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INTRODUCTION Explosives are dangerous things and need to be handled with all the care they deserve. In this booklet we are trying to explain as brief, and as safe as possible the best ways to handle, transport and use of explosives. OBJECTIVES This booklet is intended to assist the instructor in how to handle the blasting licence class and also help the blasting licence candidate on some of the things he is supposed to know. This booklet should be read in conjunction with the Explosives Act and the Explosives Regulations book. 1. QUALIFICATION i. Any person applying for a blasting licence should be able to write, read and speak English. Every applicant for a blasting licence valid for All Mining Operation shall be required to have worked underground in Zambia for a total of at least 150 shifts as follows a. 60 shifts assisting in primary blasting (primary and secondary development) which shall include being present at all operations from the start to the final lighting up of the charges at the end of the shift, and the charging up and blasting of stopes. b. 40 shifts on secondary blasting, which shall include grizzleys, stope boxes, draw points, ore and waste passes according to the mining methods used at the mine. In between blasts the applicant shall become directly involved with the working of these places. c. 50 shifts on general mining operations at or near production faces. d. Every applicant irrespective of his experience shall attend a course of at least 12 lectures, each lecture being of at least one hour duration, on the regulations pertaining to the transport, storage, and use of explosives and disposal of deteriorated explosives. ii. In case of a newly qualified graduate holding a degree or its equivalent in mining, geology or mining geology, the period in 2a through 2c may be reduced by 50 per cent but in all cases vacation work during the period of the graduate’s studies will not be considered as experience acceptable in this respect. The shifts shall be divided as follows: 30 shifts at primary blasting 20 shifts at secondary blasting 1

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INTRODUCTION Explosives are dangerous things and need to be handled with all the care they deserve. In this booklet we are trying to explain as brief, and as safe as possible the best ways to handle, transport and use of explosives. OBJECTIVES This booklet is intended to assist the instructor in how to handle the blasting licence class and also help the blasting licence candidate on some of the things he is supposed to know. This booklet should be read in conjunction with the Explosives Act and the Explosives Regulations book. 1. QUALIFICATION i. Any person applying for a blasting licence should be able to write, read and speak English. Every applicant for a blasting licence valid for All Mining Operation shall be required to have worked underground in Zambia for a total of at least 150 shifts as follows a. 60 shifts assisting in primary blasting (primary and secondary development) which shall include being present at all operations from the start to the final lighting up of the charges at the end of the shift, and the charging up and blasting of stopes. b. 40 shifts on secondary blasting, which shall include grizzleys, stope boxes, draw points, ore and waste passes according to the mining methods used at the mine. In between blasts the applicant shall become directly involved with the working of these places. c. 50 shifts on general mining operations at or near production faces. d. Every applicant irrespective of his experience shall attend a course of at least 12 lectures, each lecture being of at least one hour duration, on the regulations pertaining to the transport, storage, and use of explosives and disposal of deteriorated explosives.

ii.

In case of a newly qualified graduate holding a degree or its equivalent in mining, geology or mining geology, the period in 2a through 2c may be reduced by 50 per cent but in all cases vacation work during the period of the graduates studies will not be considered as experience acceptable in this respect. The shifts shall be divided as follows: 30 shifts at primary blasting 20 shifts at secondary blasting 25 shifts on general mining operations

iii.

In case of a newly qualified graduate holding a diploma in a mining field, the period in 2a through 2c may be reduced by 30 per cent but in all cases vacation work during the period of the graduates studies will not be considered as experience acceptable in this respect. The shifts shall be divided as follows: 42 shifts at primary blasting 28 shifts at secondary blasting 35 shifts on general mining operations

iv.

In case of a degree or diploma holder who can produce to the Inspector documentary evidence of a suitable mining experience of a continuous period of 1

at least two (2) years gained outside Zambia, the period in 2a through 2c may be reduced by 80 per cent. The shifts shall be divided as follows: 12 shifts at primary blasting 08 shifts at secondary blasting 10 shifts on general mining operations v. Every applicant for a licence restricted to Open Pits shall be required to have worked at least 40 shifts assisting with primary and secondary development and an additional 50 shifts in mining generally at the faces of the workings for which the licence is required. He will also be required to have attended the lectures referred to above but, in the case of a newly qualified mining graduate, the above shifts may be halved. vi. A licence restricted to Shaft Sinking may be issued to an applicant who produces evidence of suitable shaft sinking experience of at least 2 years and has attended a course of lectures.

Qualification for a candidate renewing a blasting licence Valid blasting licence expiring in 2 or 3 months time. Every applicant irrespective of his experience shall attend a course of at least 12 lectures, each lecture being of at least one hour duration, on the regulations pertaining to the transport, storage, and use of explosives and disposal of deteriorated explosives. 2. COMMON WORDS IN BLASTING a. Development. Development is the mining of all excavation necessary for the purpose of stoping Types of development We have three types of development: Capital development (shaft sinking) Primary development (main level development) Secondary development (sub level development) b. Stoping. Stoping is the total extraction of ore after development has been completed, by means of long hole drilling. Types of stoping So far we have: Sub Level Open Stope (S.L.O.S) Sub Level Caving (S.L.C.) Vertical Crater Retreat (V.C.R.) Cut and Fill Room and Pillar Crud c. Explosive. An explosive is a substance which upon initiation releases energy so rapidly with the production of large volume of gases at high temperature and pressure. Types of explosives. 2

We have two types of explosives: 1) Fractured explosives These include all nitro-compounds, emulsion explosives and blasting agents. Nitro-compound means any chemical compound mixed with nitro glycerine. 2) Non-fractured explosives These include all detonators, fuses and initiators. Detonator means any device enclosing a sensitive powder and prepared so as to initiate any detonation. Initiator means any device used in the initiation of a detonator. d. Blasting. Blasting is an act of breaking virgin ground or a rock using explosives. There are two types of blasting, Primary Blasting and Secondary Blasting ` Primary Blasting. Primary Blasting is the act of detonating holes filled with explosives for the purpose of breaking virgin ground at any mine or works. A Blasting Schedule controls primary blasting, while Blasting Schedule is a timetable prepared by the Manager to control Primary Blasting (ER. 831) Things that should be found on the blasting schedule: Names and signatures of the blasters The correct time of blasting Position where blasting will take place Level in and level out Word from and word to The re-entry period Signatures of the Manager and the Ventilation Officer (the Mine Captain and the Shift Boss also sign on the Blasting Schedule) Level in and level out represents the ventilation system in the section and this will involve up cast or downcast. Actually level in tells the blaster the level he is going to use as he starts blasting while level out is telling the blaster the level he should use after initiating on his way out of the mine or section, so his going in and out of the section will determine the ventilation of the section. Word from, word to is simply the communication between the blasters, those that are appearing on the blasting schedule Re-entry period means the time specified or arranged by the Manager during which no person should enter any working place after primary or secondary blasting has taken place. When to suspend primary blasting: When there is an accident in the section When there is poor ventilation When a wrong person tells me to blast When my fellow blaster comes late When my fellow blaster doesnt show up When I run out of time 3

How to suspend primary blasting: Disconnect the slow igniter cord from the master starter Disconnect the master starter from the snapline zero Disconnect snapline zero from the bunch connector Disconnect the bunch connector from the nonel tubes Tie the nonel tubes nicely Put the explosives in the chola bag Barricade the area at not less than 4m from the face Write in the note book that you have not blasted Write a poster saying Danger No Smoking, Charged Up Area, and put it on the platform Take the explosives so that you put them in the magazine on your way out Tell the next man in the blasting sequence why you have not blasted then start going to the station At the station ring the Senior Official and tell him why you have not blasted Secondary Blasting. E.R. 102 This is any blast apart from primary blasting; this may include the blasting of large rocks, hung-ups, sockets, hitches and the re-blasting of misfired holes and any other blasting to make a place safe A Blasting Licence Holder controls secondary blasting. When to suspend secondary blasting: When there is an accident in the section When there is poor ventilation When primary blasting is about to take place When you dont have enough guards When the warning whistle is not working When they are charging on chamber level with cordtex Where to place guards when conducting secondary blasting: In a competent rock Where there is less concussion Not less than 60m from where blasting is taking place Where fumes and dust can not reach Where flying rocks can not reach Where there is adequate ventilation Differences between Primary and Secondary Blasting PRIMARY 1 2 3 4 5 6 Is scheduled Controlled by blasting schedule Done once per shift Re-entry period is longer Needs no guards Needs no whistles SECONDARY Is not scheduled Controlled by the B/L. Holder Done several times during the shift Re-entry period is shorter Needs guards Needs whistles

e. Blasting Licence. A Blasting Licence is a non-transferable Government document, authorising a person to carry out all mining operations, that is use, transport, handle and take care of the subordinate and himself. 4

f. Tamping. Tamping is the covering of explosives. We cover explosives in order to enclose the charge or explosives so as to improve the efficiency of the explosives when detonated. Approved material for tamping (ER. 820) is water, fine sand and clay. No tamping should be done between the cartridges. No person is allowed to remove tamping from any hole except when treating a misfire (ER. 823) g. Detonator. It is a copper or aluminium tube containing gunpowder or flame sensitive powder. Types of detonators We have two types of detonators 1) Non-electric detonators These are the detonators that are non-electric. They cannot be initiated using electricity. 2) Electric detonators These are detonators that can be initiated using electricity We have two types of electric detonators: Copper detonators and aluminium detonators Copper detonators These are mainly used at coalmines, because the copper tube guards the detonator from pre mature detonation, which may occur due to the heat, dangerous gases and coal dust found at the coalmines. Nonel cannot be used on the coalmines because the dust explosion found on the coalmines can initiate nonel. Aluminium detonators These are mainly used at any other operation. h. i. j. k. l. MS stands for Milli Second LP stands for Long Period UNIDET stands for Uniform Delay Detonator UB stands for Unidet Block Pre-charging This is the act of charging holes with explosives but not detonated during the same shift. When pre-charging we are only allowed to use detonating fuse (cordtex) and cartridge. Do not use detonators.

