BLACK PEOPLE’S EVALUATIONS OF COMPUNCTION EMOTIONS Caroline Kamau, University of Kent, UK Roger Giner-Sorolla, University of Kent, UK Emanuele Castano,

BLACK PEOPLE’S EVALUATIONS OF COMPUNCTION EMOTIONS

Caroline Kamau,University of Kent, UK

Roger Giner-Sorolla,University of Kent,

UK

Emanuele Castano,

New School for Social Research,

NYC, USFunded by UK ESRC research grant 00-22-1311

o Guilt and shame (compunction emotions) are often studied as dominant group members’ responses to injustice

o How might a historically oppressed group respond to a dominant group’s expression of guilt vs. shame? We examined black people’s responses to these emotions in Britain.

o Might responses to compunction emotions differ in historical and in present-day scenarios?

o What are the roles of group factors such as:

- System Justification (Jost & Banaji, 1994; Jost & Major, 2001; Branscombe & Miron, 2004)

- Black identity constructs (e.g. Social Identity Theory, Tajfel & Turner, 1979)

Overview

Aims

o To examine black people’s evaluations of guilt, shame, compassion and no emotion, in an instance which involves present-day intergroup wrong-doing: disproportionate stop-searching of blacks by the police.

o To test a hypothesis based on Giner-Sorolla et al’s (2005) findings that guilt + reparations coming from an outgroup increased insult and decreased satisfaction among wronged group members.

o To explore the moderating role of blame assigned to the outgroup; for instance, feelings of being insulted by guilt may be more likely amongst low system justifiers (high system blamers)

Experiment 1 aims

Methodo Participants: 100 black participants obtained

from naturalistic settings and public places in London and Kent; mean age was 32.57 years (range 18 to 66). There were 44 males and 50 females

o Design: A naturalistic experiment of mixed design. The between-subjects variable was emotion (guilt vs. shame vs. compassion vs. control) and the within-subjects variable was apology (apology with action and apology with no action).

The variable ‘system blame’ (high/low) was created such that: high system blamers = {above-median average system blame plus choice of system entity as the blamed person)}; low system blamers = {below median average system blame plus choice of non-system entity as the blamed person}

Repeated-measures dependent variables included satisfaction (with action, no action) and insult (with action, no action)

Experiment 1Method

Measures of blame

Definition of stop-searches

A stop-search is a situation whereby a police officer approaches a particular member of the public in order to check whether they are carrying illegal items or to find out who they are and/ or what they are doing in an area. The Metropolitan Police often stop-searches black people more frequently than it stop-searches white people. Black people are 5 times more likely to be stop-searched than white people. In your opinion (on a scale of 1 to 5), to what extent are the following entities responsible for this increased stop-search rate? Not at all

responsible A little

responsible Somewhat

responsible Very

responsible Totally

responsible

Individual police officers (circle one number) 1 2 3 4 5

The police supervisors (circle one number) 1 2 3 4 5

The British government (circle one number) 1 2 3 4 5

White people in Britain (circle one number) 1 2 3 4 5

Black people in Britain (circle one number) 1 2 3 4 5

What do you think is the main reason for the levels at which black people are stop-searched? (tick one)

...Racism …Police unfairness against the public …Black people being at fault …None of these How important is the issue of black people being stop-searched at disproportionate levels? (circle one number)

1 2 3 4 5 (not at all important) (a little important) (moderately important) (considerably important) (very important)

Have you ever been stop-searched? Yes / No If yes, how many times? ……….. times Have you ever filed a complaint about being stop-searched? Yes / No If YES, were you satisfied with the response that you received? Yes / No In general, how often have you dealt with or been in contact with the Metropolitan police? (circle one number)

1 2 3 4 5 (very rarely) (rarely) (from time to time) (often) (very often)

Have your experiences with the Metropolitan police been positive or negative? (circle one number) 1 2 3 4 5

(very negative) (negative) (neutral) (positive) (very positive)

Who do you think is the person that is most responsible for the levels at which black people are stop-searched? (tick one)

Each individual police officer involved…. The Metropolitan police chief….

