BLACK HOLES IN

THE UNIVERSE

Félix Mirabel

Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives. France

&

Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. Argentina

ASTROPHYSICAL BLACK HOLES

• Short history of the idea of Black Hole (BH)

• First evidences on the existence of black holes

• Discovery of microquasars (mQSQs) and implications

• Impact of black holes on galaxy and cosmic evolution

• Black holes as sources of gravitational waves

THE IDEA OF BLACK HOLE

First proposed by John Michell in 1783 (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society)

IN THE CONTEXT OF CORPUSCULAR THEORY OF LIGHT:

“…suppose the particles of light to be attracted

in the same manner as all other bodies…”

THERE SHOULD EXIST BLACK HOLES:

“…there should exist in nature bodies from which light could not arrive at us…”

CAN BE DETECTED BY THE MOTION OF COMPANION STARS:

“…we might still perhaps from the motions of these revolving bodies infer the

existence of the central objects with some degree of probability…”

SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES

(in the context of Newtonian physics)

BLACK HOLES MAY EXIST:

“…tous ces corps devenus invisibles…”

IN VERY LARGE NUMBERS:

“…Il existe donc dans les espaces celestes, des corps

obscurs aussi considerables, et peut etre

en aussi grand nombre, que les etoiles.”

THE LARGEST OBJECTS IN THE UNIVERSE:

“…ne lesserait en vertu de son attraction, parvenir aucun

de ses rayons jusq’a nous; il est donc possible que

les plus grands corps lumineux de l’univers,

soient par cela meme, invisibles.”

Idea remained silent due to the ondulatory theory of light

RELATIVISTIC GRAVITY

LIGHT IS DEFLECTED AND l MODIFIED NO

MATTER IF IT IS PARTICLES OR WAVES

RELATIVISTIC THEORY OF BLACK HOLES

Einstein Schwarzchild Eddington Chandrasekhar Oppenheimer

Theory of

gravitation:

black holes

should exist

Horizon:

Rs= 2 G M/c

~3 M/ M

km

White dwarfs:

Rwd = RT

Limit of mass

for white dwarfs:

Mwd < 1.4 M

Neutron stars:

M > 1.4 M

R ~ 20 km

Black holes:

M > 3 M

Black holes have mass, angular momentum, charge (?), but no material surface

Représentation artistique

du trou noir

Einstein: « Dieu ne joue pas au dés »

Bohr: « Qui êtes-vous Albert Einstein

pour dire à Dieu ce qu’il doit faire ? »

Duel au sommet: A. Einstein vs N. Bohr

Solvay 1927

SBHs in QUASARS & RADIO-GALAXIES?

SINCE THE 1970´s THE TIME VARIABILITY IN QUASARS & RELATIVISTIC JETS IN

RADIO GALAXIES SUGGESTED THE EXISTENCE OF SUPERMASSIVE BHs

adopted from:

K. Mannheim

(1998)

VLBI: Krichbaum et al. (1999)

SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES

IN NEARBY GALAXIES

Kinematics of the Ha line with HST

MBH ~ 108 M

in M 87

H2O masers with VLBA

MBH ~ 107 M

in NGC 4258

SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE

AT THE GALACTIC CENTRE

•The black hole of ~4 millon solar masses at the Galactic Center

•Infrared monitoring with adaptive optics (Genzel et al., 2008)

•4 x 106 M

confined in a region enclosed by the orbit of the Earth•How could a cluster of massive stars ~107 yrs old exist in such environment ?

MASSIVE GALAXIES HOST

SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES

•HOW ARE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES FORMED ?

•ARE THERE BHs OF INTERMEDIATE MASS (102- 104 M

) ?

STELLAR-MASS BLACK HOLES

DISCOVERED AS X-RAY SOURCES (Giacconi,1962…Nobel Prize in 2002)

IN BINARY STELLAR SYSTEMS:

as predicted by Michell (1783)

M > 3 M

BLACK HOLE

• ~20 BHs dynamically confirmed in

stellar binaries and other 20

additional candidates

• ~ 3 x 108 in the Galaxy

• Assuming ~10 M

this form of mass

is ~4% of total baryonic mass of the

Galaxy

•Outweighs the SMBH at Galactic

Centre by a factor of 103

DISCOVERY OF A “MICROQUASAR” AT THE GALACTIC CENTRE

Mirabel, Rodríguez et al. (1992)

Black Hole

Belanger et al. 2003

Chandra

8 international workshops on mQSOsIR counterpart still not identified

1990 to 1999

GRANAT

CHANDRA

INTEGRAL

1E 1740-258:

a stellar BH

QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY

The scales of length and time are proportional to MBH

Rsh = 2GMBH/c2 ; DT a MBH

Unique system of equations:

The maximum color temperature

of the accretion disk is:

Tcol a (M/ 10M)-1/4

(Shakura & Sunyaev, 1976)

Waited era of space astronomy

For a given accretion rate:

LBol a MBH ; ljet a MBH ;

j a MBH-1 ; B a MBH

-1/2

(Sams, Eckart, Sunyaev, 96; Rees 04)

QUASAR MICROQUASAR Mirabel & Rodríguez: Nature 1998

ARE THERE APPARENT SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN mQSOs AS IN QSOs ?

SUPERLUMINAL EJECTION IN A mQSO

1 arc sec

Mirabel & Rodriguez, 1994

VLA

GRS 1915+105

l3.6 cml3.6 cm

Vapp > C Jets have apparent superluminal motions

•GRS 1915+105 (discovered with GRANAT)

•0.5 M

red giant orbiting a 12 M

BH (Greiner et al.)