m. Detonating fuse (Cordtex) Consists of a core of Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) enclosed by tape, wrapped with natural and /or synthetic yarns and finally sheathed in plastic. It has a VOD of 6000 7500m/s It is relatively insensitive to detonation by: Friction 5

Shock Electricity discharge It is also unaffected by other forms of electricity

Types of Cordtex 1) Cordtex 22 (red) Its heavy core load is specially intended to serve as a surface linear charge. 2) Cordtex 10 (yellow) Used as a means of firing separate charges simultaneously by detonation from one point. Used when cartridge explosives are deck loaded to limit the loaded density as required when blasting on built-up areas and in controlled blasting techniques such as pre-splitting and trimming. Used as an assurance against misfires by bridging possible obstructions or gaps between cartridges in holes. Used as a means of linking pentolite boosters in holes loaded with anfex. Used as a light charge for splitting monumental stones or demolishing concrete. 3) Premium Cordtex (orange with black thread) The natural yarns have been replaced with strong synthetic yarns thereby increasing its tensile strength. It has been recommended for use in large diameter holes loaded with anfex. 4) Rocktex Used for linking holes on surface when blasting in built-up areas. Its light core load results in reduction in air blast and noise. 3. CHAIN REACTION The process from lighting to the time there is going to be an explosion, is what is called the chain reaction. Once a blasting technique has been decided on, the appropriate explosives and accessories can be selected. The type of explosives used affects both rock breaking operations and breaking results, which in turn impact significantly on mining. Nitro compounds, emulsion explosives and pentolite boosters require a detonator or detonating fuse to provide shock waves of sufficient intensity to initiate them, blasting agents need a primer to initiate them. All these explosives may have different ways of initiating them; they may not go through the whole chain reaction. Ignition Initiation Detonation Propagation Boosting Explosion Ignition Fuse igniter, igniter cord, and exploder Initiation Safety fuse, electric fuse head Detonation All detonators, capped fuse Propagation Cordtex 6

Boosting Pentolite booster Explosion With nitro compounds, emulsion explosives and/or blasting agents IGNITIONFuse Igniter Or Igniter cord Explo der

INITIATION

Safety Fuse

Electric Fuse head

DETONATION

DETONA TOR

PROPAGATION

Cord tex

Cord tex

BOOSTING

Boos ter

Boos ter

EXPLOSION

Nitro Compound Emulsion explosives

Am ba

Nitro Compound Emulsion explosives

Anf ex

When it is necessary to ensure that shots explode in pre-determined sequence, delay timing is used. Delay device can be introduced in the following stages of the chain reaction: Initiation delay: The use of igniter cord with fuses. Detonation delay: The use of capped fuses of different lengths. The use of detonators with delay Propagation delay: The use of detonating relay in the line of detonating fuse. NB. 4. Use the right explosives for the right job. Cutting and folding of explosives is not allowed. E.R. 817

NONEL DETONATOR Nonel means Non Electric. This means that all Nonel detonators cannot be initiated using electricity under what so ever, but can be initiated by using an electric detonator. So far we have three types of Nonel detonators, Nonel LP, Nonel MS and Nonel Unidet

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A Nonel detonator is made up of the following: a. Detonator Shell Made of aluminium in different lengths for different delay times. b. Base Charge This consists of a secondary explosive (Hexogen) that has been pressed directly into the aluminium shell. (Common name used is gunpowder) c. Initiation Element This consists of a steel tube filled with a secondary explosive that is able to produce a flame upon receiving the shock wave. d. Delay Element This consists of an aluminium tube filled with a pyro-technical composition. Different delay times are obtained by using compositions with different deflagration speeds, as well as elements of different length. e. Sealing Plug Made of rubber to prevent water from entering the detonator shell and also to prevent the Nonel tube from wear when inserting the primer in the hole. f. Nonel Tube Made of three layers (3L heavy duty plastic) with the reactive agent placed in the innermost layer. The innermost layer is made for good adhesion for the reactive agent (substance). It has a radial strength to prevent splitting when subjected to stress that arise when the shock wave travels through the tube. The middle layer gives the tube its good tensile strength and acts as a barrier to oil and other chemicals. The outermost layer is made to resist from abrasion. It also saves as a layer to which colouring of the tube is applied. Colour Codes Yellow Tube Red Tube Pink Tube connectors. 5.

-

Tunnel blasting detonators Bench/Stope blasting detonators Surface delays, starters and bunch

STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES Permitted storage places of explosives ER. 502 a. Licensed Magazine b. Authorized Magazine c. Sanctioned Magazine d. Authorized Box e. Storage Box f. Safe loading Bay (when explosives are in transit)

What is a magazine? A magazine is any building or structure licenced, authorized or sanctioned to store explosives. Types of magazines. We have three types of magazines: a. Licensed Magazine b. Authorized Magazine c. Sanctioned Magazine a. LICENCED MAGAZINE ER. 532. Licensed Magazine is any building or structure licenced to store more than 5 cases of 25kg fractured explosives (nitro compounds, emulsion explosives) or blasting agents, or more than 15000 detonators. 8

Construction: ER. 534. Walls should be of burnt bricks or concrete blocks. Should not have windows Should only have ventilation opening on top. Floor should be made of impermeable materials. Floor should not be less than 150mm Should have a ceiling of heat insulating. The interior should be plastered with cement. Should have door or double doors, opening outwards, made of steel but with timber lining on the inside. Should have adequate drainage so as not to allow water to settle around the magazine. Should have no exposed iron or steel on the inside. Should have two separate chambers: Entrance lobby Storage chamber. Entrance Lobby This is the first compartment that is found immediately you enter the magazine. The Entrance Lobby can be separated from the Storage Chamber either by building a wall between them or by just drawing a red line between them. Things found in the Entrance Lobby: Licence Register book Thermometer Date stamp Mining and Explosives regulation books Approved shoes Approved knife Approved broom Lightening reading paper report. Storage Chamber This is where explosives are kept. Nothing else apart from explosives should be kept in the Storage Chamber. Things found in the Storage Chamber: Shelves not less than 150mm from the floor. A red line painted on the wall at the height of 1.83m Things found on a Licence: Name of Owner Description of the Magazine Location Maximum quantity and type of explosives to be stored Official date stamp Signature of the Chief Inspector of Mines. Things found in the Register Book (to be read with ER 516 Current stock Quantity and type of explosives issued and received Date issued and receipts(3a to e))

9

Name, mine number and signature of the person to whom such issues where made to Name, mine number and signature of the person from whom such explosives where received from Name and signature of the key holder (Magazine Attendant). Important things found outside the licenced magazine: A clearance area of not less than 25m Fence wire made of steel of height 2.5m (ER 527) Main gate well guarded by Policemen for 24 hrs. Small box near the main gate where to put all sparking materials, matches and cigarettes. Notice written Danger No Smoking. Explosives Magazine (ER 528) Another notice written No Unauthorized Persons Allowed to Enter the Magazine Earth mounds around the magazine to reduce the impact in case of an explosion. (ER 526) Lightening protection system in case of thunder. (ER. 118) Drainage to sweep away stagnant water. 2 x 9kg fire extinguishers in a box painted red. Door painted red with Danger No Smoking written on it. Approved locks. Manner Of Storing Explosives All explosives stored in any licenced magazine shall be: Stored on shelves required as per Explosives Regulation 535 (a)(b). Stacked up to the height of not more than 1.83m. Clearly stamped with the date received. Stacked in such a manner that the date received and date manufactured are clearly visible. Issued in rotation. Issued only upon the production of a written order, signed by the person authorized by the holder. b. SANCTIONED MAGAZINE ER. 542 Any building or structure sanctioned to store not more than 50 cases of 25kg fractured explosives (nitro-compound, emulsion explosives) or blasting agents, or not more than 20,000 detonators. All fractured explosives or blasting agents stored underground shall be used within 72hrs (3 days) and detonators shall be used within six (6) days. ER. 541. Where to construct a Sanctioned Magazine: Any sanctioned magazine shall be constructed: In a dry competent rock. Not less than 4m from the travelling way or regular working places. In a clean and dry place At a place free from oil At a place where there is adequate ventilation (using compressed air line not less than 25mm inside diameter) Where flying rocks can not reach Where fumes and dust can not reach Where there is less concussion How a Sanctioned Magazine should be made: Steel door painted red with timber lining inside To be provided with an approved locks 10

Concrete floor Drainage Shelves made of timber with nails or screws countersunk. Provided with a 9kg fire extinguishers Barricade not less than 4m from the magazine.