The government official in charge of the police…. Other…. (please specify)…………………………….

Experiment 1materials

i) If this person that you hold most responsible feels very guilty and feels that he/ she has made a terrible mistake, how emotionally affected does this person seem on a scale of 1 to 5? (tick one number)

1 2 3 4 5 (not at all affected) (a little affected) (moderately affected) (considerably affected) (very affected)

Please turn over Imagine that the person who you hold most responsible for the levels at which black people are stop-searched feels very guilty and feels that he/ she has made a terrible mistake.

ii) If he/ she feels very guilty and feels that he/ she has made a terrible mistake: a) How satisfied would you be if he/ she decides not to interfere and wait until the problem is forgotten?

1 2 3 4 5 (not at all satisfied) (a little satisfied) (moderately satisfied) (considerably satisfied) (very satisfied)

b) How surprised would you be by his/her response? 1 2 3 4 5

(not at all surprised) (a little surprised) (moderately surprised) (considerably surprised) (very surprised)

c) How would his/her response affect the problem of black people being stop-searched at disproportionate levels? It would decrease the problem… It would neither increase nor decrease the problem… It would increase the problem…

d) How insulting would his/ her response be to the black community? 1 2 3 4 5

(not at all insulting) (a little insulting) (moderately insulting) (considerably insulting) (very insulting)

iii) If the person that you hold most responsible feels very guilty and feels that he/ she has made a terrible mistake: a) How satisfied would you be if he/ she decides to apologise and provide all possible help to the people affected?

1 2 3 4 5 (not at all satisfied) (a little satisfied) (moderately satisfied) (considerably satisfied) (very satisfied)

b) How surprised would you be by his/her response? 1 2 3 4 5

(not at all surprised) (a little surprised) (moderately surprised) (considerably surprised) (very surprised)

c) How would his/her response affect the problem of black people being stop-searched at disproportionate levels? It would decrease the problem… It would neither increase nor decrease the problem… It would increase the problem…

d) How insulting would his/ her response be to the black community? 1 2 3 4 5

(not at all insulting) (a little insulting) (moderately insulting) (considerably insulting) (very insulting)

No action condition

Action condition

Wording varied for shame, compassion and control conditions


Results

o Repeated measures ANOVA with Emotion as the between subjects factor and Action (Satisfaction) as the repeated factor was not significant (F= 0.178, p=0.911), nor was a similar ANOVA with Action (Insult) as the repeated factor (F=0.183, p=.908).

o Paired sampled t-tests show that there was significantly less satisfaction and more insult in the no action condition than in the action condition [overall: action (satisfaction) t= 6.99, p=0.001; action (insult) t = 4.14, p=0.001]

Experiment 1results

Table 1: Experiment 1 DV Means by Condition

Action No Action

Emotion

Em

otio

nal

affe

ct

satisfaction insult satisfaction insult

guilt Mean 2.75 3.6 2.52 2.20 3.37

shame Mean 2.52 3.4 2.88 2.04 3.48

compassion Mean 1.96 3.44 2.95 2.17 3.62

control Mean 2.65 3.28 3.24 1.75 4.12

Experiment 1 results

controlcompassionshameguilt

EMOTION

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

Est

imat

ed M

argi

nal M

eans

-IN

SU

LT

high systemblamers

low systemblamers

SYSTEM BLAME

Action Condition

controlcompassionshameguilt

EMOTION

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

Estim

ated

Mar

gina

l Mea

ns -

INSU

LT

high systemblamers

low systemblamers

SYSTEM BLAME

No Action condition

o Repeated measures ANOVA with Emotion x System Blame as between subjects factors and action (insult) as the repeated factor : F=, 2.442, p=0.07

Figure 1a and 1b: Interaction effects of Emotion and System Blame on Action

(Insult)

Aims

o Since experiment 1 found no significant effect of compassion on insult and other DVs, this experiment focussed on guilt and shame.

o Whereas experiment 1 manipulated the effects of action/no action using a repeated-measures design, this experiment used a between-participants design.

o The articulation of emotions in this experiment was improved, basing guilt/shame statements on the TOSCA (Test of Self Conscious Affect; Tangney et al, 1989).

o As well as measuring blame, system justification was directly measured in this experiment

o Measures of black identity constructs were also improved.

