B.K. Suri Sunita Gulati H.C. Yadav - Chronic Poverty · Poverty An Annotated Bibliography of Books B.K. Suri Sunita Gulati H.C. Yadav Indian Institute of Public Administration, New

Chronic Poverty ResearchCentre

Indian Institite ofPublic Administration

POVERTY

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

BOOKS

B.K. SuriSunita GulatiH.C. Yadav

Poverty

An Annotated Bibliography ofBooks

B.K. SuriSunita GulatiH.C. Yadav

Indian Institute of Public Administration,New Delhi

Chronic Poverty Research Centre2 0 0 6

B.K. Suri worked as Librarian with Indian Institute of PublicAdministration. He has conducted various training programmes forthe Librarians and has been an expert of various Selection Committees.He was the reciepient of Best Librarian Award for the year 2004.

Sunita Gulati is presently working as a Deputy Librarian with IndianInstitute of Public Administration Library. She holds a Master degreein Political Science, M. Phil in library and Information Science,Certificate in computing and a Post Graduate Diploma in Library andInformation Networking. She has to her credit 61 Publishedbibliographies in various journals, 8 research Papers and a few books.She has conducted various training programmes, workshops for theLibrarians and has attended may Conferences and Meetings.

Hukam C. Yadav is presently working as an Assistant Librarianwith Indian Institute of Public Administration. He specializes in thearea of Information Technology and its Applications in various libraryoperations.

1. Adil Khan, M. Economic development, povertyalleviation and governance. Aldershot: Avebury, 1996.144p.

Presents a theoretical framework describing the relationships betweengovernance, economic development and poverty alleviation. Citingexamples from three Asian countries, Bangladesh, Malaysia and thePhilippines,and demonstrates how the quality of governance has beenthe key to the achievement of economic development in thesecountries. The key factors that influence the quality of governanceare not necessarily political in nature; rather they are cultural, althoughpolitical commitment is vital to the achievement of good governancein a society. Emphasizing the importance of governance, indicatesthat an abundance of resources is no guarantee of the achievementof economic development and poverty alleviation in a society. Toachieve consistent economic growth, access to resources must becomplemented by good governance. In fact, societies that havesucceeded in establishing good governance have also succeeded inbridging the resource gap by attracting external capital.

2. Agentor, Pierre-Richard, et. al. The integratedmacroeconomic model for poverty analysis: aquantitative macroeconomic framework for theanalysis of poverty reduction strategies. Washington,D.C.: The World Bank, 2003. 126p.

Presents a dynamic, quantitative macroeconomic framework designedfor analyzing the impact of adjustment policies and exogenous shockson poverty and income distribution. Emphasizes the role of the labormarket segmentation, urban informal activities, the impact of thecomposition of public expenditure on supply and demand, and creditmarket imperfections, numerical simulations for a prototype low-income country. Highlights the importance of accounting for thevarious channels through which poverty alleviation programs anddebt relief may ultimately affect the poor.

3. Aggarwal, J.C. and N.K. Chowdhry. Indian economy:crisis and reforms. Delhi: Shipra, 1991. 142p.

Presents Indian economic situation in the present day world

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POVERTY: An Annotated Bibliography of Books 4

perspective. Examines the various measures initiated by the newgovernment since July 1991 with a view to tide over the foreignexchange crisis and reinvigorate Indian economy. Highlights economicproblems, devaluation and new industrial policy facing the country.

4. Ahluwalia, Montek S., et. al. Growth and poverty indeveloping countries. Washington, D.C.: The WorldBank, 1978. 46p.

This paper uses a quantitative framework to project the number ofpeople in poverty under different assumptions about GNP growth,population growth and changes in income distribution. Its conclusionsdemonstrate that the elimination of absolute poverty by the end of20th century is a highly unlikely prospect; to achieve any substantialreduction would require combinations of policies designed toaccelerate the growth of poor countries, to distribute the benefits ofgrowth more equitably, and to slow the rapid pace of populationincrease in these countries.

5. Alam, Shahid M. Poverty from the wealth of nations:integration and polarization in the global economysince 1970. London: MacMillan Press, 2000. 215p.

Analyses the evolution of global disparities that goes beyond earlierneo-Marxist critiques, both in its conception and the marshalling ofevidence. Demonstrates that global disparities emerged only after18003 and the concentration of manufactures, capital and technologyin the advanced countries was not the result of market forces alone.The advanced countries had the military power, they used it to colonizelagging countries, to extract rents from them and acquire exclusivecontrol over their markets.

6. Ali, Sabir. Managing urban poverty. New Delhi: Uppal,2005. 493p.

This book is an attempt to trace the truth behind the urban povertymanagement problems. A few points that have been stressed are thegrim scenario of urban poverty, issues which need immediate

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5 POVERTY: An Annotated Bibliography of Books

intervention and the upgradation of managerial skills of the personnelinvolved in the policy formulation, implementation, monitoring andevaluation.

7. Alkire, Sabina. Valuing freedoms: Sen’s capabilityapproach and poverty reduction. New Delhi: OxfordUniversity Press, 2002. 340p.

This book examines how Sen’s capability approach can be coherentlyand practically put to work in participatory poverty reductionactivities. She probes how we identify what is valuable. Sen deliberatelyleft the capability approach ‘incomplete’ in order to ensure its relevanceto persons and cultures with different understandings of the good.In the first part of this book, Alkire proposes a framework foridentifying valuable capabilities, that retains the fundamentalincompleteness and space for individual and cultural diversity. Drawingon the work of John Finnis and others, Alkire addresses foundationalissues regarding the identification and pursuit of valuable dimensionsof human development based in practical reason, then observes thatmuch of the criticism of development arises from negative impactson social or cultural/religious dimensions that are also deeply valuedby the poor. She concludes with a four part ‘operational definition’of basic capability that bridges basic needs, participation, and informedconsent.

8. Alleviation of rural poverty: a continuing crusade.New Delhi: Ministry of Rural Development, 1983.34p.

Progressive reduction and ultimate eradication of poverty in therural areas is one of the major objectives of the government. Havingregard to the diverse conditions prevailing in different parts, thecountry has adopted a multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral approach.The Ministry of Rural Development has been spearheading thesustained crusade against rural poverty. Recently, efforts have beenmade to reach the poor directly. The basic strategy has been tocombine the minimum needs approach with programmes foremployment and income generations. The Integrated RuralDevelopment Programme covers all the 5011 blocks and the strategycomprises identification of the poorest of the poor families and

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helping them in a phased manner to acquire income generating assetsor to acquire new skills and upgrade the present ones to take upgainful employment. The complementary programme of TRYSEMand Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)are aimed at specific target groups from within the rural poor. Otherprogammes, such as the National Rural Employment Programmes,Drought Prone Areas Programme and Desert DevelopmentProgramme are related to generating employment avenues anddeveloping infrastructure with a view to boosting the rural economy.All these programmes are capable of being adopted to the localneeds having regard to the agro-climate conditions and othereconomic factors. The new Rural Landless Employment GuaranteeProgramme recently announced by the Prime Minister is anotherlandmark in our efforts to provide employment to the most needyin the rural areas.

9. Amarendra. Poverty, rural development and publicpolicy. New Delhi: Deep & Deep, 1998. 233p.

Poverty is a phenomenon which is complex in origin as well as itsmanifestations. The book is a study of the nature, extent and causesof mass poverty as well as evaluation of different poverty alleviationprogrammes adopted under different plans. Studies aspects likechoice of implementing agencies, decentralized planning, powerstructure, macro policies etc. Throws light on the process anddynamics of poverty alleviation programmes which may be helpfulfor policy makers as well as planners for its better implementationand rejuvenation of the programmes. The suggestions like joboriented education from primary level, population control, emphasison wage employment schemes, technological progress in agriculturesector are important for policy makers. An important suggestion isabout the scrapping of the IRDP programme with more vigorousimplementation of Prime Minister Rojgar Yozna.

10. Atal, Yogesh. The poverty question: search forsolutions. Jaipur: Rawat Publications. 2002. 184p.

The essays contained in this book raise several issues relating topoverty. Highlights the multi-dimensionality of the phenomenon ofpoverty. A case for a holistic and culture-specific approach to the

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solution of the problem has been presented.