Things found inside the magazine: Licence Register book Wooden shelves with nails counter sank and covered with rubbers Wooden knife Free air with jets size 6.25mm Ventilation window Wooden broom Floor made of concrete Drainage Things found outside the magazine: Red bulb Fire extinguisher of 9kg checked at interval of not more than 90 days Drainage Water trap Bucket of sand Free air pipe (25mm) entering the magazine Warning barricade with poster written Danger No Smoking at a distance of not less than 4m. Door painted red and written Danger No Smoking Explosives Magazine Manner Of Storing Explosives Stored on shelves at not less than 150mm from the floor Stored in such a manner that the marked dates are clearly visible. Issued in rotation. To be removed only from such magazine in quantities as requested c. AUTHORISED MAGAZINE. ER. 539. This is any building or structure authorized to store not more than 5 cases of 25kg fractured explosives (nitro-compounds, emulsion explosives) or blasting agents, or not more than 15,000 detonators. It may be portable or static. Condition: When constructing an authorized magazine, apply in writing to the Chief Inspector of explosives. Should have shelves or timbers on which to put explosives, provided that blasting agents in bags may be stacked with the bottom layer placed directly onto the floor. To be provided with at least two fire extinguishers of an approved type, to be placed outside. To be provided with approved broom All explosives should first be clearly stamped with the date of receipt. All explosives to be stacked in such a manner that the date of receipt and the date of manufacture are clearly visible. Explosives to be issued in rotation, that is, explosives of the same type and size, those stamps with the earliest date of manufacture shall be issued first. d. STORAGE BOXES. ER. 543 11

They are found underground and are made for storing not more than 2 cases of nitro-compounds, emulsion explosives of 25kg each or blasting agents, or not more than 500 detonators. Not more than six boxes shall be allowed in one place and the distance between each box shall not be less than 150mm and not less than 150mm from the floor. To be barricaded at not less than 4m from the boxes with a poster written Danger No Smoking Explosives. Where to place storage boxes The place where storage boxes should be placed: In a clean and dry place. In a place free from any sparking materials In a place with adequate ventilation. Where flying rocks, fumes and dust cannot reach. In a competent rock. At a distance of not less than 60m from any blasting operation. Condition Of Storage Boxes. ER. 543 Should have eight (8) corners. Shall be painted red Shall be rubberised inside. Shall have a lid Shall have an approved lock. Shall have a welded number. Shall be labeled according to the contents Location of the underground storage boxes (ER 544) of not more than six boxes of explosives not less than 150mm apart, shall be grouped together and any box containing detonators shall be positioned not less than 10m away from any other explosives. A register showing the number, class of contents and position of each storage box shall be kept by the holder. e. AUTHORISED BOXES. ER. 540. Any magazine on surface used for storing not more than 2 cases of fractured explosives (nitro-compounds, emulsion explosives) or blasting agents or not more than 500 detonators shall be called an authorized box. Construction of the authorized box shall be applied for in writing to the Chief Inspector of explosives for specifications and plans. Under no circumstances shall any authorized box containing explosives be situated in any building used as dwelling houses. 6. TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVES i. On Surface by road At the time of transporting explosives: The explosives vehicle will be equipped with one approved lock and three keys a. One key will be with the Magazine Master at Nkana b. One key will be with the Magazine Master at Kafironda c. One key will be with the Magazine Master at Dyno-Nobel

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Upon loading the explosives, the Magazine Master at Kafironda/Dyno-Nobel will lock the explosives compartment and fill in the dispatch form When you reach the Licenced Magazine, the Magazine Master at Nkana will check and verify the types and quantity of explosives and sign for them if they are right and reconcile with the waybill from Kafironda or Dyno-Nobel, then load the explosives in the magazines after stamping them. At the time of transporting explosives there should have an escort. Police escort must maintain a distance of not less than 50m behind the approved vehicle. Instructions given to the driver when transporting explosives: ER. 337 (1 and 2) a. Use the shortest and safest approved road ER. 330 b. Do not smoke c. Stop at rail crossing d. Do not carry passengers ER. 333 e. Stop when avoiding an accident ER. 337 (i) f. Stop at traffic signs ER. 337 (ii) g. When driving do not exceed 50km/h ER. 340 (s) h. Stop when changing from high to low gear or from low to high gear i. Stop when lightening or thunder storm flash within 10 seconds Things you should expect to find on the motor vehicle authorization permit: a. Name of owner b. Vehicle description c. Vehicle registration number d. Maximum quantity of explosives e. Date stamp when it was issued f. Signature of the Chief Inspector of Explosives Transporting when it involves sleeping on the way. a. The Police should be informed of the where about of the vehicle carrying explosives b. The vehicle should be equipped with hook up hurricane lamps with red glass to be carried by the escort c. Paraffin should be carried in a separate container in the escorts vehicle d. Before sunset camp off the road, not near any buildings or huts (not less than 500m) e. Clear the site of grass or any other inflammable materials not less than 10m f. Fill lamps with paraffin and place them at a distance of not less than 10m at the front and back and light them g. Place guards at not less than 10m and instruct them not to sleep h. No one will be allowed to make any camp fire i. Other personnel to sleep not less than 140m away j. In the morning continue with you journey. Procedure when the vehicle carrying explosives is involved in an accident ER. 338 a. When the vehicle carrying explosives is involved in an accident: b. The vehicle shall not continue its journey c. Switch off the electric cut off switch d. Switch off the fuel cut off switch e. Examine the explosives and determine the extent of the explosives f. Examine the vehicle and determine the damage whether to continue or not g. Clear the surrounding 13

h. i. j. k. ii. shaft:

Place the triangles in front and at the back Place guards Report such accident to nearest Police Report such accident to nearest Inspector of explosives

In The Shaft On the day of receiving explosives and before they are transported in the Loading Bay a. Must be rubberized b. Must be barricaded not less than 30m c. Must have a poster written Danger No Smoking, Explosives d. Must be clean and dry e. Must be free from any sparking material f. Must be no welding or torch cutting anywhere nearby g. Must be no radio transmission h. The shaft bank should have enough 9kg fire extinguishers Explosive vehicle will be equipped with three locks each lock will have two keys; one of the locks will be for: a. S.O.B. shaft and one key will be with the Magazine master and the Shaft Explosives Clerk will keep the other key at S.O.B. Shaft. b. Central shaft will also have one lock with two keys; one key will be kept with the Magazine Master while the Shaft Explosives Clerk will keep the other key. c. Mindola will also have one lock with two keys; the Magazine Master will keep one key while the Shaft Explosives Clerk will keep the other key. Loading Explosives in powder cars Each powder car will be equipped with a lock having two keys a. One key will remain with the shaft explosives clerk and the other key will be with the Magazine Attendant for each different level that receives explosives. After loading the explosives in the powder cars the Shaft Explosives Clerk will prepare a dispatch form showing the amount of explosives in the car and the type, then he will lock the car. The On-setter with his crew will go down the mine while the Banksman will remain on surface, this will be done before explosives are transported At a. b. c. d. the shaft bank Make sure that a 9kg fire extinguisher is there at the shaft bank Ring 3 bells to the driver (request to enter the cage) The driver will also ring 3 bells (request acknowledged) Enter the cage and make sure that: The cage is clean and dry A No Smoking sign is there 2 short rails are there 2 blocking irons are there 4 blocking chains are there Screen doors are in order

Loading explosives in the cage Ring 5 5 bells to the driver (request to transport explosives) 14

The driver also ring 5 5 bells (request acknowledged) Push the powder car into the cage and block it Ring the station bell where the On-setter is At a. b. c. the station See to it that station is clean and dry No sparking materials, no welding and torch cutting When the powder car reaches the station the On-setter will hand over the powder car to the Magazine Attendant who will open the powder car and check the explosives and compare it with the delivery note before signing for them d. The on-setter will then ring 4 1 so that the cage should go on surface e. The process will continue until finishing transporting the explosives. After transporting the last car Ring 5 5 5 bells to the driver (informing him that explosives have been removed) The driver will also ring 5 5 5 to acknowledge that the signal has been received Then wash the cage and then go on surface with the crew The Banksman together with the On-setter will go in the winding room and sign in the explosives book in the presence of the Mine Police. iii. Underground Using Battery Loco Before transporting explosives using a battery loco, make sure that the station is safe and the battery loco is in good working condition.

At the station The station should be clean and dry The station should have no sparking materials nearby There should be no torch cutting anywhere nearby There should be no welding A barricade at not less than 10m with a poster stating Danger No Smoking Explosives Battery loco a. It should have good brakes b. Warning bell c. It should have a 9kg fire extinguisher d. It should loco light e. It should have a shovel f. It should have blocking chains g. Coupling stick h. Jack Transporting Before coupling make sure that you switch off the trolley line a. The battery loco should be at the station side while everything coupled to it must be to the section side. b. Couple a tow bar of not less than 2.5m to the battery loco. c. The explosives car should then be coupled to the tow bar d. Then an empty car to be coupled using a short coupling e. Prior to transporting you should have three guards One of the guards should be at the back of the battery loco at not less than 60m Second guard should be in front at not less than 12m from the empty car Third guard should also be in front at not less than 60m 15

Instructions given to guards a. Do not allow any torch cutting anywhere nearby on the way b. Do not allow any welding c. Do not allow anyone smoking d. Stop any persons pushing any scotch car e. When we reach the sanctioned magazine stay in your positions until I tell you to come. After completing off-loading the explosives, the Magazine Attendant shall clean the powder car. When transporting explosives underground, the loco driver should drive the loco at not more than 12km/h (ER. 406 (a)) Empty car

2.5m 60m 60m STATION

Powd er car

12m MAGAZINE

7.