Experiment 2

Method

o Participants: 80 participants took part, obtained from naturalistic settings in London and Kent. Their mean age was 29.78 years (with a range of 17 to 52 years). There were 30 males and 46 females.

o Design: a naturalistic experiment of between-participants design. There were two manipulated independent variables: emotion (guilt vs. shame) and action (reparations vs. no reparations).

Dependent variables included satisfaction, insult, sincerity, etc (see next slide). After data was collected, independent variables were created from system justification, black identity and blame.

Experiment 2method

Black people are 5 times more likely to be stop-searched by the police than white people. How much would you blame each of the following entities for this? HOW MUCH TO BLAME? Circle an answer for EACH Individual police officers involved 0% to blame 25% to blame 50% to blame 75% to blame 100% to blame

Police supervisors in charge 0% to blame 25% to blame 50% to blame 75% to blame 100% to blame

The British government 0% to blame 25% to blame 50% to blame 75% to blame 100% to blame

The black people stop-searched 0% to blame 25% to blame 50% to blame 75% to blame 100% to blame

Black people in general in Britain 0% to blame 25% to blame 50% to blame 75% to blame 100% to blame

Look at your answers above. Among the following, who do you blame the MOST? (Circle ONE only)

...The individual police officer involved

…The police supervisor in charge

…The British government official in charge

…The black person stop-searched

KEEP YOUR ANSWER TO THE ABOVE QUESTION IN MIND.

Imagine that the person that you blame the most makes the following statement; he/ she says: “I feel very guilty about the disproportionate stop-searching of black people. I realise that my actions have contributed to the problem. I feel strong regret for my mistakes. I should have realised that I was wrong. I will make amends and offer compensation to those affected.” How emotional is he/ she feeling?

Not at all A little Somewhat A lot Very

How satisfied would you be?


How pleased would you be?


How insulted would you be?


How offended would you be?


How emotional is he/ she feeling?


Does this change his/her social status and power?

It decreases it a lot

It decreases it a little

It doesn’t change it

It increases it a little

It increases it a lot

How sincere is he/ she?


How much would you forgive him/ her?


Does this change the distance between him/ her and the black group?

It decreases it a lot

It decreases it a little

It doesn’t change it

It increases it a little

It increases it a lot

Is this statement more about the kind of person he/ she is, or the things he/ she has done?

Definitely about the person

Somewhat about the person

Equally about the person &

what he/ she did

Somewhat about things he/ she did

Definitely about things he/ she did

Measures of blame

Emotion wording varied by condition. Last sentence absent in no-action conditions

Dependent Variables



How true are EACH of the following statements? Note:- your responses to the 7 questions don’t need to total 100.

Consider each of these individually HOW TRUE IS each? In general, the police’s policies on race matters are fair. How true is this?

0% true 25% true 50% true 75% true 100% true

In general, the police deal with black people as they should. How true is this?


The police’s policies on race need to be radically restructured. How true is this?


The police in Britain are the best police in the world. How true is this?


The police’s policies on race serve for the greater good of everyone. How true is this?


Everyone has a fair chance when they deal with the police in Britain. How true is this?


The police’s treatment of black people is getting worse. How true is this?


The police usually deal with people as they deserve to be dealt with. How true is this?