11. Attar Chand. Poverty and underdevelopment. Delhi:Gian. 1987. 512p.

Poverty and underdevelopment are crucial problems, not only forsome but for all nations. In India it is believed that the abysmalpoverty of Asia, is a product of the 19th century colonization. Ahuge amount of resources went out of this part of Asia in the lastcentury and helped to finance the industrial revolution in the NorthWorld. Asia thus exported wealth to West European nations in thelast century, and imported “poverty” in turn. Poverty is not onlyalways with us but everywhere with us. It is an inter-related conditionof deprivation. Eradication of poverty can ultimately be achievedby economic development and more equal distribution of income.However, there is no other method of relieving poverty immediatelyexcept by a net transfer of income from the rich classes to thepoorer people. The author has proposed a new ‘GNP. Instead ofGross National Product, with its materialistic implications andsuggests that we establish as our goal the development of a new“GNP” that each government should try to make its country a“Genuine Nesting place of Prosperity”.

12. Aziz, Abdul. Poverty alleviation in India. New Delhi:Ashish, 1994. 173p.

This book presents a detailed account of the design and managementof half a dozen selected anti-poverty projects located in Karnatakaand Tamil Nadu. The study being the product of extensive field workcarried out at the grass-roots level brings out the point that if thepoverty alleviation projects are properly designed and managed betterresults could be obtained. The key elements of an effective designand management are (a) effective targeting, (b) monitoring, (c)sustainability and replication of the project. The essays contained inthis volume provide a realistic picture of the manner in which theprojects are designed and managed, the constraints faced by theauthorities in this process and the options available to them to release

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these constraints.

13. Aziz, Abdul. The rural poor: problems and prospects.New Delhi: Ashish, 1983. 92p.

Examines the need for, and the possibility of organizing the ruralpoor and also outlines the manners in which they should be organized.Identifying their socio-economic problems and evaluating the existingpractice of the group-specific organizations among different sectionsof the poor, a case is built for a common organization. Havingsuggested a single organization for all sections of the rural poor, thestrategies for, and the methods of organizing them into suchorganizations are outlined in detail.

14. Baker, Judy L. and Margaret E Grosh. Measuring theeffects of geographic targeting on poverty reduction.Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1994. 30p.

This research serves to evaluate the techniques used for identifyingpoor areas, and determine what impact various simulated transferschemes will have on reducing poverty. Aside from the policyimplications of this paper, the work is intended to demonstrate theneed for and usefulness of household data collection efforts such asthe Living Standards Measurement Study in developing countries.

15. Bandyopadhyaya, Jayatanuja. The poverty of nations:a global perspective of mass poverty in the Third World.Ahmedabad: Allied, 1988. 320p.

Attaches importance to the international economic structure ofdominance and dependency between the developed countries andthe less developed countries and gives weightage to the political,social and cultural structures of North-South relations, in additionto the economic structure. Highlights the tropical climate as a longterm natural cause of poverty in the South.

16. Bangladesh: from counting the poor to making thepoor count. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1999.66p.

Reducing poverty is the central development challenge in

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Bangladesh. Who are the poor? Where do they live? What are thecharacteristics of poor households? Has poverty declined overtime? Has inequality increased? In answering these “ counting thepoor” questions, this country study provides a poverty profile forBangladesh. As importantly, the study addresses several questionsabout “ making the poor count” in the choice, design, andimplementation of public policies and programs that aim to reducepoverty. What is the relationship between growth and inequality?Is this relationship different for rural and urban areas? Doeseducation reduce poverty? How much do the poor benefit fromincreasing public spending on health and education? Are householdsthat own more land less poor? Do area characteristics such asrural infrastructure affect the incidence of poverty? How cost-effective are safety net programs? Where do micro-financeprograms fit within a poverty reduction strategy? Do they reachthe poorest? How well do NGO services in education and healthcompete with public and private services? This report is also partof a process of strengthening capacity and enhancing povertydata and analysis in Bangladesh.

17. Beck, Tony. The experience of poverty: fighting forrespect and resources in village India. London:Intermediate Technology Publications, 1994. 221p.

The experience of poverty turns the standard approach to the poorand poverty upside down by focusing not only on the weakness ofpoor people but on their strengths. The author considers how poorpeople in these villages in West Bengal experience poverty in itsmany forms and battle for both resources and respect. This is incontrast to the way the poor are usually represented in aiddiscussions and in development discourse, as well as local dialogue,which usually influences external intervention to result in a top-down approach to poverty prevention programmes. The narrownessof the dominant statistical paradigm of poverty measurementworldwide is questioned and confronted by an analysis whichapproaches poverty from the point of view of people’s activity andcreativity. By understanding the experience of poverty, the author

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argues, we can see why it exists and what can be done-from theperspective of those who are living it. Focusing on strengths canchallenge development programme managers to offer more effectiveassistance to poor people in their light for respect and resources.

18. Behari, Bepin. Unemployment, technology & ruralpoverty. New Delhi: Vikas, 1983. 453p.

Discusses in detail the consequences and shortcomings of differentstrategies adopted over the last 35 years in dealing with the paradoxof Indian poverty, the difficulties encountered in employmentgeneration and the failure of rural technological reorientation. Therole of planning efforts for rural development, small-scale industriesand the encouragement of khadi and village based industries isanalysed to show the inherent weakness of well intentioned, seriousefforts. Poverty alleviating measures which result in increasedconcentration of production capacities in urban conglomerations,rapid population transfers to industrial areas, and the risingproportion of urban poor, have been some of the undesirable sideeffects of small scale industry promotion, massive financial outlaysfor industry, the introduction of so-called appropriate technology,and the incentives for industrial dispersal. The author puts forwardnew strategies for rural employment generation and organizationalrestructuring for rural development.

19. Benjamin, Solomon. From income to urban contest inglobal settings: chronic poverty in Bangalore. NewDelhi: Chronic Poverty Research Centre and IndianInstitute of Public Administration, 2004. 59p.

The cases discussed in the paper point to the complex householdstructures responding to the fluctuations that people experienced.Even so, the relatively central city location opened up a range ofopportunities. While some are able to improve their situations, thereare others, like very elderly persons, who face a very bleak situation.Cases from construction sites in more distant parts of Bangaloreshowed the complex links to their rural situation and also pointed tothe lack of supporting mechanisms that the more centrally located

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families could tap into. This was also reflected in the cases of streetchildren. However, a clear distinguishing aspect between a povertyand a chronic poverty situation still seemed grey. The last set ofcases of chronic poverty can be seen from a perspective of fracturedclaims that get reflected in other indicators such as prolonged lowincomes, low food intake, and sustained exposure to health risks,apart from the inability to deal with very sudden shocks. This paperattempts to map urban chronic poverty on the basis of qualitativeinterviews. The main outcome emerging from the cases is that urbanchronic poverty and lack of income are part of a wider range offactors and the enormity of the issues involved need to be recognised.India’s increasing urbanization and the relatively high proportion ofurban population living in slums in towns and metro cities makes thisissue particularly important for cities getting connection in the globalarena.

20. Bhalla, Sheila., Anup K. Karan and T. Shobha. Ruralcasual labourers, wages and poverty: 1983 to 1999-2000. New Delhi: Chronic Poverty Research Centreand Indian Institute of Public Administration, 2004.113p.

Rural casual labourers is as likely to be the largest occupationalgroup characterized by chronic poverty in India. This paper takesthis proposition as the starting point for an investigation into theprevalence of poverty in different regions, and among occupational,social and asset ownership groups. In rural India, casual labourershave been identified as the largest occupational group characterisedby chronic poverty. Currently about 132 million workers strong,the casual labour workforce is growing both in terms of absolutenumbers and in terms of its share in the rural workforce. The paperdiscusses in detail the structure of the casual labour workforce interms of social groups, education status of rural casual labourersand poverty among casual workers.

21. Bhalla, Surjit S. Imagine there’s no country: poverty,inequality, and growth in the era of globalization. NewDelhi: Penguin Books, 2002. 248p.

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The new era of globalization, which began in the 1980s broughtabout a world without boundaries. It resulted in significant declinein costs of transportation, communication and production;considerably improved inter-country competitiveness; and brokedown trade and cultural barriers among countries. However, thenew order also raised several questions in its wake. Addressesthese question: Has globalization made the world grow faster?Has poverty declined at a faster pace during globalization? If yes,why? If not, is it because the growth rate was lower, or becauseinequality worsened, or both? Who has gained from globalization?Is it the elite in both the developed and developing world? Whatabout the middle class? Who are they? How have they benefitedfrom (or lost to) the forces of globalization?