CONDITION AND CONSTRUCTION OF EXPLOSIVES VEHICLE According to ER 340 the condition and construction of the approved vehicle must: a. Be free from any patent defects b. Be painted red c. Have good brakes d. Be rubber tired e. Be diesel powered engine ER. 342 (a) f. Have a siren g. Have a No Smoking Signs well displayed h. Have four earth chains, two in front and two at the back i. Have four 450mm red flags, two in front and two at the back j. Have the exhaust pipe in front ER. 316 k. Show the speed limit of not more than 50km/h at the back (ER406 (b)) l. Have one flash light on top of the vehicle, to be seen at not less than 60m m. Have two compartments separated with a distance of not less than 150mm n. The drivers cab o. The explosive compartment rubberized inside. p. Have ventilation openings at the top q. Have two cut-off switches, one for diesel and one for electricity r. Have 9kg fire extinguishers, placed where it can easily be reached s. Have a No Smoking sign in the drivers cab t. Have timber lining between the chassis and the explosives compartment u. Have no electric cables in the explosive compartment. v. Provided with approved locks When it has all the above, then it will be approved and a Motor Vehicle Authorisation (M.V.A.) Permit will be issued What is found on the Motor Vehicle Authorisation Permit a. Name of the owner of the vehicle b. Description of the vehicle c. Motor vehicle registration number d. Maximum quantity of explosives it must carry e. Official date stamp f. Signature of the Chief Inspector of Explosives

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8.

IDENTIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVES a. b. c. d. e. What to consider when identifying explosives: What it is by may be looking at its colour or number Where it is used or where it works How it is used or how does it work and; What type of blasting it is?

On detonators, what to do first is see if that detonator has a number or not. And the other thing to note is that all detonators with numbers are used for making primers and timing, while all initiators are used for initiating, and all nitro compounds are used for making primers and charging and all fuses are used for making primers. Identification Of Non-Fractured Explosives The Non-fractured explosives are made in one-way or another to supply fire or shock wave to the Fractured explosives (Nitro-compounds, emulsion explosives). All nitro-compounds, emulsion explosives are in class 3, while the detonators are in class 6 and in class 7 we find the initiators. Most of the explosives used underground or on surface are found in four classes; blasting agents in class two; fractured explosives in class three; detonators in class six and initiators in class 7 a. Second Delay Nonel Detonator (White tube) This is used at development for making primers and timing. It is numbered from 0 12, 14 20, 25 60. Type of blasting is primary blasting. b. Millisecond Delay Nonel Detonator (White tube) This is used at stoping for making primers and timing. It is numbered from 3 20. Type of blasting is primary blasting. Nonel Bunch connector This is used at development and stoping for bunching more than 8 but not more than 20 Nonel tubes. Type of blasting is primary blasting. The maximum number of tubes you can bunch is 20 while the minimum is 9 UB 0 (Yellow block) This is used at development and stoping for connecting more than 1 but not more than 8 Nonel tubes. Type of blasting is primary blasting. UB 17 (Blue); UB 25 (Red); UB 42 (Green) These are all used at development and stoping for delaying an end or a ring. Type of blasting is primary blasting. Nonel LP. (Second Delay - Yellow tube) This is used at development for making primers and timing. It is numbered from 0 12, 14 20, 25 60. Type of blasting is primary blasting. From 1 to 12 the delay interval is 100ms, while the delay interval for detonators from 14 to 20 is 200; and the delay interval from 25 to 60 is 500ms. Apart from zero (0), which has a delay of 25ms the rest, you multiply the period number by 100ms to get the delay time.

17

Period No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Delay Time Interval 25 100ms 200ms 300ms 400ms 500ms 600ms 700ms 800ms 900ms 1000ms 1110ms 1235ms

Delay Interval

Period No. 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Delay Time 1400ms 1600ms 1800ms 2075ms 2500ms 3000ms 3500ms 4000ms 4500ms 5000ms 5500ms 6000ms

Delay

75ms 100ms 100ms 100ms 100ms 100ms 100ms 100ms 100ms 100ms 110ms 125ms

165ms 200ms 200ms 275ms 425ms 500ms 500ms 500ms 500ms 500ms 500ms 500ms

Nonel MS. (Millisecond Delay - Red tube) This is used at stoping for making primers and timing. It is numbered from 3 20. Type of blasting is primary blasting. The delay interval is 25ms, and to get the delay time multiply the period number by 25ms. Nonel MS can also be used at Open Pits for making primers and timing, and can be used when blasting under water.Period No. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Delay Time Interval 75ms 100ms 125ms 150ms 175ms 200ms 225ms 250ms 275ms Delay Interval Period 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Delay 300ms 325ms 350ms 375ms 400ms 425ms 450ms 475ms 500ms Delay 25ms 25ms 25ms 25ms 25ms 25ms 25ms 25ms 25ms No. Time

25ms 25ms 25ms 25ms 25ms 25ms 25ms 25ms

Nonel Unidet (Red tube) This is used at stoping underground and open pit on surface for making primers. It is numbered from U400 U500. Type of blasting is primary blasting. The delay interval is 25ms, and to get the delay time multiply the period number by 1ms. Period No1 2 3 4 5 U400 U425 U450 U475 U500

Delay Time400ms 425ms 450ms 475ms 500ms

Delay Interval25ms 25ms 25ms 25ms

Snapline Bunch connector This is used at development and stoping for bunching more than 5 but not more than 20 Nonel tubes. Type of blasting is primary blasting. The maximum number of tubes you can bunch is 20 while the minimum is 6

18

Snapline 0 (Green block) This is used at development and stoping for connecting more than 1 but not more than 5 Nonel tubes. Type of blasting is primary blasting. The thing is that you cannot connect one nonel tube because that is wasting, so instead of connecting one tube of nonel you can just connect the initiator direct to the tube to be initiated.SL17 (Yellow); SL25 (Red); SL42 (White); SL67 (Blue); SL109 (Black); SL176 (Orange)

These are used at development and stoping for delaying an ends or a ring. Type of blasting is primary blasting. Connector Capped Fuse This is used at development for making primers. Burning speed 100 120s/m. Type of blasting is primary blasting. Maximum is 120s/m and minimum is 100s/m. To know the identity of the capped fuse check for the powder that is between it and the colour should be black. Zam-Fuse This is used at development for initiating nonel. Burning speed 5minutes per 1.8m. Type of blasting is primary blasting. Can also be supplied 0.7m burning at 2minutes A Zam-fuse is cream-white in colour and has a connector on the other end. Slow Burning Igniter Cord This is used at development ends for timing an end. Burning speed 30 45s/m. Type of blasting is primary blasting. Maximum is 45s/m and minimum is 30s/m. Where you are using Slow Burning Igniter cord then the primers must be made using connector capped fuse It doesnt matter what colour the outer layers is made have but to identify it we have to look for the copperwire which is found in between it. Fast Burning Igniter Cord This is used in long raises burning speed 1 6s/m. Type of blasting is primary blasting. Maximum is 6s/m and minimum is 1s/m. It doesnt matter what colour the outer layers is made have but to identify it we have to look for cotton which is found in between it. Instantaneous Electric Detonator This is used when conducting secondary blasting. end. This is smaller than any other detonator and it is oval shaped at the other

Second delay Electric Detonator This is used at development big ends for making primers and timing. It is numbered from H1 H12, sometimes to H14, some do not have the letter 19

H nut they still have the numbers from 1 12 sometimes to 12. Type of blasting is primary blasting. H. stands for Haulage Millisecond delay Electric Detonator This is used at stoping for making primers and timing. It is numbered from L1 L30. Type of blasting is primary blasting. L. Stands for Long hole. Inert Wax Primer This is used at shaft sinking, winzes and water wells on surface because: It is strong Its water proof Its shock proof It a primer on its own It gives deliberate sockets of 75mm It is the only electric detonator that can be pumped out when placed at the bottom of the hole. Type of blasting is Primary blasting. Electric Starter This is used in long raises. It is a device which initiates from fast to slow burning igniter cord electrically at a far safe distance. Type of is primary blasting. An electric starter is not a detonator it is just an initiator. This can be identified for it has a fast burning igniter cord that protrudes from the aluminum shell that looks like an instantaneous detonator, but in side the shell there is no gun powder. Master Starter This is used at development for initiating Nonel. Burning speed is from 10 12 minutes per 2.1m. Type of blasting is primary blasting. This is another form of a fuse only that this one is red in colour Zam-starter This is used at both development for initiating more than 1 but not more than 8 nonel tubes. Burning speed is from 10 minutes per 2.1m. Type of blasting is primary blasting. This is also a fuse in a cream-white outer layer only that it has been made with a green block to hold more than one nonel tubes Summary On Nonel Detonators So far we have three types of in-hole detonators, Second Delay (Long Period Delay) Nonel Detonator for development, Millisecond Delay Detonator for Stoping, and Nonel Unidet for open pit mining. On the surface connectors we have seven (7) on the Snapline and four (4) on the UB. We do not make primers using the surface connectors but they are used only for connecting and delaying.

SNAPLINENAME DELA COLOUR Y

U.B.NAME DELA Y COLOUR

20

Snapline Snapline Snapline Snapline Snapline Snapline 109 Snapline 176

0 17 25 42 67

0ms 17ms 25ms 42ms 67ms 109m s 176m s

Green Yellow Red White Blue Black Orange

UB. UB. UB. UB.