Measure of System Justification

Please choose the picture below that best describes your relationship with the black group. Choose ONE picture from the following 7 pictures. How many of your friends are not black? (tick ONE only)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Imagine your life is a cake. How much of your time, effort and motivation do you allocate to the black group? choose ONE picture only

ME THE BLACK

GROUP ME ME THE BLACK

GROUP THE BLACK

GROUP

IF (a)__ (tick here)

IF (b)__ (tick here)

IF (c)__ (tick here)

ME ME ME

THE BLACK GROUP

THE BLACK GROUP

THE BLACK GROUP ME

THE BLACK GROUP

IF (e)__ (tick here)

IF (f)__ (tick here)

IF (g)__ (tick here)

IF (d)__ (tick here)

ME ME

ME ME

ME The black

group

The black group

The black group

The black group

The black group

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

I would prefer to live in a community with …………% black culture. Fill in the blank with a number between 0 and 100

I spend approximately …….hours every week on black campaigns and/ or black community-volunteering activities.

Belonging to the black group is an important reflection of who I am. How true is this? (circle ONE only) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Measure of Black Identity constructs

Resultso To simplify the 11 DVs, factor analysis was

conducted; 4 factors emerged, named as below.

Experiment 2results

Pattern Matrixa

.713 .122 .096 .133

.026 .931 .013 .067

-.181 .766 .062 -.121

.179 -.027 .778 -.033

-.039 .026 .964 .022

.669 -.013 .272 -.003

-.019 -.018 .129 .304

.819 -.183 -.158 -.131

.337 .528 -.206 -.032

.022 -.061 -.094 .729

rated emotionality

satisfied

pleased

insulted

offended

rated emotionality 2

status change

rated sincerity

forgiveness

rated gp distancechange

EMOTIONALITY RECONCILIATION INSULT CHANGE

Factor

Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factoring. Rotation Method: Promax with Kaiser Normalization.

Rotation converged in 5 iterations.a.

Table 2: Pattern Matrix from Factor Analysis of the 11 DVs

Mean

3.00 2.75 2.92 -.58

2.39 2.32 2.68 -.63

2.96 2.74 3.21 -.88

3.18 2.44 2.82 -.53

Emotion condit ionGuilt w ith reparations

Guilt only

Shame wit h reparat ions

Shame only

F1:Em otionali ty

F2:Reconciliat ion

F3: Ins ult

F4: Change

Table 3: Factor Means (average of highlighted variables) by condition

reparationsoffered

noreparations

reparations or no reparations

3.20

3.00

2.80

2.60

2.40

Est

. mar

gin

al m

ean

s fo

rth

e E

mo

tio

nal

ity

Fac

tor

shame

guilt

guilt orshame

condition

o The interaction between emotion and action has a significant effect on the emotionality factor only (but reparations has no simple effect on it).

Experiment 2 results

Emotion x Action effect on:

Emotionality factor scores; F=4.991, p=0.030Reconciliation factor scores; F=0.470, p=0.496Insult factor scores; F=0.032, p=0.858Change factor scores;F=0.801, p=0.375

Figure 2: Interaction Effect of Emotion x Action on the Emotionality Factor

Emotionality factor scores: F=0.495, p=0.485; Reconciliation factor scores: F= 4.08, p=0.049

Insult factor scores: F=0.088, p=0.769; Change factor scores: F=0.311 ,p=0.580

Experiment 2results

reparationsno reparations

Action

3.20

3.00

2.80

2.60

2.40

2.20

2.00

Est

. Mar

gin

al M

ean

-R

EC

ON

CIL

IAT

ION

shame

guiltEmotion

Not System Blamers

o Is there, as with study 1, an interaction between emotion, action and system blame? The interaction has a significant effect on the Reconciliation factor only.

reparationsno reparations

Action

2.90

2.80

2.70

2.60

2.50

2.40

2.30

2.20

Est

. Mar

gina

l Mea

ns -

RE

CO

NC

ILIA

TIO

N

shame

guiltEmotion

System Blamers

Figure 3a and 3b: Effect of Emotion x Action x System Blame on Reconciliation

o There is an interaction effect on the Insult Factor, of Emotion x System Blame. The interaction is marginally significant