22. Bhattacharya, Mohit and Prabhat Datta. Anti-povertyprogramme evaluation. Calcutta: Sarat Book House,1993. 114p.

This study looks at the anti-poverty programme in the fisheriessector as a complex set of activities involving the grassrootspanchayat institutions and the local banking agencies, government’sown field organization dealing with fisheries development and thebeneficiaries’ reactions and responses to the schemes and itsoperational nuances including work flow analysis of the longwindingprocedure relating to input (loan) delivery,. Drawing on earlierresearches, the researchers have also paid due attention to the socio-economic “environment” of the project in terms of villages socialstructure and economy within which the beneficiaries live and theprojects are embedded.

23. Bhide, Shashanka and Aasha Kapur Mehta. Correlatesof incidence and exit from chronic poverty in ruralIndia: evidence from panel data. New Delhi: ChronicPoverty Research Centre and Indian Institute ofPublic Administration, 2004. 37p.

The study uses panel data that longitudinally track 3,139 householdsin rural India to try to provide an understanding of the characteristics

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of households that exhibit mobility out of poverty and of those thatsimply stay poor. The next section of the paper presents a reviewof some of the panel data based literature on chronic poverty (basedon Mehta and Bhide 2003). This provides a basis for the selectionof variables for the subsequent econometric analysis. Section 3sets out the methodology and a description of the panel data usedfor the present analysis. Section 4 presents the results of theincidence, mobility and persistence of poverty drawn from the paneldata set while section 5 concludes the paper.

24. Bird, Kate. Chronic poverty and understanding: intra-household differentiation. New Delhi: ChronicPoverty Research Centre and Indian Institute ofPublic Administration, 2004. 9p.

Gives the definitions and meanings of household. Describes whyintra household differentiation is important, an examination of intra-household dynamics is capable of highlighting how resources aregenerated, controlled and distributed in a household. Discusses varioushousehold decision making models like unitary models and collectivemodels. Again under collective models cooperative and non-cooperative models are discussed and finally the issues to considerand discussed like conjugal abstracts – why do people from household;why do ‘backstop’ position differ and socio-political and economiccontext for the creation, presentation and disintegration of households.

25. Bliven, Neal, C. Ramaswamy and Sudhir Wanmali.Devising policies to help the poor in South India. Delhi:B.R. Pub. 1997. 402p.

Argues that to devise policies that could appreciably reduce povertyin Southern India, policy analysts need to identify the poor, trace thelinkages between the poor and the wider economy, and predict theimpact of economic policies that capitalize on those linkages for thebenefit of the poor. Also, noting the plausible sources of politicalsupport for promising policies could be helpful in a democratic

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country such as India. In addition, lessons that might be pertinent tothe devising of new policies could be gleaned from past experienceswith implementing welfare and development policies.

26. Burnside, Craig and David Dollar. Aid, the incentiveregime, and poverty reduction. Washington, D.C.: TheWorld Bank, 1998. 18p.

Examines how foreign aid affects infant mortality – an importantsocial indicator that provides indirect evidence that the benefits ofdevelopment are reaching people everywhere. Concludes that indeveloping countries with weak economic management – evidencedby poor property rights, high levels of corruption, closed traderegimes, and macroeconomic instability – there is no relationshipbetween aid and the change in infant mortality. In distortedenvironments, development projects promoted by donors tend to fail.And aid resources are typically fungible, so the aid does not in factfinance these projects. Aid finances the whole public sector at themargin, which is why the quality of management is key to effectiveassistance. A government that cannot put effective developmentpolicies in place is unlikely to oversee the effective use of foreign aid.On the other hand, there is a relationship between aid and a change ininfant mortality when the recipient country has relatively goodmanagement. When management is good, additional aid worth 1percent of GDP has a powerful effect, reducing infant mortality by0.9 percent.

27. Carvalho, Soniya and Howard White. Indicators formonitoring poverty reduction. Washington, D.C.: TheWorld Bank, 1994. 54p.

This paper analyses experience in designing performance indicators inthe Bank’s targeted poverty projects and poverty-oriented SALs/SECALs, and sets out key considerations that should guide the choiceof indicators for monitoring the poverty reduction performance of theBank’s lending. The paper is primarily addressed to Bank staff andpolicy makers involved in the indicators exercise, and those with aninterest in monitoring and evaluation.

28. Chakravarti, Ashok. Aid, institutions and

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development: new approaches to growth, governanceand poverty. New Delhi: Oxford University Press,2005. 190p.

Using the latest empirical findings on aid and growth, this bookreveals how good governance can be achieved by radicallyrestructuring the international aid architecture. If aid programmesare aimed away from so-called poverty reduction measures andplay a more forceful role in political and institutional reform, aidcan truly be made an effective instrument. The volume is organizedinto seven chapters. The present introductory chapter continueswith a discussion of the rationale of aid and gives a quantitativeoverview. Chapter 2 presents a discussion of the recent growthliterature in order to highlight what is now established as being thedeterminants of growth, as these must necessarily become theessential components of any successful development strategy. Sucha framework is necessary in order to understand why aid has failedand how it can play a more effective role in future development.Chapter 3 summarizes the major findings of studies that haveconsidered the impact of aid on growth and other important economicvariables. Aid is then disaggregated into its components to considerthe channels by which different types of assistance can have aneffect on growth, and whether these linkages might provide someexplanation for its limited impact. Chapter 4 considers the role ofmajor international financial institutions and donor staff in influencingthe impact of aid on development. In chapter 5 the validity of theconcepts underlying the new poverty reduction approach and othernew strategies for aid and development is discussed. Chapter 6comprises on analysis of a sample group of Poverty ReductionStrategy Papers prepared by various countries under the auspicesof the World Bank. Finally, chapter 7 considers the way ahead andputs forward certain proposals for restructuring the contents,management focus of aid flows. The volume provides insightful,informative, and holistic perspectives on foreign aid, internationaldonor agencies, and issues of governance in developing countries.

29. Chambers, Robert, N.C. Saxena, and Tushaar Shah.To the hands of the poor: water and trees. London:Intermediate Technology Publications, 1989. 273p.

Explores how poor people can gain more from rural India’s vast and

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often underestimated potential from groundwater and from growingtrees. The authors use empirical evidence and practical politicaleconomy to identify new and implementable policies and stress securerights and access, and control, management and use of resources bypoor households, and by their groups and communities and arguethat rights, and creating competitive markets, can be used to free thepoor from bassle and exploitation, enabling them to claim, own andgain more from lift irrigation and from trees.

30. Chaubey, P.K. Poverty measurement: issues,approaches and indices. New Delhi: New AgeInternational, 1995. 138p.

Dealing with measurement of poverty, the book raises certain issuesboth theoretical and empirical; delineates approaches to constructionand updation of poverty lines as well as the construction of indicesof poverty extent in a society. Besides, the author explains traditionaland modern poverty indices in literature in as simple a language aspossible. Many of the indices are alternatively derived, corrected formistakes and modified for making good the deficiencies in them.

31. Cheal, David. New poverty: families in postmodernsociety. Westport: Praeger, 1999. 209p.

The “new poverty” is about the economic fall of individuals and countrieswho used to be affluent and how once dreamed that their affluencewould go on forever. It is about the experience of free falling, withouta parachute and without much a safety net. The “new poverty” isabout people who lose their jobs when their company “downsizes”. Itis about people whose hours of employment are cut in half when thework runs out. In addition, it is about couples who separate, therebyplunging one of them and probably their children into a low incomelevel that they had never anticipated. It is about loss of faith inrelationships that were once believed to last a lifetime, and in governmentprograms that we used to think would last for generations.

32. Currie, Bob. The politics of hunger in India: a studyof democracy, governance and Kalahandi’s poverty.London: Macmillan Press, 2000. 275p.

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This book seeks to identify the processes which generate andperpectuate hunger in India, and what sort of interventions by publicand private agencies are best suited to combat this problem. Drawingon field work in much publicized Kalahandi district, Bob Currie explainswhy problems of poverty and alleged starvation remain despite regularelections and extensive regional and national publicity.