0 17 25 42

0ms 17ms 25ms 42ms

Yellow Blue Red Green

Nonel is the safety detonator ever made it cannot be initiated to blows, shock, friction electricity or mechanical impact Identification of Fractured explosives a. Cordtex (Detonating Fuse) We use it at stoping for making cordtex primers when charging long column holes. Type of blasting is primary blasting. Sometimes we can use it at grizzleys, when we want to blast more than one charge but not more than three charges at once. Type of blasting is secondary blasting. To identify cordtex you have to look for colour of the powder, which is white. Cordtex comes in different types and colours on the outer sheath. b. Ammonium Dynamite Cartridge (32 x 200) This is used at development for making primers and charging. Type of blasting is primary blasting. Ammonium Gelignite Cartridge (45 x 560mm) This is used at stoping for making primers and charging. Type of blasting is primary blasting. d. Ammonium Gelignite Slab (100 x 65 x 25mm) This is used at draw points, grizzleys, stope boxes, main tips and ore bins on surface. Type of blasting is secondary blasting. e. Magnum 365 This is used for making primers and charging. Type of blasting is primary blasting. They are available in different sizes CARTRIDGE UNITS PER CASE SIZE 25 32 32 38 38 x x x x x 200mm 200mm 560mm 200mm 560mm 207 units 127 units 46 units 91 units 32 units 23 units WHERE IT CAN BE USED Developemnt Development Development Development Stoping and dev. Boomer ends Stoping c.

45 x 560mm

Very useful in very tough breaking conditions at development and stoping Can be initiated by extremes of shock, friction or mechanical impact Doesnt burn easily but it must be kept clear of flame and excessive heat.

21

Magnum 3151 This is used for making primers and charging. Type of blasting is primary blasting. They are available in different sizes CARTRIDGE UNITS PER CASE WHERE IT CAN BE SIZE USED 25 32 32 38 38 45 45 x x x x x x x 200mm 200mm 560mm 200mm 560mm 200mm 560mm 219 units 135 units 48 units 96 units 34 units 68 Units 24 units Shaft Sinking Shaft Sinking Shaft Sinking Shaft Sinking Shaft Sinking Shaft Sinking Shaft Sinking

f.

Very useful in very tough breaking conditions at development especially at shaft sinking Good in civil engineering/demolition application Can be initiated by extremes of shock, friction or mechanical impact, so must be handled and stored with care Doesnt burn easily but it must be kept clear of flame and excessive heat. g. Magnum Buster This is used for making primers and charging. Type of blasting is primary blasting. You can identify it by the white plastic with red ribbons.

They are available in different sizes CARTRIDGE UNITS PER CASE SIZE 25 x 200mm 32 x 200mm 32 x 560mm 38 x 560mm 45 x 200mm 45 x 560mm 50 x 560mm 65 x 400mm 65 x 560mm 75 x 560mm 90 x 560mm 110 x 560mm 207 units 127 units 46 units 32 units 64 units 23 units 19 units 15 units 11 units 8 units 6 units 4 units

WHERE IT CAN BE USED Development Development Development Stoping Stoping Stoping Stoping Stoping Stoping Stoping Stoping Stoping

h. Power Gel This is used at development for making primers and charging. Type of blasting is primary blasting. Powergel is designed for easy breaking conditions in hard rock mining, available in three types 810(Blue), 813(Purple) and 816(Light Green) They are available in different sizes CARTRIDGE UNITS PER CASE SIZE 22 WHERE IT CAN BE USED

22 25 29 32 50

x x x x x

200mm * 200mm 200mm ** 200mm 200mm

207 sticks 127 sticks 46 sticks 91 sticks 32 sticks

Development Development Development Development Stoping

Legend: * = Powergel 810 only ** = Powergel 816 only Powergel is the safety explosive available, it doesnt detonate under standard impact (on test even a rifle bullet could not detonate it). It is suitable for underground deep level mining. It can be initiated by extremes of shock, friction or mechanical impact, so it should be handled and stored with care. Powergel does not burn easily but it must be kept clear of flames and excessive heat i. Power Gel Stubbie (50 x 200mm)(Yellow plastic) This is used at draw points, grizzleys, stope boxes, main tips and ore bins on surface. Type of blasting is secondary blasting. Cone-pak This is used at secondary blasting They are available in different sizes MODEL MASS (KG) CP1 S CP3 CP10 CP15 CP25 CP40 k. 0.1 0.3 1.0 1.5 2.5 4.0 UNITS PER CASE 50 units 50 units 20 units 12 units 7 units 4 units

j.

Slurry Power Plus (110 x 560mm) This is used at stoping for charging V.C.R. holes. Type of blasting is primary blasting. Energex (110 x 560mm) This is used at stoping for charging V.C.R. holes. Type of blasting is primary blasting. m. Pentolite Booster This is used at stoping for making pentolite booster primers when charging long column holes. Type of blasting is primary blasting. Ordinary Anfex or anfo (25kg) This is used at development and stoping for charging. Type of blasting is primary blasting. o. Low Density Anfo (22.5kg) This is used at development for charging perimeter holes and when charging an end that has weak rock formation is primary blasting. PRIMARY BLASTING - DEVELOPMENT. 23 n. l.

9.

a.

ENRTY PROCEDURE AND PREPARING AN END FOR DRILLING. ER. 837.

On

surface Get instructions from the senior official Check the blasting schedule for any changes Write the days safety slogan in the note book Synchronise the watch with the shaft clock

At the waiting place At the waiting place check the men for: Any sickness Any absenteeism Any drunkenness Any home injuries Protective clothing (hard hat, overall, gum boot, gloves and safety belt with a lanyard) Pass on the days safety slogan Get one man and go with him to the store and collect a pinch bar which is sharp, straight and fitted with a rubber guard Put on the gloves and safety goggles Start making the way safe by barring down and barricading all dangerous places up to the access. At the access ensure that the fan is working Continue making the way safe up to the working place. At the working place At the working place make sure that: Ventilation is there There are no bad hangings Wash down and bar down again Ensure that the face has been picked down to solid not less than 3m Open the Drainage Check and ensure that there are no misfires Pump out all the sockets and plug them using white socket plugs Straighten the mason lines and marks the center and grade lines Mark where to drill new holes fearing the sockets by not less than 150mm Instructions to the operator After marking all the necessary holes and the direction lines give the operator some instruction: Start drilling the holes with the lifters Do not drill in the sockets Drill not less than 150mm from the sockets After drilling pump out all the holes starting at the topCHARGING, TIMING AND BLASTING.

After drilling and before charging ensure that the holes have been cleaned and that they are dry. Then count the number of holes to be charged and the length of the holes so that you get the right quantity of explosives and make the correct numbers of primers. Clear the section before you start charging. Make the correct number of primers because you are not allowed to store primers when you have some remaining and at the same time you are not allowed to remove a detonator from a cartridge once you have made a primer The only time you are allowed to remove a detonator from a cartridge is when it is a misfire using a copper blow pipe connected to a rubber hose 24

which in turn is connect to the water column, then opening water to the required pressure When you are using Nonel make the primers and start inserting them in the holes starting with the smallest numbers at the cuts and with the biggest numbers at the lifters Collect the nonel tubes and bunch them together. Do not bunch more than 20 nonel tubes in one bunch connector. If tubes are more than 20 then it is advisable to use two bunch connectors. Connect one or two bunch connectors to a master starter. If you have more than two bunch connectors it is advisable to use a Snapline zero. The slow burning igniter cord. Wait for blasting time. When you get the word from and the time is right lighter the end. 11 12 9 6 0 8 10 16 14 5 2 1 3 10 14 16 Slow igniter cord Zamfuse/capped fuse/master starter Bunch connectors SL0 60cm 60cm 8 7 4 7 12 9

` 20cm 10cmb. CHARGING AN END WITH ANFEX. (read with ER. 838)

On

surface Get instructions from the senior official Check the blasting schedule for any changes Write the days safety slogan in the note book 25

Synchronise the watch with the shaft clock At the waiting place When you reach the waiting place check the men for: Any sickness Any absenteeism Any drunkenness Any home injuries Protective clothing (hard hat, overall, gum boot, gloves and safety belt with a lanyard) Pass on the days safety slogan Get one man and go with him to the store and collect a pinch bar which is sharp, straight and fitted with a rubber guard Put on the gloves and safety goggles; start making the way safe by barring down and barricading all dangerous places up to the access. At the access ensure that the fan is working Continue making the way safe up to the working place by barring down and barricading all dangerous places. At the working place At the working place make sure that: There is adequate ventilation There are no bad hangings Wash down and bar down again Check the end to be charged

Safety precautions to take before charging Holes must be clean and dry Drainage must be well opened The anfex loader should be in good working order The anfex loader should have a lid The plastic hose should have no kinks The anfex loader should have an earthing chain There should be another earthing chain to be used by the person charging The person charging should have goggles and gloves Charging: An hour before charging clear all the men from the section Make primers according to the holes you are going to charge and insert them in the holes (E.R. 814) Join the compressed air hose to the inlet of the anfex loader and open the compressed air so as to remove moisture and any foreign objects that may be in the loader and hose. Pour anfex into the loader and close the lid Put on the earth chain on the bear skin Put on the goggles and gloves Start pumping bearing in mind to leave a collar of 450mm for tamping In the process of pumping. If you feel any static current, stop pumping and remove the gloves and touch the sidewall for not less than 5 minutes to remove the static current and then continue pumping. Close the compressed air and. Upon completing pumping remove the gloves and touch the floor or side wall for not less than 5 minutes to remove any static current. Disconnect the air hose from the loader. 26

Tamp all the holes and make the necessary connections If there is any Anfex in the loader, put it in the bag so that it may be taken to the Magazine. Take the anfex loader and all the equipment to a safe place.

c.