Experiment 2results

shameguilt

guilt or shame condition

3.60

3.40

3.20

3.00

2.80

2.60

2.40

2.20

Est

. Mar

gin

al M

ean

sIn

sult

Fac

tor

systemblamers

non-systemblamers

systemblame

Figure 4: Interaction effect of Emotion x System Blame on Insult

oThis suggests that in the guilt condition there is little difference between system blamers and non-system blamers, in terms of insult, whereas in the shame condition, there is substantially higher insult amongst system blamers, compared to non-system blamers.F = 2.84,

p=0.098

Aimso To explore evaluations of guilt/shame

apologies in a historical scenario (trans-Atlantic slavery) whereby a collective apology is offered (by the EU).

o To test the role of participants’ own ascriptions of collective guilt to Europeans, for trans-Atlantic slavery.

o To test the hypothesis that high black identifiers may be more satisfied with shame, because of intergroup factors. Low identifiers may prefer guilt amongst Europeans, because of system justifying ideologies and more positive attitudes towards the white group.

Experiment 3

Methodo Participants: 60 participants took part, obtained

from naturalistic settings in London and Kent. Their mean age was 28.52 years (with a range of 18 to 56 years). There were 22 males and 37 females.

o Design: The study was a naturalistic experiment of between-participants design. Emotion (guilt vs. shame, both with reparations) was manipulated.

Dependent variables included: perceived emotionality of the statement, satisfaction, insult, calmness, perceived status change following the apology, forgiveness, and others (see next slide)

Some independent variables were created after data was collected, based on responses to perceived stability, and controllability questions.

Participants’ ascriptions of collective guilt to Europeans, their economic system justification, and their black identity, were treated as covariates.

Experiment 3method

Please read the following information very carefully. “The slave trade by Europeans began many centuries before the trans-Atlantic slave trade. The Atlantic slave trade began because of a great demand for labour in plantations owned by Europeans in the Americas. 10 million Africans were forcibly transported by Europeans, across the Atlantic, between the years 1440 and 1880 AD. The trans-Atlantic journey lasted 25-60 days, during which approximately 2 million Africans died as a result of diseases and inhumane conditions in ships. Upon arrival, nearly all slavery involved heavy physical labour in plantations, poor housing, and insufficient medical care. Slaves were also treated brutally and denied most human rights. The crops produced – such as sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rice, indigo, tobacco and cotton – were highly profitable for European slave plantation owners. The slave trade became an integral part of the international trading system, yielding very high profits because of the cheap slave labour. In the late 1700s, European economies began to shift from agriculture to industry. Even so, plantation slavery remained profitable for Europeans, and it was not until the late 1800s that slavery was abolished in Europe and the Americas.” Text derived from the Encarta Encyclopaedia, 2003, article on Atlantic Slavery. Imagine that the European Union makes the following statement on behalf of all European nations, companies, and individuals that participated in trans-Atlantic slavery: “We as a group feel guilty for the things that our ancestors did to black people during slavery. Together as Europeans we feel regret for our harmful actions against black people in that era. We feel regret for the negative things that our European ancestors did to black people during slavery. It is our responsibility as Europeans to repair the damage caused to black people by our ancestors. Without a doubt we feel guilty about the bad outcomes brought onto black people by we Europeans because of slavery. Independent financial analysts have calculated the monetary reparations that are owed by us to the black community for slavery. This figure, at 630 billion pounds, is calculated as: compensation for unpaid labour, hazardous working conditions, social or psychological or physical torture, and for the denial of human rights. We will set up a trust fund with these monies, which will benefit the black community as a whole.” How emotional is this statement? Not at all A little Somewhat A lot Very

How insulted would you feel as a black person? Not at all A little Somewhat A lot Very

How calm would you feel as a black person? Not at all A little Somewhat A lot Very

How sincere is this statement? Not at all A little Somewhat A lot Very

How strong are the negative feelings expressed in this statement? Not at all A little Somewhat A lot Very

Would you forgive Europeans as a result of this statement? Not at all A little Somewhat A lot Totally

Would this statement bring Europeans closer to blacks? Not at all A little Somewhat A lot Totally

Do Europeans need to apologise for slavery? Not at all A little Somewhat A lot Totally

How offended would you feel as a black person? Not at all A little Somewhat A lot Very

How forgiving would you feel towards Europeans? Not at all A little Somewhat A lot Very

How satisfactory is this statement? Not at all A little Somewhat A lot Very

How does this statement change the social status and/or power of Europeans, relative to black people?