33. Dandekhar, V.M. and Nilakantha Rath. Poverty inIndia. Pune: Indian School of Political Economy, 1971.159p.

This study is concerned with the problem of poverty in India. It is aproblem of low national income and its unequal distribution; of slowpace of development and inequitable distribution of the small gains ofdevelopment.

34. Datta, Anindya. Growth and equity: a critique of theLewis-Kuznets tradition with special reference to India.Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1986. 119p.

Provides an enhanced perception of the problems of the narrownessof the home market, disproportionality between sectors, prematuremigration and persistence of dualism, which developing countries,are facing and the Lewis-Kuznets approach has failed to grapple with.Also considers analytically the feasibility of an alternative scenario ofdevelopment from below which may mitigate these problems. Bolstersthe arguments with extensive quantitative exercises on the basis ofdistrict level data from India and raises some epistemological questionsof crucial importance to development theory.

35. Dean, Mitchell. The constitution of poverty: toward agenealogy of liberal governance. London: Routledge,1991. 248p.

Challenges the orthodox interpretation of the changing nature of therelief and administration of poverty, from the seventeenth century tothe reform of the poor law in England in the mid-nineteenth century.Locates ‘the constitution of poverty’ in the debates on pauperismwhich took place at the end of the eighteenth century, arguing thatthis event marks a transformation in modes of government and,

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provides a critical historical framework for understanding thecontribution of poor policies to the rise of capitalism both as aneconomic system and as a form of political and social organization.

36. Dent, Martin and Bill Peters. The crisis of poverty anddebt in the Third World. Hants: Ashgate, 1999. 284p.

Describes the plight of 52 of the poorest nations in the world andputs in detail the case for radical cancellation of past inert debt.The cost and benefit of this remission and the groundbreakingconcord of peoples and governments that could accompany it areexamined in detail. Contains critiques of the economic bases of theWorld Bank and IMF approaches to debt management in developingeconomies, as manifested in structural adjustment programmes andtheir maintenance, misuse of excess reserves and the methods usedto carry out restructuring and development projects.

37. DeRose, Laurie, et.al. Who’s hungry? And how do weknow?: food shortage, poverty, and deprivation.Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1998. 201p.

Recognizes that any attempt to reduce hunger requires a soundunderstanding of which people are affected. It differentiates betweenfood shortage (regional food scarcity), food poverty (inadequatehousehold food supplies), and food deprivation (individualmalnutrition) in order to identify the causes of hunger and recommendmeans for effectively targeting interventions. The second question –how we know who the hungry are – receives as much attention asthe basic question of who is suffering from hunger. The authorsexplain commonly used means of measuring hunger, the assumptionsembedded in these measures, and what we can and cannot concludefrom the available evidence. Some questions about who is hungryreceive for more definitive answers than others because the evidencediffers in both quantity and quality. Also examines how rules for fooddistribution operate under normal versus crisis conditions. Theshortage/poverty/deprivation framework is designed to call attentionto hunger even when food is abundant as well as to learn how hungeris avoided even when food is scarce. The framework also integratesthe insights of disciplines focusing on one or another of the levels, as

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well as the distinctive policy foci of various organizations. Drawsattention to the policies which are working as well as to the individuals,households, and communities which are underserved.

38. Design and management of sustainable projects toalleviate poverty in South Asia, edited by MichaelBamberger and Abdul Aziz. Washington, D.C.: TheWorld Bank, 1993. 320p.

This document is one of a series being produced under EDI’s trainingprogram on poverty alleviation. These reports present the findingsand conclusions of seminars and workshops at which policymakers,planners, and managers from governmental and nongovernmentalorganizations have reviewed their experiences with policies andprograms designed to benefit poor and vulnerable groups and helpthem integrate into the mainstream of economic and socialdevelopment. The present document reports on a seminar held inBangalore in August 1991 to review the experience of South Asia indesigning and managing sustainable poverty alleviation projects.

39. Dreze, Jean and Amartya Sen. Hunger and publicaction. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. 373p.

No social or economic problem facing the world is more urgent thanthat of hunger. The focus of this study is on action-action to banishboth the threat of famine and reality of chronic hunger affectingmany parts of the world. This is a study on the role that public actioncan play in eradicating hunger and famines. Covers a wide range ofissues related to this theme, including the nutritional, economic, socialand political causes of hunger, the strategy of famine prevention, theconnections, between economic growth and public support, theinfluence of class and gender conflicts, the role of adversarial politics,and the relationship between state action and public action.

40. Dynamics of economic development in India:economics of poverty in plenty, edited by R.K. Sinha.New Delhi: Deep & Deep, 1986. 351p.

Discusses the causes and remedies of economic backwardness,disparity in development, internal trade and economic development,

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the structure of poverty, poverty of the people and backwardness ofa region, irrigation and agricultural development, industrializing of noindustry districts, constraints in development of small scale industries,rural industrialization, balanced regional development, Seventh FiveYear Plan and development.

41. Echeverri-Gent, John. The state and the poor: publicpolicy and political development in India and theUnited States. Berkely: University of California Press,1993. 312p.

Investigates the implementation of rural poverty programs by theResettlement Administration and Farm Security Administration duringthe American New Deal and by rural development agencies in theIndian states of Maharashtra and West Bengal. In each case, theauthor untangles the relationship between political agency-the capacityfor action possessed by politicians and state agencies – and theconstraints presented by social structure through its distribution ofeconomic, political, and information resources in a society.Synthesizing concepts from political economy, organization theory,and public policy studies, the author develops four themes. First, hecriticises advocates of the “new institutionalism” for adopting a “top-down” perspective on state-society relations. Second, the authorinvestigates the links between public policy and the politics of rationality.He demonstrates how public policy is inevitably shaped by the strategicinteraction of self-interested individuals and bureaucracies. Third, theauthor contends that politics is not inevitably detrimental to public policy.On the contrary, public policy can create incentives for collective actionthat pressures administrators to implement policy more effectively.Finally, he shows that the political impact of public policy shapes thecourse of political development.

42. Economic growth and poverty alleviation in TamilNadu. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2005. 107p.

This volume presents synthesis of five policy notes prepared by theWorld Bank staff in collaboration with the Government of Tamil Naduto support its reform program between 2002 and 2004. The five

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notes span fiscal reform and sustainability, improving investmentclimate, agriculture development, governance challenges, and povertyprofile. An overview of the main messages of the five notes is alsopresented. The report reflects the status of policy dialogues up toMarch 2004 with a few selected updates.

43. Economic reforms and poverty alleviation in India,edited by C.H. Hanumantha Rao and HansLinnemann. New Delhi: Sage, 1996. 271p.

Following a severe balance of payments crisis, India launched a seriesof wide ranging economic reforms in 1991. The book evaluats twinobjectives of these reforms –namely, macroeconomic stabilizationand structural reforms and suggests important policy correctives foralleviating poverty. Argues that even though the long term effects ofthe structural reforms may still prove to be beneficial to the poor aswell, the actual rise in poverty immediately after 1991 might havebeen avoided, or at least mitigated, if the stabilization measures hadtaken account of the vulnerability of the prevailing inegalitarian socio-economic structure, especially in rural areas, to the shocks ofadjustment. Suggests that priority should be given to the structuraltransformation of the rural economy by both raising agriculturalgrowth through greater labour absorption and stepping up humanresources.

44. Economic reforms for the poor, edited by ShubhashisGangopadhyay and Wilima Wadhwa. New Delhi:Konark, 2000. 514p.

The essays cover a wide range of topics, from poverty alleviationpolicies to those concerning financial markets. The contributors havetried to take a fresh look at the liberalization and globalization processin hands and highlight source of the major problems that need to besolved and suggest methodologies for addressing them.

45. Empowerment and poverty reduction: a source book,edited by Deepa Narayan. Washington, D.C.: TheWorld Bank, 2002. 37p.

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Offers a framework for empowerment that focuses on increasingpoor people’s freedom of choice and action to shape their ownlives. This approach requires three societal changes: a change inmindset, from viewing poor people as the problem to viewingthem as essential partners in reducing poverty; a change in therelationship between poor people and formal systems, enablingthem to participate in decisions that affect their lives; and a changein formal and informal institutions to make them more responsiveto the needs and realities of poor people. Based on analysis ofexperiences from around the world, identifies four key elementsto support empowerment of poor people; information, inclusion/participation, accountability, and local organizational capacity. Thisframework is applied to five areas of basic services: improvedlocal governance, improved national governance, pro-poor marketdevelopment, and access to justice and legal aid. Also offers 20“Tools and Practices”, focusing on a wide range of topics tosupport poor people’s empowerment. These range from poorpeople’s enterprises, information and communications technology,and community driven development to diagnostic tools such ascorruption surveys and citizen report cards.