ENTRY PROCEDURE IN BLASTED END AND PREPARING FOR LASHING

On At At

surface Get instructions from the senior official Check the blasting schedule for any changes Write the days safety slogan in the note book Synchronise the watch with the shaft clock the waiting place Upon reaching the waiting place check the men for: Any sickness Any absenteeism Any drunkenness Any home injuries Protective clothing (hard hat, overall, gum boot, gloves and safety belt with a lanyard) Pass on the days safety slogan Get one man and go with him to the store and collect a pinch bar which is sharp, straight and fitted with a rubber guard Put on the gloves and safety goggles Start making the way safe by barring down and barricading all dangerous places up to the access. the access Ensure that the fan is working The canvas tents are properly connected Continue making the way safe up to the working place.

At the Working Place Ensure that the fan is adequate ventilation Bar down, wash down and bar down again the roof and the side walls Pour a lot of water on the muck pile Check the tip and ensure that it is safe The anchorage is in order and firm The tip bulkhead is okay The crossed chains on the tip are in place The anchoring chain is well tied to the anchorage Then after making sure that all is well give instructions to the lashers Instructions to lashers Start lashing from the back to the front (face) Ensure that there is adequate ventilation always Stop lashing for a while and check if there are loose hangings. Report to the crew boss so that he bars down. Report to crew boss if you find any misfires in the muck pile Pour more water on the muck pile when you find dry ground 27

Do not under lash the ground, start lashing from the top going downwards Do not over load the ground on the wheel barrow Pick down to solid 3 meters starting from the face and expose the lifters when you finish lashing Open the drainage Always anchor yourself when tipping Stand 2m away from the tip and wait if someone is tipping from the top Check and make sure that the crossed chains are always there when tipping Clean the wheel barrow after you have finished lashing Put the wheel barrow at the tip after lashing Report to the crew boss upon completing lashing.

Instruction to stope edge lashers Always anchor yourself when tipping Report to the crew boss when you come across exposed long holes Wear goggles and gloves when pumping ground using compressed air Stand 3m meters away from the open stope while pumping ground using compressed air Check for bad cracks as you pump. Lie down carefully when you feel strong air as that may be the sign of collapsing of the stope Do not clean your clothes using compressed air Instruction to crew boss Do not leave your men alone while they are lashing or pumping at the stope edge Place the cordtex back into the holes and plug them when they are exposed Stay close to the compressed air in case of an emergency Be vigilant to the workers working near the stope Move away the workers from the dangerous stope if there is any sign of collapsing d.ENTRY PROCEDURE IN A BLASTED RAISE AND PREPARING FOR DRILLING.

On At

surface Get instructions from the senior official Check the blasting schedule for any changes Write the days safety slogan in the note book Synchronise the watch with the shaft clock the waiting place At the waiting place check the men for: Any sickness Any absenteeism Any drunkenness Any home injuries Protective clothing (hard hat, overall, gum boot, gloves and safety belt with a lanyard) 28

Pass on the days safety slogan Get one man and go with him to the store and collect a pinch bar which is sharp, straight and fitted with a rubber guard Put on the gloves and safety goggles Start making the way safe by barring down and barricading all dangerous places up to the access. At the access ensure that the fan is working Continue making the way safe up to the mouth of the raise. At the mouth of the raise Make sure there is adequate ventilation. Bar down bad hangings. Wash down up to where the hose will reach and bar down again Join the rubber hose to the air column Soak a mutton cloth in water and tie it around your mouth and nose Get a rubber hose and tie it to a raise pin just at the mouth of the raise pointing in the raise Remove all the men and put them at the safe place Barricade the area at not less than 30m Open the air to the maximum and wait for 30 minutes After blowing in the raise for 30 minutes reduce the air With the mutton cloth tied around the mouth and nose carefully and gently tie a hemp-rope to chain ladder If you are the grizzley level use a grizzley hook Stand at not less than 2m from the raise. Pull the chain ladder not less than 5 times To remove loose rocks resting on the spacers To test how firm the ladder is If the raise is more than 10m, you have to blow into the raise again and again Tie the free air hose to your belt and climb up the ladder with the matton cloth tied around the mouth and nose Tie the free air hose to the chain ladder and come down Open the air fully after removing all the men to a safe place and wait for another 30 minutes With the mutton cloth tied around the mouth and nose reduce the free air and start climbing the chain ladder until you reach where you drilled the next drilling platform holes Climb the chain ladder with a hemp rope. Anchor yourself and drop one end of the hemp-rope and instruct your helper to start tying the raise pins one by one (8 of them) of length 1.2m After pulling the raise pins pull the timbers for the platform (200 x 50mm) Tie the free air hose to the raise pin and should protrude above the drilling platform not less that 150mm Make a drilling platform Start barring down

Procedure for barring down in the raise. Remove some of the timbers from the other side of the raise then stand on the other side and start barring down After completing barring down, replace the timbers and remove the other side and stand on the other side and start barring Pump out all the sockets Mark the holes for the next drilling platform at 0.9m, should be 450mm long and drilled at an inclination of 2 degrees Mark the chain ladder holes at 1m from the drilling platform 29

Mark the anchorage hole at 1.2m from the drilling platform Start marking the holes fearing the sockets by not less than 150mm After marking the holes, pull the machine to the platform, then the jumpers, socket plugs and all the necessary materials you may need Erect a safety platform at not more than 3m below the drilling platform

e.

TWO ENDS ARE HOLING INTO ONE ANOTHER (read with E.R 838)

On At

surface Get instructions from the senior official Check the blasting schedule for any changes Write the days safety slogan in the note book Synchronise the watch with the shaft clock

the waiting place At the waiting place check the men for: Any sickness Any absenteeism Any drunkenness Any home injuries Protective clothing (hard hat, overall, gum boot, gloves and safety belt with a lanyard) Pass on the days safety slogan Get one man and go with him to the store and collect a pinch bar which is sharp, straight and fitted with a rubber guard Put on the gloves and safety goggles Start making the way safe by barring down and barricading all dangerous places up to the access. At the access ensure that the fan is working Continue making the way safe up to the working place.

Since we have two ends to attend to, first you have to make safe the idle face then the advancing end. An idle face is an end that has been suspended at a distance of not less than 10m when two ends are holing into one another Safety precautions to be taken to the idle face There has to be proper ventilation 30

No bad hangings Wash down and bar down again Pick down to solid not less three meters from the face Lifter holes must be properly exposed Drainage must be opened Pump out all the socket holes and plug them with socket plugs Barricade the area at not less than 30m and put a poster written Danger No Entry, Holing Position.

Safety precautions to be taken to the advancing end There should to be proper ventilation Bar down, wash down and bar down again Pick down to solid not less than 3m from the face Open the drainage Check and ensure that there are no misfires Pump out all the sockets and plug them using white socket plugs Straighten the mason lines and make the centre and grade lines Mark the holes fearing the sockets by not less than 150mm Mark the direction lines Advancing @ 30m 10m Idle face Barricade

Haulage Plan of the two ends holing into one another 10. PRIMARY BLASTING - STOPING.a.

CHARGING A LONG HOLE WITH ANFEX

On

surface Get instructions from the senior official Check the blasting schedule for any changes Write the days safety slogan in the note book Synchronise the watch with the shaft clock

At the waiting place At the waiting place check the men for: Any sickness Any absenteeism Any drunkenness Any home injuries Protective clothing (hard hat, overall, gum boot, gloves and safety belt with a lanyard) Then pass on the days safety slogan Then get one man and go with him to the store and collect a pinch bar which is sharp, straight and fitted with a rubber guard Put on the gloves and safety goggles Start making the way safe by barring down and barricading all dangerous places up to the access. At the access ensure that the fan is working Continue making the way safe up to the blasting point

31

At

the blasting point Put the exploder into the blasting box and lock the box Put the key in the pocket Short circuit the blasting cable Continue barring down and barricading all dangerous places and short circuiting the joints up to the access

At the access Ensure that the access is safe, the fan is working and the canvas tents are properly connected Continue making the way safe by barring down and barricading all dangerous places and short-circuiting the joints up to the rib pillar. At the Rib Pillar Short circuit the blasting cable Check and ensure that there is adequate ventilation Then roll back the blasting cable 30m from the working area Thoroughly wash the area And bar down again Then check for cracks on the roof, sidewalls and on the floor Ensure that there is an anchorage at not less than 3m from the open stope, and that it is firm Ensure also that there is a barricade at not less than 2m from the open stope Charging Clear the section Check and ensure that the holes are clean and dry, and are not blocked Count the number of holes to be charged Make primers according to the holes and insert them in the holes Pour anfex into the holes and leave a collar of 1m for tamping Tamp the holes Bunch all the nonel tubes in a bunch connector (not more than 20) Unroll the blasting cable Tie a millisecond electric detonator to the bunch connector Join the leading wires to the blasting cable Reconnect all the joints previously short circuited, up to the blasting point Wait for the word from and the correct time to blast Remove all equipment and put them on the gear rack. When the time is right blastb. CHARGING A LONG HOLE WITH MAGNUM BUSTER

On

surface Get instructions from the senior official Check the blasting schedule for any changes Write the days safety slogan in the note book Synchronise the watch with the shaft clock

At the waiting place At the waiting place check the men for: Any sickness Any absenteeism Any drunkenness Any home injuries Protective clothing (hard hat, overall, gum boot, gloves and safety belt with a lanyard) 32

Then pass on the days safety slogan Then get one man and go with him to the store and collect a pinch bar which is sharp, straight and fitted with a rubber guard Put on the gloves and safety goggles Start making the way safe by barring down and barricading all dangerous places up to the access. At the access ensure that the fan is working Continue making the way safe up to the blasting point At the blasting point Put the exploder into the blasting box and lock the box Put the key in the pocket Short circuit the blasting cable Continue barring down and barricading all dangerous places up to the access

At the access Ensure that the access is safe, the fan is working and the canvas tents are properly connected Continue making the way safe by barring down and barricading all dangerous places and short-circuiting the joints up to the rib pillar. At the Rib Pillar Short circuit the blasting cable Check and ensure that there is adequate ventilation Then roll back the blasting cable 30m from the working area Thoroughly wash the area Bar down again Then check for cracks on the roof, sidewalls and on the floor Ensure that there is an anchorage at not less than 3m from the open stope, and that it is firm Ensure also that there is a barricade at not less than 2m from the open stope Charging Clear the section Check and ensure that the holes are clean and dry, and are not blocked Count the number of holes to be charged and make primers accordingly Then insert some more magnum busters depending on the length of the holes and leave a collar of not less than 1m for tamping Bunch the nonel ms tubes in bunches Connect the bunch connector to the snapline zero Tie a millisecond electric detonator to the snapline zero Connect the leading wires to the blasting cable Take all equipment to the gear rack Wait for the time to blast and when the time comes blastc. PRE-CHARGING (To be read with ER. 840)

The practice of pre-charging cannot take place unless there is an exemption letter, which shall be issued by the chief inspector of explosivesIts against the law to pre-charge any hole without the exemption letter from the Chief Inspector of Explosives.