Luis F. Rodriguez

POWERFUL DARK JETS FROM BLACK HOLES

Radio (Dubner et al); X-rays: (Brinkmann et al)

SS433/W50

• ATOMIC NUCLEI MOVING AT 0.26c

• MECHANICAL LUMINOSITY > 1039

erg/sec

• NON RADIATIVE JETS = “DARK” JETS

• >50% OF THE ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED

1o = 60 pc1arcsec

VLA l20cm

à neutrons

tcombustion > tchute

HORIZON IS THE BASIC CONCEPT OF BLACK HOLE

GAMMA-RAY BURST = FORMATION OF STELLAR BLACK HOLES

THE MOST ENERGETIC EXPLOSIONS AFTER THE “BIG BANG”

Associated to Hiper-novae (SNe Ic)

Universal time line since the formation of the first stars

or by implosion (Mirabel & Rodrigues, Science)

Stellar collapse & super-relativistic jets

GRB & galaxies @ z>8 (T~500 Myr)

QSO - mQSO - GRB ANALOGYHAVE THE SAME 3 BASIC INGREEDIENTS (Mirabel & RodrÍguez, S&T 2002)

• AN UNIVERSAL MAGNETO-HYDRODINAMIC MECHANISM FOR JETS?

• WHAT IS THE ROLE OF BHs IN GALAXY AND COSMIC EVOLUTION ?

neutron star

no

no

M=(m1 x m2 )^3/5 /(m1 +m 2 )^1/5 =c^3 /G [5/96 π^−8/3 x f^ −11/ 3 f ˙ ] ^3/5 ,

• Luminosity distance of 410 ± 170 Mpc (z~0.09)

• Merger of a 36 M

& 29 M

BHs with a final BH of 62 M

and 3 M

radiated in GWs

• Peak GW energy of 3.6 x 10^56 erg/s with no electromagnetic or neutrino counterpart

• Surprised because of the rapid detection and large masses of the black holes

GRAVITATIONAL WAVES FROM A BINARY BLACK HOLE

Abbott et al. (LIGO & Virgo collaborations (Physical Review Letters, 11 Feb 2016)

FROM MASSIVE STELLAR BINARIES TO BBHs

MASSIVE STELLAR BINARY

>70% found in multiple systems

BH HIGH MASS X-RAY BINARY

BH-HMXB

e.g. Cygnus X-1 in the Milky Way

BINARY BLACK HOLE

BBH GW150914

• Because of the low metallicities and implosion of massive stars, Mirabel+2011

predicted a prolific formation of BH-HMXBs at the dawns of the universe (N&V Nature)

• The black holes that merged producing the source of gravitational waves GW150914

had masses of 30-40 M

, and it is believed that they must have been formed by direct

collapse (Belczynski et al. 2016).

Can observational evidences be obtained for

BH formation by implosion of massive stars?

HOW ARE BLACK HOLE BINARIES FORM ?

CORE COLLAPSE MODELS:

DELEYED VERSUS DIRECT COLLAPSE AS A

FUNCTION OF THE MASS OF THE CORE:

Massive black holes (M>10 M

) should form

without luminous SNe & energetic kicks

(Fryer & Kalogera; Woosley & Heger; Nomoto et al.)

BUT THERE WERE NO OBSERVATIONS

TO TESTS THESE MODELS

USE THE KINEMATICS OF mQSOs TO

TEST THE CORE COLLAPSE MODELS

Mirabel & Irapuan Rodrigues (2001-2009 )

THREE RUNAWAY BLACK HOLES

XTE J1118+480 MBH~7 M M*~0.4 M kpc; Vp=145-210 km/s

GALACTOCENTRIC ORBIT FOR 230 Myrs

Yellow: Sun White: BH binary

• GRO J1655-40: Fossil of a HPN (Israelian et al. Nature 1999)MBH~5-7 M M*~2 M;D=1-3 kpc; Vp=112 km/s (Mirabel et al. 2002)

• V404 Cyg MBH~9 M M*~0.8 M Vp= 39 km/s (Miller-Jones et al. 2015)

Mirabel, Dhawan, Rodrigues et al. (Nature 2001)

GALACTOCENTRIC ORBIT (230 Myrs)

Yellow: Sun White: binary BH

TROUS NOIRS: "ÉTOILES CANNIBALES"

Irapuan Rodrigues

The Angeles Time

TWO BLACK HOLES WITH >10 M

WERE FORMED IN THE DARK

• V 45 M

Mirabel & I. Rodrigues (Science, 2003)

BHs WITH > 10 M

WERE FORMED BY IMPLOSION

• Peculiar motion of GRS 1915+105 of

V = 22 ± 24 km/s with a BH of 12 M

is on the Galactic plane and can be

explained by Galactic diffusion.

• Two LGRBs at z ~ 0.1 with no bright

SNe: M(56Ni) < 10 -3 M

℉

BINARY BLACK HOLES ARE PROLIFIC

SOURCES OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES

SINCE THE DAWNS OF THE UNIVERSE

OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCES

• Black holes with ~10 M

can be formed by implosion

BBHs with components as low as 10 M

can be formed

• 75% of all stars with >15 M

are in binaries and in 1/3 of the

cases merge before collapse (Sana et al. Science 2014)

up to ~50% could end as BHXRBs. Uncertainties:

1) Fraction of HMXBs & 2) Metallicity effects on Binary evolution

• Absence of stellar progenitors with > 18 M

among the 45

progenitors of core collapse supernovae in the local Universe

(Smartt, 2015)