;
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two-way communicationallows learners and tutors to
interact as distinguished from the passive recipient of
broadcast signals. Communication can be synchronous orasynchronous;
possibility of face-to-face meetingsfor tutorials,
learnerlearner interaction, library study and laboratory
or practice sessions; and
use of industrialized processes; that is, in large-scaleopen and distance learning operations, labor is divided
and tasks are assigned to various staff who work
together in course development teams.
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Teaching Learning Scenario
Same time Different time
Same place Classroom teaching,
face-to-face tutorials
and seminars,workshops and
residential schools
Learning resource
centres, which
learners visit at theirleisure.
Differentplace
Audio conferences andvideo conferences;
television with one-way video, two-way
audio; radio with
listenerresponsecapability; and
telephone tutorials.
Home study,computer
conferencing,tutorial support by e-
mail and fax
communication.
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The Idea of Open University China's Imperial Examination system in
6thcentury Rabindranath Tagore's idea of home-
based study influenced LeonardElmhirst (Agricultural adviser), whostarted Dartington Hall. Michael Youngwas a pupil there who went on topropose the idea of the UK OpenUniversity and started the NationalExtension College as a pilot
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Open University Movement
Principle of egalitarianism (open to all) Principle of equality of educational
opportunities (barriers of caste, economy,
gender to be removed) Principle of lifelong and ubiquitouslearning
Principle of flexible curricula Principle of learner-orientation Principle of autonomous learning Principle of learning through
communication and interaction
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Generations of Distance
Education
First Generation-Correspondence Model: Only print based
Second Generation-Multi-media Model: Print, Audio, Video, CBL(CAI/CML)
Third Generation-Telelearning Model: Audio Teleconferencing, Video
Teleconferencing, Audiographics, Broadcast Radio/TV
Fourth Generation-Flexible Learning Model: Interactive Multimedia, Internet/WWW,
CMC
Fifth Generation-Interactive Flexible Learning Model: Automated response
systems, Virtual Learning space
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Advantages of ODL
Overcoming physical distance
Solving time and scheduling problems
Expanding the limited number of space available Democratizing education
Bringing quality education to the doorstep of millions
Dealing with cultural, religious and politicalconsiderations
Cost-effective education suitable to developingnations
Provides second chance to those who miss education
Enables lifelong learning
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Limitations?
Attitudinal bias
Believed as second rate
Quality is questioned all the time
Difficult to start takes lot of planning time
Requires trained, committed human resources Any other?
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Why ODL?
Access and reach
Equity and Gender Quality and effectiveness
Relevance and lifelong learning
Globalization and Technology
Cost and Efficiency
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Access and Reach
880 millions illiterate population
By 2015 about 100 million school aged children wouldnot be in school
Only 668 millions enrolment in Primary schools
Education is a basic human right, and how are wegoing to achieve the gigantic task
School enrolment rate have to be increased up to 10% for
many countries to meet the goals of Education for All by 2015
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Equity and Gender
Equity refers to the fairness in distribution of educational
resources
Equity in gender
Equitable access to education for people in rural, hilly,
and remote islands
Female enrolment in all stages of education is less than
50%
64% of the total illiterate population is female; in China female
illiteracy is more than 70%
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Quality and Effectiveness
Not just access, people need access to quality education
Effect of HIV/AIDS on supply of education services: In Zambia
the mortality rate amongst teachers because of HIV/AIDS was
more than the general adult population
World average for teachers is just 16 for 1000 population; in
developing countries it is more less
Technology and student-centred design has a strong
role to play in improving quality
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Relevance and Lifelong Learning
Societal change from labour intensive work to knowledge
intensive work
Need to teach the 7Cs:
Constant change and advancement in technology
Critical thinking
Creativity
Collaboration
Cross-cultural understanding
Communication
Computing
Career development
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Globalization and Technology
Globalization refers to the package of economic reforms
including liberalization, privatization and decentralization
Education as a commodity and trans-boarder flow of
knowledge
Technology is the mover in the age of globalization,
especially the Internet, and its WWW
Increasing digital divide: only 4.8 persons per thousand online
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Cost and Efficiency
Governments are by far the largest funding bodies in
education
In spite of commitment, Governments are not in a position to
invest more as there are other important areas like health,
environment, etc.