On surface Get instructions from the senior official Check the blasting schedule for any changes 33

Write the days safety slogan in the note book Synchronise the watch with the shaft clock At the waiting place At the waiting place check the men for: Any sickness Any absenteeism Any drunkenness Any home injuries Protective clothing (hard hat, overall, gum boot, gloves and safety belt with a lanyard) Then pass on the days safety slogan Then get one man and go with him to the store and collect a pinch bar which is sharp, straight and fitted with a rubber guard Put on the gloves and safety goggles Start making the way safe by barring down and barricading all dangerous places up to the access. At the access ensure that the fan is working Continue making the way safe up to the blasting point At the blasting point Put the exploder into the blasting box and lock the box Put the key in the pocket Short circuit the blasting cable Continue barring down and barricading all dangerous places up to the access

At the access Ensure that the access is safe, the fan is working and the canvas tents are properly connected Continue making the way safe by barring down and barricading all dangerous places up to the rib pillar. At the Rib Pillar Short circuit the blasting cable Ensure there is adequate ventilation Bar down Roll back the blasting cable 30m Thoroughly wash the area Bar down again Then check for cracks on the roof, sidewalls and on the floor Ensure that there is an anchorage at not less than 3m from the open stope, and that it is firm Ensure also that there is a barricade at not less than 2m from the open stope Pre-Charging Ensure that the holes are clean and dry Holes are not blocked Then make cordtex primers and insert them into the holes Tie the other end of the cordtex to a timber Put some more cartridges and leave a collar of not less than 2m for tamping (E.R. 841) Insert cordtex into the holes Plug the hose with red socket plugs Get all equipment and put them on the gear rack 34

The remaining explosives to the magazine Then barricade the area at not less than 30m and write a poster saying Danger, No Smoking, Pre-charged Area. Pre-charged area is an area where pre-charged holes are located Barring down in a pre-charged area Remove all the socket plugs from the pre-charged holes Cover the holes with 200 x 50mm timbers Then bar down Clean the area after barring Remove the timbers Put back the socket plugs Blasting day Check and ensure that the area is properly ventilated There are no bad hanging Then remove all men from the section Count the number of holes to be blasted Make the right number of detonating primers Tie the cordtex from the cordtex primers to the detonating primers and together insert them into the holes, timing them as you do so Tamp the holes If you used electric detonators to make detonating primers, make sure to test the detonators before making primers After testing the detonators make detonating primers Time your stope as you insert them into the collar Tamp the holes Then connect the leading wires in series such that the green wire is joined to the yellow wire of another detonator. If you used nonel ms for detonating primers then bunch the nonel tubes together bearing in mind not to bunch more than 20 nonel tubes in one bunch connector. d. Testing Of The Blasting Cable And Electric Detonators Before testing the detonators, first we have to test the resistance of the blasting cable and the blasting cable should be not less than 300m and this is at stoping Testing of the blasting cable and electric detonators is important at stoping because we do not want to experience misfires at the time of blasting When testing the blasting cable and electric detonators we use an ohmmeter. There are two ways of testing the resistance of the blasting cable. Closed circuit

Short circuit the blasting cable at the stope side and make sure that the blasting cable is not touching any metals Connect a 300m blasting cable to the ohmmeter at the blasting point If the ohmmeter gives a reading of 5 ohms then the blasting cable is okay. Leave the blasting cable at the stope side not short circuited Connect a 300m blasting cable to the ohmmeter at the blasting point The ohmmeter will not give any reading. If it gives you any reading, then something is wrong somewhere 35

Open circuit

NB. The best way of testing the resistance of the blasting cable is by using the closed method. e. Testing Of The Electric Detonators Before testing the electric detonators, the first thing you have to consider is the length of the leading wires of the detonators and the length of the blasting cable. The resistance of a detonator with 1.8m length of leading wires has a resistance of 1.8 ohms while the resistance of a 300m blasting cable has a resistance of 5 ohms. When testing detonators, we are not allowed to test less than 4 detonators at a time and the blasting cable should not be less than 300m Before testing the detonators, remove all men in the section Take the detonators to be tested and put them in the testing pipe There are two ways of testing electric detonators; Parallel connection

Get the electric detonators to be tested and connect so that all the green leading wires of the detonators are connected to the green cable of the blasting cable and the yellow leading wires of the detonators are connected to the yellow cable of the blasting cable Connect a 300m blasting cable to the ohmmeter All the electric detonators connected to the blasting cable will all beset off leaving only the faulty detonators. This is not the idea of testing detonators, we test the detonators so that pick out the faulty detonators and leave good detonators so that they may be used to initiate the stope.

Series connection

Get the electric detonators to be tested and connect them so that the green leading wire of the detonator is connected to the yellow leading wires of another detonator for all the detonators and in the end we are going to remain with green and yellow leading wires which will in turn be connected to the yellow and green cable of the blasting cable Connect a 300m blasting cable to the ohmmeter The ohmmeter should give the right readings. That is the number of detonators multiplied by 1.8 ohms plus 5 ohms of a 300m blasting cable An example if you are to test 10 detonators:= 10 dets. X 1.8 ohms + 5 ohms = 18.0 ohms + 5 ohms = 23.0 ohms

Therefore, the resistance of 10 detonators plus 300m blasting cable is 23.0 ohms N.B.

In the event of having one or more detonators being faulty then there wont be any reading from the ohmmeter.

The best and recommended method for testing electric detonators is by using the series connection because it is easy to identify faulty detonators.

f.

Timing Using Nonel MS Timing is the breaking of rocks in sequence or steps.

36

Timing determines how the rock will break and if you make a mistake in your timing, expect some misfires and/or big rocks, which in turn affects tramming because a lot of time will be spent on secondary blasting. Timing of nonel ms is done as you make primers and inserting them into the holes. So each hole has its own delay and after timing, all the nonel tubes from the in-hole detonators to be bunched together (the bunching should not exceed 20 nonel tubes). There are so many ways of timing a stope using nonel ms and what is important is that not all holes in a ring or row should explode at the same time. Make sure you time your ring or row such that a set of holes in the first ring/row are set off together with other holes in other rings/rows, and in doing so you will be making a V shape.

g.

Example of Timing Using Nonel MS. 8 7 6 7 8

7

6

5

6

7

6 5

5 4

4 3

5 4

6 5

7

6

6

6

7

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6

5

5

5

6

5

4

4

4

5

4

3

3

3

4

h. Timing Using Nonel Unidet Unidet means Uniform Detonator. Uniform in the sense that when making primers at open pit or stoping we have to make primers using the same numbers for all the holes. There is no limit as to how many holes you can charge using the same numbers What will determine the exploding of the holes are the surface connectors (snaplines). These will be used for timing. E.G. Make primers using U500 for all the holes to be blasted then get the surface connectors e.g. snapline 25 also depending on the numbers of holes to be timed

The connecting of the snaplines should start with the last holes so that the tubes for first snapline will be connected to the surface connector in the next row and the next surface connector will accommodate the tube from the in-hole detonator and tube from the surface connector from the other row, so the process will continue until you reach the holes which are near the breaking face then turn the tubes until they meet at the middle of the stope or bench and the middle snapline will be extended to the blasting point. The same principle of timing with nonel ms should apply to nonel Unidet also and that is holes in one ring should not be blasted all at the same time but can be made to explode in pairs. This may improve the fragmentation of ground There are so many ways of timing using nonel unidet.