46. Eswaran, Mukesh and Ashok Kotwal. Why povertypersists in India: a framework for understanding theIndian economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1994. 130p.

India has taken giant strides in the field of economic developmentsince its independence in 1947. Inspite of this, most of its populationremains mired in poverty. The author provides a conceptual frameworkfor understanding the process of economic development in a labourabundant country, and the framework is specifically applied to thecase of India.

47. Gaur, K.D. Management of poverty alleviation inIndia. New Delhi: Manak, 1998. 203p.

After independence, India adopted a model of planned economicdevelopment to alleviate the poverty of its masses. This has shownsome improvement as far as general economic activities and raising

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of the per capita income are concerned. But facts remain that theproblem of poverty has not been solved so far despite planned effortsspanning over four and a half decades. Critically examines thegovernment policies and programmes for eradication of poverty andsuggests the use of management skills to coordinate.

48. Gaur, K.D., et. al. Reflections on anti-povertyprogrammes. New Delhi: Mohit Publications, 1996.243p.

Despite the four and a half decade of plan implementation, poverty inIndia remains one of the gigantic problems. The development myth ofIndian planners and policy makers was falsified in the sense that thefruits of development had not percolated the lower level of Indiansociety. Realizing the backwardness of rural people many ruraldevelopment programmes were started by the government afterindependence for eradication of rural poverty and to improve theirliving conditions. But these programmes have failed to achieve theirobjective in totality and did not succeed in removing poverty andunemployment and in creating the production assets. Thus poverty,unemployment and inequal distribution of wealth continue to be themajor problems which have been demanding complete attention ofplanners and policy makers. Different approaches were spelt out invarious plans but basic objectives remained untouched for ensuringgrowth with equalities and social justice, self reliance, improvedefficiency and productivity ultimately resulting in poverty and lessemployment. The problems, living cases beneficiaries under variousschemes and structured exercises based on primary data have beenincorporated.

49. Gedam, Ratnakar. Poverty in India. New Delhi: Deep& Deep , 1995. 575p.

Deals with the myth about Indian concepts, approach and definitionsof poverty. Provides new methodology to measure rate of povertyeradication, elasticity of poverty eradication with reference to NSDPfor different states. Reveals how the widening gap between rate ofgrowth of per capital NNP and per capital poverty line leads to

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decrease in number of people below poverty.

50. Geographical targeting for poverty alleviation:methodology and applications edited by David Bigmanand Fofack Hippolute. Washington, D.C.: The WorldBank, 2000. 307p.

Targeting limited public resources in the context of poverty-alleviation programs to those who need them most remains a keychallenge for policymakers. Describes how the use of recentadvancements in the technology of geographical information systems(GIS) can help to improve the efficiency and effectiveness ofresources allocation. It shows, in particular, how data collectedfrom household surveys can be used for geographical targetingand how accessibility indicators designed through GIS can help todetermine the location of public facilities within regions.

51. Glewwe, Paul and Jacques van der Gaag. Confrontingpoverty in developing countries: definitions,information, and policies. Washington, D.C.: TheWorld Bank, 1998. 48p.

This paper examines several commonly used definitions of poverty.Proposes a definition based on the theory of welfare economics andcontrast it with other definitions that are often used in empiricalstudies. Examines household survey data from Cote d’ Ivoire to seewhether these different definitions choose the same people. Thisgeneral finding is that they often lead to different policyrecommendations. Provides a general discussion of poverty reducingpolicies, and demonstrates the use of household survey data toformulate and evaluate specific policies.

52. Global trading practice and poverty alleviation inSouth Asia: regional perspectives on women and trade.New Delhi: United Nations Development Fund forWomen (UNIFEM), 1996. 285p.

This book presents the proceedings and recommendations of theregional seminar on “Global Trading Practices and Poverty Alleviation

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in South Asia – A Gender Perspective” which was held in New Delhi,India from January 30 to 1st February 1995. The seminar wasorganized in response to growing concerns from the women’smovement in South Asia about the impact of trade liberalization andglobal trading practices on women in the region, particularly thoseliving in disadvantaged situations. It constituted the first regional eventof its kind, and offered women a forum for bringing attention toissues of emerging importance to them that have generally beenoverlooked so far. The seminar was jointly organized by the UnitedNations Development Fund for Women, (UNIFEM) and the SwedishInternational Development Agency (SIDA) in India, and invited 40participants from India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Maldives,Nepal and Bhutan from various ministries and public bodies, non-governmental organizations, research institutes and developmentorganizations. Swedish advancement of women has contributedsignificantly towards mainstreaming women’s concerns and puttingwomen in development questions at the forefront of the developmentdebate. UNIFEM and SIDA enjoy a long tradition of cooperation inthis field.

53. Globalisation and poverty: channels and policyresponses, edited by Maurizio Bussolo and Jeffery I.Round. London: Routledge, 2006. 232p.

This book provides an analysis of the impact of globalisation onpoverty, using simulation methods and rich empirical evidence to tryto establish directions and magnitudes of effect to inform policyresponse. Deals with case studies on Colombia, Ghana, India, Nepal,Bangladesh and Vietnam. The studies show that a ‘one-size-fits-all’policy prescription is a bad idea and that country-specificcircumstances combined with domestic policies and other factorsare co-determinants of the final poverty outcome.

54. Governance and poverty: contemporary policyreforms for India, edited by M.C. Gupta, et. al. NewDelhi: Indian Institute of Public Administration,2000. 148p.

This publication represents the final outcome of the Public ServiceMBA (Special Indian Programme) run by the International

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Development Department of the School of Public Policy, Universityof Birmingham UK in partnership with the Indian Institute of PublicAdministration (IIPA), New Delhi, India and the Civil Service College,Sunningdale, UK. The programme is sponsored by the Departmentof Economic Affairs and the Department of Personnel and Training,Government of India and is funded by the UK Department ofInternational Development (DFID) and managed by the BritishCouncil. The papers contained in this publication represent an attemptby the course participants to address policy issues of concern toIndia drawing upon ideas and concepts gained on the course in relationto public section reform and modernization world wide. At the sametime all the papers contained in this publication attempt to addressthe issue of poverty and social exclusion in India either from a directpoverty reduction point of view or enabling policies for this purpose.The context of this study is represented by the current status of povertyin India and the evolution of contemporary policy change. A recentstudy conducted by IDD, University of Birmingham and the IIPA, hasdemonstrated that there is a “consensus” about what has reducedpoverty in India. As far as income poverty is concerned, it is clearfrom the extensive literature that sustained economic growth and growthrelated policies are critical, but that poverty reduction has then dependedon: sustained pro-poor economic growth, in particular; the channelingof public investment into agriculture, especially for irrigation; theintegration of backward regions into the economic mainstream; thediversification of agriculture into high value crops and livestock inpoor regions; the expansion of rural non-farm employment, combinedwith: the control of inflation.

55. The Great Indian poverty debate, edited by AngusDeaton and Valerie Kozel. New Delhi: Macmillan, 2005.600p.

This book brings together the key papers in the Indian poverty debates,together with a new introduction that provides an overview andsynthesis. The collection also contains some seminal papers that linkthe current debates to the earlier literature, as well as discussions ofthe issues in other countries. Many of the papers in this volume werefirst presented in Delhi in January 2002 at a workshop jointly organizedby the Planning Commission and the World Bank.

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56. Growth, employment and poverty: change andcontinuity in rural India, edited by G.K. Chadha andAlakh N. Sharma. New Delhi: Vikas, 1997. 470p.

Attempts to analyse the emerging economic scenario and offers policyoptions in the wake of economic changes. The twenty papers includedin this volume from renowned scholars encompass all major aspectsof rural economic transformation. They include issues such as Indianagriculture under SAP, land reforms, agro-climatic regional planning,people’s participation in development efforts, common propertyissues, social forestry and livestock, social security for the ruralpoor, workforce diversification, and rural industrialization. In addition,there are papers on five Indian States which examine the prospectsof agricultural growth and poverty reduction.