Decreases it a lot

Decreases it a little

Doesn’t change it

Increases it a little

Increases it a lot

Overview of trans-Atlantic slavery

Hypothetical apology (wording varied by emotion condition

Dependent Variables

Experiment 3

materials

Now consider each of the statements below and decide how true each statement is. How true is each statement?

If Europeans harm black people then all Europeans should feel guilty


I do not hold all Europeans responsible for the actions of Europeans against black people


I hold all Europeans responsible for the harmful things that Europeans have done against black people


Europeans as a group should not be held responsible for the actions of Europeans against black people


I think that all Europeans are accountable for what other Europeans do against black people


Europeans have benefited at the expense of black people for generations 0% true 25% true 50% true 75% true 100% true I feel upset that black people have been used to benefit Europeans throughout history


I do not feel entitled to compensation for past wrongs that Europeans have done to black people


Europeans that have benefited at the expense of black people do not owe reparations to black people now


I am distressed that black people suffer today because of the wrongs of Europeans’ former generations


What do you think was the main social cause of slavery amongst Europeans? ? A temporary lapse in European social values and practises ? A permanent problem with European social values and practises

When Europeans participated in slavery, were they in control of their actions? ? Not at all ? Somewhat ? Completely

How true is EACH statement below? Note: your responses to the 7 questions don’t need to total 100.

Consider each statement individually HOW TRUE IS each? There is economic fairness for all races in Europe 0% true 25% true 50% true 75% true 100% true

The distribution of wealth, amongst all races in Europe, is as it should be 0% true 25% true 50% true 75% true 100% true

Society in Europe needs to be radically restructured 0% true 25% true 50% true 75% true 100% true

Europe as a society is the best society to live in, in terms of racial equality 0% true 25% true 50% true 75% true 100% true

Policies in Europe serve for the greater good of all, no matter what their race is 0% true 25% true 50% true 75% true 100% true Everyone in Europe has a fair chance at wealth, no matter what their race is 0% true 25% true 50% true 75% true 100% true

European society is getting worse every year, in terms of racial inequalities 0% true 25% true 50% true 75% true 100% true

European society is set up such that people of all races get what they deserve 0% true 25% true 50% true 75% true 100% true

I would prefer to live in a community with …………% black culture. Fill in the blank with a number between 0 and 100.

Measure of ascribed collective guilt

Measure of economic system justification

Items measuring Perceived Stability of cause & Perceived control of actions

Continued with measures of black identity (as in exp. 1-2

Experiment 3

materials

Pattern Matr ixa

-. 01 7 -. 00 3 -. 14 4 .7 95

.1 42 .8 18 .2 16 -. 28 8

-. 01 3 -. 29 7 .0 04 .0 73

.0 15 .0 08 .6 51 .3 53

-. 11 9 .0 14 .4 29 -. 18 7

.8 50 -. 05 7 .0 33 -. 21 1

.7 14 -. 03 2 .1 16 .0 42

-. 06 2 .1 25 .1 00 .0 28

-. 16 1 .8 08 -. 16 2 .2 68

.9 94 .0 49 -. 40 1 .1 52

.4 00 -. 00 8 .4 67 .1 65

-. 04 5 .0 04 .4 24 -. 05 7

rate d em ot ionality

insult

calm nes s

rate d s incerit y

negat iv ity of s tat em ent

f orgiv en ess

c losenes s

need f or apology

of f e nce

f orgiv ing

sat is f ied

R ank of status change

R econ c iliat ion Insult Sincerity Em otionality

F ac tor

Ext rac tio n M eth od: Pr incip al Ax is F ac to ring . Ro tat ion Me tho d: Pro ma x wit h Ka iser N orm a liza tion .

R otat ion conv erged in 5 iterat i ons .a.