Example Of Timing Using Nonel Unidet. U500 U500 SL25 SL25 U500 U500 SL25 SL25 U500 SL25 SL2538

U500 SL25

U500

U500 SL25

U500 SL25

U500

U500

U500 SL25

U500

U500 U500 SL25 SL25 U500 U500 SL25 SL25 U500 U500 SL25 SL25

U500 SL25

U500 SL25

U500 SL25

U500 SL25

U500 SL25

U500 SL25

U500

U500 U500 SL25 SL25

U500

U500 SL25

In this case we have 30 drilled holes all charged with nonel unidet with the same delay time U500 and we have used SL25 as the surface connector for delaying the blasts or the exploding of the holes. 11. SHAFT SINKING Travelling from Shaft Bank to Shaft Bottom after blast Check crew at the waiting place (surface away from collar of the shaft). Check that blasting cubical is locked Plugs are disconnected and switch is in OFF position. Ensure fan is running. Sinker and crew to go to the shaft gates. Banks man will give signals on the locked bell system to bring kibble to just above the shaft covers (these will be in closed position). Rings 3 and gets a reply, then persons enter kibble. Banks man rings 3 pause 3, and the kibble is raised slowly When it reaches a height necessary to clear shaft covers, he will ring 1 to stop the kibble. Open shaft covers. Banks man gives signal to lower to Galloway stage, Close shaft covers (when kibble is below collar of shaft). At Galloway stage wait until kibble is steady and then secure kibble. Unplug miller plugs. Examine Galloway stage for damage. Re-enter kibble. Give signal 2 pause 2 on pull bell to lower kibble slowly. Examine sidewalls below the Galloway stage. At approximately 5 meters from the shaft bottom, ring 1 to stop the kibble. Give mark signal 4 pause 4, proceed to shaft bottom Leave kibble. Ring 3 pause 3 to raise the kibble slowly At 1.6m ring 1 to stop. Steady kibble and clean bottom of mud and pieces of stone. Steady again and ring 1 to surface. Bar down and make safe. Wait for lashing crew. 39

Procedure for Shaft Sinking On surface Get instructions from the senior official Check the blasting schedule for any changes Write the days safety slogan in the note book Synchronise the watch with the shaft clock At the waiting place Upon reaching the waiting place check the men for: The waiting place may be on surface or underground depending on where you are sinking the shaft. If you are sinking a sub vertical shaft the waiting place will be underground. Any sickness Any absenteeism Any drunkenness Any home injuries Protective clothing (hard hat, overall, gum boot, gloves and safety belt with a lanyard) Then pass on the days safety slogan Proceed to the shaft gates with the crew Check the blasting cubical and make sure it is locked The plugs are disconnected and that the switch is in OFF position Ensure that the fan is working The banks man to give signal on the locked bell system to bring the kibble to just above the shaft covers (these should be closed) Ring 3 and get a reply from the driver Going Down The sinker and his crew to enter the kibble The banks man to ring 3 pause 3 (3 3) to the driver Kibble is raised slowly and when it reaches a height necessary to clear the shaft covers The banks man will ring 1 to stop the kibble Open the shaft covers, then he will ring the signal to lower the kibble to the Galloway stage. The banks man then closes the shaft covers when the kibble is below the shaft collar At the Galloway stage wait until the kibble is steady then secure the kibble The sinker will then leave the kibble, unplug the miller plugs Examine the Galloway stage for damage Enter the kibble again give signal 2 pause 2 (2 2) on the pull bell to lower the kibble slowly Examine the side wall from the Galloway stage as the kibble goes down Approximately 5 meters from the shaft bottom ring 1 to stop the kibble Give signal 4 pause 4 (4 4) so that the kibble should go slowly to the shaft bottom. At the shaft bottom, the Sinker and his crew to leave the kibble Ring 3 pause 3 to raise the kibble slowly At 1.6m ring 1 to stop the kibble Steady the kibble remove mud and the pieces of stones on the bottom Steady the kibble then ring 4 pause 1 (4 1) so that the kibble should be raised to surface

40

At the working place After the kibble has gone to surface the Sinker should then make the working place safe Ensure that there is adequate ventilation Barring down washing down and barring down Pump out all the water Pump out all the sockets and plug them Check for misfires and if any, treat them accordingly Mark the size of the shaft, holes to be drilled bearing in mind to mark holes not less than 150mm from sockets Then drill the holes After drilling all the holes clean the holes Before charging ring for the kibble Charge and then time them accordingly Place weather guards on surface Fuse Blasting Rings 5 bells to the driver, denoting blasting about to take place The driver will raise the bucket about 2m then lower it again, denoting the signal has been received and that the driver is at this position ready to hoist when told to move the kibble Check the chain ladder and see to it that it is in order Make see to it that the pull wire is close to the kibble Light the fuses and then enter the kibble with his helper Give signal 4 pause 1 (4 1) to the driver The driver will pull the kibble without delay Electric Blasting Rings 5 bells to the driver, denoting blasting about to take place The driver will raise the bucket about 2m then lower it again, denoting the signal has been received and that the driver is at this position ready to hoist when told to move the kibble Check the chain ladder and that in order and that the pull wire is close to the kibble Check the miller plugs are disconnected at the Galloway Stage Check the harness is in order Charge and time and connect the leading wires to the blasting cable Give signal go up and stop at Galloway Stage The Sinker only to leave the kibble Plug in the miller plug and then return to the kibble Ring 4 pause 1 (4 1) so that the kibble is hoisted to surface Place guards around the collar of shaft Turn on warning siren Unlock blasting box and check switch is in OFF position Make Ohmmeter test, Plug in the wires of the blasting cable Turn the switch to ON (red light will be turned on) Throw the switch to blast (White light will be turned on) After the blast turn the switch to OFF then unplug the cables, short circuit them Lock the blasting box Shaft Lashing Kibble should be filled to within 150mm of brim. When kibble is ready to be hoisted to surface, ring 3 pause 3 (the kibble will be raised slowly) 41

When raised to a height of about 1.6m, ring 1. Kibble will stop remove mud and pieces of rocks at the bottom of the kibble. Ring 1 to send the kibble to surface. On return, the kibble will stop at a point not less than 5m from shaft bottom. Sinker will clear crew from path of kibble before ringing 2 pause 2 to bring kibble to shaft bottom.

GENERAL TERMS a. Shaft Shaft means any vertical or inclined tunnel equipped with winding plant. Steeply inclined in connection with shafts, raises, winzes or other underground excavations shall mean an inclination to the horizontal of more than 35 degrees. Signaling System Locked Bell System Locked bell system is a government requirement. Only authorized persons normally have keys. From banksman or Cage tender to drive (and return) Pull Wire Sinker to hoist driver (also rings in banks mans cabin) Warning light Electrical circuit from surface to below Galloway stage light in flash prearranged signal when sinker is required on surface. Found at Collar of shaft Operated by counter-balance, pneumatic or hydraulic, doors must be closed at all times, except when kibble is passing through the collar of the shaft. b. Cross Head A device to steady the kibble when persons are travelling. Guides usually steel ropes from headgear to Galloway. c. Galloway stage Positioned maximum of 25 meters from shaft bottom in vertical shaft. Secured by steel ropes from headgear to stage held in position by built-in jacks on stage to side of shaft. Stage put to safe position when blasting electrically (when sinker and crew on surface), but left in position when fuse blasting. A stage is employed when a mechanical grab is used.

Shaft Support Concreted in section above Galloway stage. Tubing and curb ring (base) concrete poured and left to set. Emergency Ladder From shaft collar to Galloway stage in 15 meter stages (overlap). 42

Chain Ladder The chain ladder is suspended from the Galloway stage to shaft bottom. Usually only in emergencies. Ventilation Normally 15 meters maximum from shaft bottom if 30 meters exemption is required. Forcing and exhaust fans or reversible type 12. SECONDARY BLASTING a. BLASTING A ROCK ON GRIZZLEY On surface Get instructions from the senior official Check the blasting schedule for any changes Write the days safety slogan in the note book Synchronise the watch with the shaft clock At the waiting place At the waiting place check the men for: Any sickness Any absenteeism Any drunkenness Any home injuries Protective clothing Pass on the days safety slogan Get one man and go with him to the store and collect a pinch bar which is sharp, straight and fitted with a rubber guard Put on the gloves and safety goggles Start making the way safe by barring down and barricading all dangerous places up to the access. At the access ensure that the fan is working Continue making the way safe by barring down and barricading all dangerous places up to the blasting point. At the blasting point with the exploder on your arm and key in your pocket: Short circuit the blasting cable Continue barring down and barricading all dangerous places up to the grizzley cross cut. At the grizzley cross cut Ensure that there is adequate ventilation Bar down all bad hangings Wash down up to where the hose will reach and back and then bar down again Short circuit the blasting cable Check and ensure that all the grizzley equipment are in order: Grizzley timbers (12) Grizzley hook Pinch bar (with rubber guard) Shovel Hand chain Bamboos Water blast Anchorage (to be firm) Storage boxes (not less than 60m from blasting area)

43

Test the warning whistle by blowing 4 times and you should get a reply of 4 from the box man After ensuring that all the equipment are okay: Stand one meter from the grizzley mouth get a cap lamp and shine in the draw point and see the hang up. Instruct the helper to give you a long and strong bamboo Probe the hang up and make sure that it is firm Anchor yourself Then start lying the timbers on the grizzley up to the nearest rock to be blasted Check the rock and see if it contains any explosives and if it is cool Then blow three whistles which is a request to blast and get a reply of three from the box man Upon getting a reply from the box man, place guards in all the entrances Give instructions as follows: - (E.R. 851) Guard here Do not leave this place until I come and collect you Do not allow any one to pass if he forces catch him Count the number of shorts if applicable Shout cheesa after me Return to the grizzley with your helper Then blow one long whistle Anchor yourself Short circuit the leading wires of the detonator Make a charge and place it on the rock to be blasted and mud it Secure the leading wires to the grizzley bar Remove the grizzley timbers and put them at the safe place Join the leading wire to the red cable Join the red cable to the blasting cable Re-joint all the points previously short circuited up to the blasting point Look back and forward and make sure that no one is coming Connect the blasting cable to the exploder Shout cheesa and get a reply from th