The public expenditure in education varies between 2-6% of
GNP in many countries; world average is just 4.8% of GNP
Private participation required to increase efficiency;
Governments can focus more on primary education
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ODL: Issues and Challenges
Mandate vs performance Quality of teaching and learning Dropouts and cost-effectiveness
Faculty workload Research on ODL teaching and learning
practices Flexibility vs professional demands Incorporating technology mediated
synchronous learning Virtualization and emergence of Cyber
universities
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Concept, Historical
Perspectives & Scope
Of Non-formal Education
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Introduction Education
Education is a process of learning positivehabits , knowledge , skill etc , under the
guidance of teacher.
Formal
Non formal education
Informal
Non formal education is a kind (medium of
instruction)of education, in which a student
studies by correspondence ,sitting at home or
out of school .
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Definition
This term covers education & training in whichtutor & learner are not in the same place.
Correspondence courses are the most vivid
example & it is possible to obtain a very wide
range of skills & qualification in this way.
( ILMI education dictionary )
According to Dodd's (1978)
this method/system provides education/courses
by correspondence, broadcasting and occasional
face-to-face learning.
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Concept
Education that happens outside ofthe context of a formally
structured educational institution
and that may address the teachingof knowledge or skills other than
those typically concentrated in
educational institution.thiseducation helps a lot in achieving
the goals of formal education
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Concept (cont.)
Non-formal education takes intoaccount the out-of-school
education for adult through oral
written & audio-visual methods ofimparting knowledge, skill/value
and activity like literacy, vocational
training, civic, economic andcultural education for overall
development of the individual and
community.
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Terminology Non-formal
Indigenous education Open learning
Correspondence education
Distance education Community education
Out-of-school
Adult education
Life long education
Continuing education
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Scope /Need
Rural population.
Women ,both rural and urban.
School drop out and out of school
youth.
Unemployed, under-employed,
under privileged youth and adults
to upgrade their existing
qualifications,
The handicapped.
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In the eye of history
Early era Non-formal education has a long history over
a 100 years . How ever in its non-organized
form non-formal education has been tracedback to the beginning of written records .
During Biblicalperiod epistles of Plato were
used for the instruction of early Christiancongregations.
(Erdos1967,sewart 1981 ,holmberg1986)
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Early 19thCentury
Open universities & institutes
opened in Sweden ,West
Germany, U.S.A &U.K where
correspondence courses were
offered. The university of London
was first to award degree in non
formal education.
1833 non-formal education
started in Sweden.
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Mid 19thCentury 1850 In England Isaac Pitman started shorthand
on post cards . 1856 Germany, Frenchman Charles Toussaint &
German Gustay Langenscheidt started teaching
language in Berlin. 1870 Hans Hermod opened a school in Malmo.
1880 Isaac Pitman College.
1894 Joseph.W.knipe published Theschoolmaster.
1873-1897 In U.S.A Anna Eliot Tichnor founded
& run Boston Society.
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20thCentury
1910 W.A.Grundy programmed course of healthtraining in Australia.
1920 Soviet union used non-formal education
to expend there educated manpower.
1929 non-formal education became a significant
component of soviet education system as a
solution to shortage of teachers & institutions .
Even today Russian students do part of their
degree at a distance & part full-time.
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Radio Era
Child education 1925 radio introduced in school education.
1939 10,000 schools had radio in Britain.
Adult education 1930 several thousand listening groups were
formed in Britain.
1937 radio came in for adult education in NewZealand.
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3rdComponent 1960S Linkage of 3rd component
,face-to-face tuition with
Broadcasting and correspondence.
Off campuses studies started fromfirst world war.
1940-1950 In Asia and Latin
America. 1960 non-formal education as a
solution for educational problems.
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In Pakistan
Non formal education started in subcontinentin 1920`s.
The first open university founded in 1974
named as People open university in Islamabadnow known as Allama Iqbal Open University.
The second open university is Virtual
University which founded in 2002. Many Madaras are playing important role in
providing NFE in Pakistan.
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Conclusion
To conclude we may state that non-formal education has a history of one
hundred years . Non-formal education is
based on traditional education .Non-formal education is expending day by
day, it is cost effective and now a need
of under developing countries. It is a
solution of third world countries low
literacy rate.
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