57. Gulati, Leela. Profiles in female poverty: a study offive poor working women in Kerala. Delhi: HindustanPublishing Corporation, 1981. 179p.

Puts together life histories of five working women drawn from thelowest income groups in Kerala, a poor and densely populated statein South India. The range of occupations covered includes anagricultural labourer, a brick worker, a fish vendor, a constructionworkers, and a coir worker. Though the focus of these profiles is onthe working woman, the author attempts to draw a comprehensivepicture of her in a total, day-to-day setting in which she works andlives.

58. Gupta, S.P. Structural dimensions of poverty in India.Delhi: Mittal, 1987. 427p.

Deals with both theoretical and empirical aspect of poverty. Theproblems inherent in conceptualization as well as various theoriesand ideologies of poverty have been discussed in detail. Variousmeasures of poverty and their appropriateness form an importantarea of enquiry of the book. Also concerns with the perceptions bythe poor, of themselves, of their lives, and of their roles in the society.

59. Handbook of poverty in India: perspectives, policies,and programmes, edited by R. Radhakrishna and

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Shovan Ray. New Delhi: Oxford University Press,2005. 185p.

While providing a historical account of the incidences, trends, anddeterminants of poverty, the handbook analyses: major policies andprogrammes in the post-reforms, self-employment, and publicdistribution systems; important legislative and other initiatives takenby the government; institutional interventions such as employmentsecurity, relief measures, food security, land reforms that focus onstrengthening the base of the poor, furthering human development,and empowering vulnerable groups; public expenditure on socialservices and poverty alleviation programmes; rural banking and micro-credit operations. Showcasing the work of some of the foremostscholars in development economics and focusing on key social issuesin the post-reform era, this handbook is required reading for students,policy planners, and researchers of development. It will also be avaluable guide for sociologists, activists, and aid agencies workingon social and economic development.

60. Harriss, Barbara. Child nutrition and poverty in SouthIndia: noon meals in Tamil Nadu. New Delhi: Concept,1991, 130p.

Contrasts MGR’s famous Noon Meals Scheme with the World Bank’sNutrition Project and describes the social impact of the publicdistribution system and of policy on alcohol both at the State leveland with respect of two contrasting villages. The social characteristicsof poor and inadequately fed households are analysed. The experienceof the state of access to these food and nutrition interventions bypoor mothers and of allocating food by village level state employeesis chronicled. The costs and benefits of excluding the neediest childrenare commented upon.

61. Health, poverty and development in India, edited byMonica Das Gupta, Lincoln C. Chen and T.N.Krishnan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. 369p.

The papers in this volume examine some of the health and developmentparadoxes in India. The first paper discusses the problem of objectivityin the measurement of health status. This is followed by a chapter onthe results of the 1991 Census with special reference to the seeming

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declines in the rate of population growth and in sex ratio. Access toand utilization of health services vary from region to region, betweenrural and urban areas, and by socio-economic class, and several authorsstudy these differences. Another important paper focuses on morbiditydata and their relationship to the mortality rate, as also the effect thatpeople’s perceptions have on the demand for health services. The secondpart of the book includes studies on health services and health policiesin India, including a chapter on health financing. These papers addresssome key questions: What priority does India give to health among itsvarious development goals? How well are India’s health systems privateand public responding to and anticipating its health transitions? And,most important, how can the accessibility, effectiveness andaffordability of India’s health care services be improved?

62. Henry, Carla, et. al. Microfinance poverty assessmenttool. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2003. 206p.

Provides data on the poverty levels of MFI clients relative to peopleliving in the same community. It uses a more standardized, globallyapplicable, and rigorous set of indicators than those used byconventional micro-finance targeting tools. The tool employs principalcomponent analysis to construct a multidimensional poverty indexthat allows the poverty outreach of MFIs to be compared within andacross countries. Originally field tested in four countries on threecontinents, it has subsequently been applied by micro-finance donorsand MFI networks in numerous other countries. Although the Micro-finance Poverty Assessment Tool was designed for micro-finance,the tool provides far more detailed and statistically accurate data thanthat offered by low-cost methodologies such as rapid rural appraisal,participatory appraisal, or housing index methodologies, while avoidingthe high cost and extensive time requirements of a detailed householdexpenditure survey.

63. Hentschel, Jesko and Radha Seshagiri. The city povertyassessment: a primer. Washington, D.C.: The WorldBank, 2000. 37p.

This paper provides an introduction to the concept of and tools usedin City Poverty Assessment. There is no standard content to suchassessments; rather, they need to be adapted to the specific needs of

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the city involved. Several aspects of urban poverty touched on inthis paper will be irrelevant to certain circumstances, while othersnot mentioned here will be crucial. The thrust of city povertyassessment is to provide city policymakers with good and thoroughinformation about the situation of the city’s poor, the key determinantsof poverty, the functioning of city anti poverty programs, thedistribution of city finances, and the link between poverty and citygrowth. Many of the tools used when developing city povertyassessments are valuable planning tools in and of themselves, suchas poverty maps, institutional maps, tracking of the incidence oftaxes and expenditures, and rapid service satisfaction surveys. Further,the very process of preparing a city poverty assessment which includescollecting information, analyzing it, and discussing it with all relevantactors, including the poor will be major importance in forming newand more effective partnerships for city poverty reduction.

64. Hentschel, Jesko, et. al. Combining census and surveydata to study spatial dimensions of poverty.Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1998. 31p.

Poverty maps, providing information on the spatial distribution ofliving standards, are an important tool for policymaking andeconomic research. Policymakers can use such maps to allocatetransfers and inform policy design. The maps can also be used toinvestigate the relationship between growth and distribution insidea country, thereby complementing research using cross-countryregressions. The development of detailed poverty maps is difficultbecause of data constraints. Household surveys contain data onincome or consumption but are typically small. Census data covera large sample but do not generally contain the right information.Poverty maps based on census data but constructed in an adhocmanner can be unreliable. Demonstrates how sample survey dataand census data can be combined to yield predicted poverty ratesfor all households covered by the census. This represents animprovement over adhoc poverty maps. However, standard errorson the estimated poverty rates are not negligible, so additionalefforts to cross-check results are warranted.

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65. Howes, Steven and Lanjouw Olson. Povertycomparisons and household survey design.Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1997. 35p.

Poverty comparisons – an increasingly important starting-point forwelfare analysis – are almost always based on household surveys.They therefore require that one be able to distinguish underlyingdifferences in the populations being compared from samplingvariation: standard errors must be calculated. So far, this has largelybeen done on the assumption that the household surveys are simplerandom samples. But household surveys are more complex thanthis. The authors show that taking into account sampling designhas a major effect on standard errors for well-known povertymeasures: they can increase by around one-half. They also showthat making only a partial correction for sample design (taking intoaccount clustering, but not stratification, whether explicit or implicit)can be as misleading as not taking any account at all of samplingdesign.

66. Hulme, David, Karen Moore and Andrew Shepherd.Chronic poverty: meanings and analyticalframework. New Delhi: Chronic poverty ResearchCentre and Indian Institute of PublicAdministration, 2004. 54p.

This paper provides an overview of the meaning of ‘chronic poverty’and framework for analysing it. In the first section, the majorframeworks for conceptualizing (defining and explaining) andmeasuring poverty in its broader sense are reviewed in brief, andrelated to the study of chronic poverty. Frameworks forunderstanding measuring chronic poverty, with a focus on itscharacteristics, causes, and the units of analysis to which it canrelate, are then laid out. The focus of the paper is conceptual. Thepaper reviews the meaning of ‘chronic poverty’, and the analyticalframeworks that might be used to understand it, to provide guidanceto researchers on chronic poverty.

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67. The Impact of economic policies on poverty and incomedistribution: evaluation techniques and tools, editedby Francois Bourguignon and Luiz A. Pereira da Silva.Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2003. 418p.

Reviews techniques and tools that can be used to evaluate the povertyand distributional impact of economic policy choices and describesthe techniques and tools now available from the simplest to the mostcomplex and identifies best practices. The tools reviewed helpquantify the trade offs and consequences of economic policies thataffect countries through various channels. Each chapter addresses aspecific evaluation technique and its applications, and householdsurvey data are used for descriptions of economic welfare distribution.The focus is on the micro level in the first part of the book, and linksbetween macro modeling and the microeconomic distribution ofeconomic welfare are the focus in the last five chapters.