Resultso Descriptives: Mean collective guilt was 59.78%

(SD=17.96), mean economic system justification was 34.8% (SD=18.7); 27.3% of participants viewed the cause of slavery as temporary and 72.7% viewed it as permanent; 16.1%, 14.3%, and 69.6% of participants (respectively) viewed Europeans as having no control, some control and total control.

o To simplify data from the 12 DVs, factor analysis was conducted:

Experiment 3results

Table 4a: Pattern Matrix of DV factors

o System justification is positively correlated with F1-Reconciliation, F3-Sincerity, and F4-Emotionality, suggesting positive responses to emotive apologies are associated with system justification

Experiment 3results

Correlations

1 -.477 -.205 .256 .173 -.577 .362.029 .373 .262 .478 .006 .107

1 .336 -.413 -.093 .217 .018

.136 .063 .705 .346 .937

1 -.053 .104 .498 -.191.819 .673 .021 .408

1 -.109 -.281 .274.657 .217 .229

1 -.070 .031.729 .880

1 -.602.000

1

1 .133 .444 .448 -.437 .129 .579.545 .034 .032 .042 .559 .004

1 -.006 -.310 -.004 .412 -.052

.977 .150 .985 .051 .815

1 .580 -.298 -.217 .708.004 .178 .319 .000

1 -.060 -.290 .546

.789 .179 .0071 .055 -.431

.785 .0251 -.245

.1931

R =

p =R =p =

R =

p =R =p =

R =p =R =p =

R =R =p =

R =p =

R =p =

R =p =R =

p =R =p =R =

Regression Factor Score- Reconciliation

Regression Factor Score- Insult

Regression Factor Score- Sincerity

Regression Factor Score- Emotionality

IOS (inclusion of blackgp. into self)

Mean ascribed collectiveguilt

Mean system justificationRegression Factor Score- Reconciliation

Regression Factor Score- Insult

Regression Factor Score- Sincerity

Regression Factor Score- Emotionality

IOS (inclusion of blackgp. into self)

Mean ascribed collectiveguilt

Mean system justification

Emotion conditionguilt with reparati ons

shame with reparations

RegressionFactor Score -Reconciliation

RegressionFactor Score

- Insult

RegressionFactor Score

- Sincerity

RegressionFactor Score- Emotionality

IOS(inclusionof blackgp. into

self)

Meanascri bed

col lective guil tMean systemjustification

Table 5: Correlations (Comparing the Guilt and Shame conditions)

o Interactions of emotion condition with individual differences on outcomes:

o Emotion x Collective guilt (blame) on reconciliation, F = 4.79, p = .03o Higher blame connected with less

reconciliation in guilt but not shame apology – similar to Experiment 2 finding.

o Emotion x Identification (IOS) on reconciliation, F = 3.56, p = .07o Higher identification connected with less

reconciliation in shame but not guilt apology.

o No effects on insulto No interactions between emotion and SJ; overall

more reconciliation with more SJ

Experiment 3results

o Interaction between emotion and blame/system justification in all three experiments, but difference in affected DV (reconciliation in experiment 3, insult in experiment 1 and 2, as well as reconciliation in experiment 2)

- perhaps reconciliatory rather than insult reactions are more relevant in instances of past (rather than ongoing) wrong-doing perhaps reconciliatory rather than insult reactions are more relevant in instances of collective vs. individual apologizing agents

o Relevance of black identity in experiment 3:

- black-white intergroup processes may be more relevant if the wrong-doing is clearly demarcated in black-white group terms; in experiments 1-2, a number of other categorisations were in play (e.g. police vs. civilian)

o Role of ascribed collective guilt in experiment 3: - conceptually, ascribed collective guilt may be synonymous with

system blame (as in experiment 1-2).

o Differing role of system justification, depending on whether shame or guilt is being expressed in an apology

o Main effect of reparations (or action) in evaluation of accompanying apology in experiments 1-2

Discussion

Documents

BLACK PEOPLE’S EVALUATIONS OF COMPUNCTION EMOTIONS Caroline Kamau, University of Kent, UK Roger Giner-Sorolla, University of Kent, UK Emanuele Castano,