68. Implementing the World Bank’s strategy to reducepoverty: progress and challenges. Washington, D.C.:The World Bank, 1993. 98p.

This report outlines the progress made so far in implementing thestrategy and polices to reduce poverty set out in World DevelopmentReport 1990, the 1991 policy paper entitled ‘Assistance Strategies toReduce Poverty’, and the 1992 ‘Poverty Reduction Handbook’ andoperational directive. The report highlights the challenge faced inhelping borrowing member countries to achieve their povertyreduction goals. The report shows what best practice in work onpoverty reduction can accomplish.

69. In the name of poor: contesting political space forpoverty reduction, edited by Neil Webster and LarsEngberg-Pedersen. London: Zed Books, 2002. 279p.

In this collection, the concept of “political space”, grounded in casestudies of local politics from across three continents, redirects theanalysis of the policies of poverty towards three inter-related matters:the scope for effective participation in policy formation andimplementation; the depiction of poverty in political discourse; andthe poor’s own forms of political organization and practice. Argues

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for the importance of exploring and understanding action taken bythe poor themselves. This concept embraces the institutional channelsfor accessing policy formulation, the content of political discourseand the degree to which it emphasizes poverty as an issue, and theskill and strategies of the political actors themselves. Shows how, atlocal level, there are no simple or frequently recurring relationshipsbetween action by the poor themselves and the political arena. Insteadas the studies in this volume show, there is a great diversity in thecomplex realities of the political agency of the poor, the strategic useof discourse, the limits of institutional reforms, the contested natureof poverty reduction and the significance of political space forchallenging conditions of marginalization.

70. Including the poor: proceedings of a symposiumorganized by the World Bank and the InternationalFood Policy Research Institute, edited by MichaelLipton and Jaques Van Der Gaag. Washington, D.C.:The World Bank, 1993.610p.

During the 1989 the World Bank and IFPRI cosponsored monthlyworkshops on poverty research. Each workshop focused on an issuethat saw as essential to understanding poverty or to assessing theefficiency or effectiveness of policies to reduce it. Focuses on mostof the key issues of economic development. These issues rangedfrom measuring poverty to analyzing events – such as agriculturaldevelopment – that affect the severity of poverty to assessing theeffectiveness of supposed cures – such as land reform and structuraladjustment.

71. India alleviating poverty through forest development:evaluation country case study series, edited by NaliniKumar, et.al. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank,2000. 195p.

This case study is one of six evaluations of the implementation ofthe World Bank’s 1991 Forest Strategy. This and the other cases(Brazil, Cameroon, China, Costa Rica, and Indonesia) complementa review of the entire set of lending and nonlending activities of the

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World Bank Group (IBRD, IDA, IFC, and MIGA) and the GlobalEnvironment Facility (GEF) that are pertinent to the Bank Group’simplementation of the forest strategy. Together these constitute inputsinto a World Bank Operations Evaluation Department (OED) synthesisreport entitled, the World Bank’s 1991 Forest Strategy and itsimplementation. The purpose of each of the six country studies hasbeen to understand the implementation of the 1991 Forest Strategy inBank operations and to obtain the views of the various stakeholders inthe country about the involvement of the Bank. In doing so, the studyteam has not only examined the Bank’s forest programme but alsoendeavored to place the Bank’s activities in the broader context ofwhat the country and other donors have been doing in the forest sector.

72. The International poverty gap: investing in people andtechnology to build sustainable pathways out, editedby Nancy Bearg Dyke. Washington, D.C.: The AspenInstitute, 2000. 186p.

The gap between rich and poor is the greatest challenge of the newmillennium, and the disparity between high income and low incomenations has been increasing for more than a century. Nevertheless,this is not a hopeless case. This report provides strategies and toolsfor a change based on the extraordinary range of experience andinformation brought together at the Carter Center by the AspenInstitute in October 1999.

73. Jain, T.L. Poverty in India: an economic analysis. NewDelhi: Ess Ess Publications, 1987. 212p.

Rejects the cultural and sociological explanations of poverty in favourof its economic analysis. It estimates the proportion of the poor andthe intensity of their poverty in India and all the states for their ruraland urban areas.

74. Jalan, Jyotsna and Martin Ravallion. Transient povertyin rural China. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank,1996. 21p.

The authors study transient poverty in a six year panel dataset for a

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sample of 5,000 households in post-reform rural China. Half of themean squared poverty gap is transient, and in that it is directlyattributable to fluctuations in consumption over time. There is enoughtransient poverty to treble the cost of eliminating chronic povertywhen targeting solely according to current consumption – and to tiltthe balance in favor of untargeted transfers. Transient poverty is lowalong the chronically poorest, and trends to be high among thosenear the poverty line. Using censored quantile regression techniques,and that systemic factors determine transient poverty, although theyare generally congruent with the determinants of chronic povertyestablishes strategy which helps reduce chronic poverty – wouldalso help reduce transient poverty.

75. Jalihal, K.A. and M. Shivamurthy. Pragmatic ruraldevelopment for poverty alleviation: a pioneeringparadigm. New Delhi: Concept, 2003. 324p.

This book is concerned with rural poverty alleviation in India. In1999-2000, even after fifty years of independence, 27.09 per cent ofrural people were still below the poverty line. Administrators andrural development workers entrusted with the tasks of implementingrural poverty alleviation programmes must know what rural povertyis and how to tackle it, so that poverty alleviation can be accelerated.The book is divided into two parts. Part 1 with five chapters dealswith the concept of rural poverty, causes of rural poverty, povertyrelated situational facts and results of the efforts made so far toalleviate rural poverty. Part II of this book provides details of pragmaticrural development. It includes information relating to concept of ruraldevelopment; important issues in rural development; models ofeconomic development including ideas of Nobel Laureate AmartyaSen; strategies and methods to be used in accelerating povertyalleviation; programme objectives and programme areas needed forpoverty alleviation; and an inventory of important programmes areas.

76. Jayaraman, Raji and Peter Lanjouw. The evolution ofpoverty and inequality in Indian villages. Washington,D.C.: The World Bank, 1998. 58p.

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This policy research working paper reviews longitudinal village studiesfrom a variety of disciplinary perspectives to identify changes inliving standards in rural India in recent decades. Scrutinizes the mainforces of economic change, agricultural intensification, changes inland relations, and occupational diversification – explains changes inlevel and distribution of living standards in rural communities. Theseforces of economic change appear to have offset or at least mitigatedthe pressure that growing population can place on existing resources.The decline in rural poverty has been slow and irregular at best. Noris the poverty reduction only a matter of economic development. Forinstance, the rural poor often attribute much of improvement in theirliving conditions to reduced dependence on patrons.

77. Joshi, Sandeep. IRDP & poverty alleviation. NewDelhi: Rawat Publications, 1999. 212p.

Rural development means total all-round socio-economic developmentof the rural masses. Many policies and programmes have beendesigned with the aim of alleviation of rural poverty in our county.Notwithstanding long efforts with regard to removing poverty andunemployment efficacious results could not be obtained. In the year1978-79, the principal contents of CAD, DPAP, SFDA and MFALwere integrated into a new programme called “Integrated RuralDevelopment Programme (IRDP)”. This programme was extendedto cover the entire country and its scope expanded to all activities inthe primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. In this book, the roleand performance of the IRDP at the national and state level has beenevaluated. The impact of any rural development programme can bediscerned by the output achieved. The study also looks into variousimplementational aspects of the IRDP in order to suggest some viableways and means to streamline and strengthen the programme.

78. Kabra, Asmita. Chronic poverty and vulnerable socialgroups: the case of the Sahariya Adivasi communitydisplaced from Kuno wildlife sanctuary, MadhyaPradesh. New Delhi: Chronic Poverty Research Centreand Indian Institute of Public Administration, 2004.48p.

For remote, rural, already marginalized communities like the Scheduled

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Tribes in India, displacement induced by projects of ‘nationalimportance’ has been one of the important contributors to rise indeprivation. The recent thrust on displacement of natural resourcedependent communities for improving biodiversity conservation inWPAs is a classic example of lack of micro and marco coherencebetween the environmental protection and poverty alleviation policies.The resettlement and rehabilitation policy of the government itselfcomes into question in the light of the Kuno experience, because ofits obvious inability to first justify the need for displacement, andthen to ensure adequate compensation for the people affected. Itemerges from the Kuno experience that many relocated people haveaccepted the idea of displacement because of the precarious natureof their pre-relocation livelihood, and indeed of their citizenship itself.From a rights-based perspective, this is a stark violation of the ideaof capability rights guaranteed by the state for preventing absolutepoverty and for living with dignity.

79. Kamble, N.D. Poverty within poverty: a study of theweaker sections in a Deccan village. New Delhi:Sterling, 1979. 134p.

One of the most striking experiences of the planning efforts inIndia has been that the economically backward regions andeconomically backward people in both developed and backwardregions, have gained little. Social segregation and oppressionthat contributed a lot in perpetuating the inequalities. So long associal segregation and discrimination continues to exist povertywill persist to dog the oppressed like a shadow. Even among thepoor, the worst hit are those who are socially under privilegedand the poor. Therefore, from the social and economic justicepoint the poorest need to be given priority. Unfortunately, thepoorest become the first casualty in the event of natural or humanmade calamities.

80. Kohli, Atul. The state and poverty in India: the politicsof reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1987. 262p.

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Focuses attention on the nature of ruling political parties as an importantfactor influencing the success or failure of redistributive and welfarepolitics in a democratic capitalist setting. Compares to detail three statelevel Indian governments of the late seventies: communist ruled WestBengal, Karnataka under the Congress Party, and Uttar Pradesh underthe Janata Party. Comparing these in terms of their success inredistributing agricultural land and creating employment for the ruralpoor, the author argues cogently that well organised, left of centerparties in government like that in West Bengal are the most effective inimplementing reforms.

81. Kothari, Rajni. Growing amnesia: an essay on povertyand the human consciousness. New Delhi: Viking,1993. 185p.

Explores the meanings of poverty in its economic, social and politicalaspects; analyses the role, the state and market have to play, bothnationally and internationally, in the deepening of poverty; and examinesthe whole issue of the declining access of the poor to the powerstructures of society and sources of influence and decision-makingthe phenomenon of disempowerment.

82. Krishnaiah, P. Poverty reduction: self-help groupstrategy: a case study of Andhra Pradesh. New Delhi:UBS, 2003. 293p.

Rural development paradigms and poverty reduction strategies havebeen evolving over time on the basis of emerging theoretical insightsand implementation experiences. The Government of Andhra Pradeshhas adopted a model of participatory development with socialmobilization and capacity building of the poor as the supportingplanks for poverty reduction in all its dimensions. With Janmabhoomias an anchor, the self-help group movement has received an immenseimpetus in the recent past. In addition to women SHGs, self-helpgroups in the sphere of natural resources management and humandevelopment initiatives are promoted in a big way. Thus, eater usersassociations (WUAs), watershed committees (WCs),vanasamrakshna smithies (VSs), school education committees

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(SECs) and mothers’ groups have come into existence in largenumbers as community based organizations (CBOs) to promoteself-help, participation and collective responsibility. Today, thereare nearly three lakh SHGs in Andhra Praesh contributing to povertyreduction in different contours. The book depicts the operations ofthese self-help groups engaged in the domain of income-generation,human development, environmental protection and natural resourcesmanagement. The study is based on empirical data of primary andsecondary nature besides macro analysis of the self-help groups inMahaboobnagar district and presents case studies of some self-help groups in Chittoor district. It provides an in-depth analysis ofthe evolution, performance, problems and perspective of self-helpgroups. Further, it develops into the socio-economic impact of theseself-help groups on poverty reduction and its manifestation inwomen’s empowerment. The inherent variations in the structureand functioning among the different self-help groups and the causesof such variations are also narrated with supporting cases, and keyinputs from the stakeholders to strengthen the movement have beensuggested.

83. Kumar, Anand. Political sociology of poverty in India:between politics of poverty and poverty of politics.New Delhi: Chronic Poverty Research Centre andIndian Institute of Public Administration, 2004. 53p.

Political sociology of poverty requires an analysis of the relationshipbetween the political, economic and socio-cultural actors,institutions and processes in the context of poverty. It assumesthat poverty is a complex and cumulative consequences of powerrelations over a period of time between groups within a region andbetween regions in the modern world system. This paper on politicalsociology of poverty in India is based upon the assumption that: thecaste system and economic inequality complement each other incase of the poorest sections of Indian society secondly that theIndian society has experienced complexities in identification of classsystem due to the manifold gradations of social rank, which haveevolved in the form of caste and tribe along with quasi-religious

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settings of deprivation and thirdly that the colonial and post-colonialpolity have been organized around the recognition of nebulouscoexistence of ‘caste’ and ‘class’ principles in the approach ofstate and political community towards the weaker sections of thesociety. The paper finds that (a) there has been a decline in the roleof politics in poverty alleviation in last several years, (b) there aremore conflicts between the poverty affected social groups and othersin the rural areas in recent decades, and (c) poverty related conflictshave positive and negative potential in the context of political andeconomic reforms. Suggests that the challenge of poverty in Indiahas been through five phases since independence. First, there waspolitical mobilization for indirectly bringing the poor into the state’sagenda in 1950-1966 period through planning for industrializationof the economy and modernization of agriculture. Then during 1967-1979 there was direct ‘focus on the poverty and poor’. It was anera of mobilization of poor and politics against poverty. removingpoverty was the essence of the political discourse in terms of theideological context. The period 1980-89 was that of by-passing thepoor and their problems. It created the context of liberalization andconsumerism. 1990-99 was the period of Structural AdjustmentProgrammes (SAP). It was also a phase of diffused conflicts andmobilization around caste and regional disparities. But now, from2000 onwards there is rediscovery of poverty and the poor. It ismarked by rural disenchantment with globalization and increasingfault lines of poverty and related conflicts in every region of India.

84. Kumar, B. Planning, development and povertyalleviation: a 21st century perspective. New Delhi: Deep& Deep, 1988, 320p.

Indian economy has undergone basic structural and directional changesduring nearly four decades of economic planning. The post-independence economic history of the country can be rightly dividedinto three eras. The Nehru era was devoted for preparing anchorsheetfor growth and blending of mixed, planned and socialist ideas into anunified working system. The era of Smt. Indira Gandhi saw economymaturing and gaining new heights. Rajiv Gandhi era opened a new

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panoramic vista vision before the nation. The Seventh Plan is intendedto make a bridge between 20th and 21st century India. The nation isallured towards a new horizon of peace and prosperity. The presentvolumes contains not only updated facts and trends but alsorecapitulates the progress made so far as well as the challenges facingthe country.

85. Kurien, C.T. Poverty, planning and social transformation.New Delhi: Allied, 1978. 174p.

The central theme of this book is that all development efforts withinthe existing property relations and with the kind of distribution ofresources can only ensure the growing affluence of the few and thecontinuing misery of the many. A major section of the book is devotedto an analysis of that not properly understood dynamics ofdevelopment. Its roots are traced to the colonial times when thebeginnings of a certain kind of social transformation were laid, andwhich has gathered momentum since independence and the launchingof planned development. It is shown that mass poverty must be viewedas the by-product of that continuing and accelerating process, andthat, therefore, its eradication can be achieved only by arresting thatprocess. Hence what is needed for the eradication of poverty is notmore planning, but a different kind of planning leading to a radicalrestructuring of the socio-economic system itself. The concludingchapter of the book outlines the major contours of an alternativeapproach to planning and social transformation which are necessaryto set in the processes for the eradication of mass poverty.

86. Lampman, Robert J. Ends and means of reducingincome poverty. New York: Academic Press, 1971. 178p.

This book is concerned with describing and assessing how the Aidto Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program is administeredand received. Among other things, the study examines client reactionto means tests, budget administration, social services, employment,and caseworkers. In general, the welfare system is acceptable toclients precisely because, aside from financial support, it plays solittle role in their lives: it does not bother them much, but then it does

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not help them either. The study, primarily based on survey responsesof over 700 AFDC recipients and on follow-up interviews withfamilies who left welfare, describes what is actually happening inwelfare. With welfare reform an issue at national and local levels, thefindings are expected to be of major interest to both field workersand policy makers.

87. Lappe, Frances Moore, Joseph Collins and Peter Rosset.World hunger 12 myths. 2nd ed., London: Earthscan,1998. 270p.

Examines the policy and politics that keep hungry people from fundingthemselves in both developed and developing counties. Includessubstantial new material on: hunger in the aftermath of the cold war;global food production versus population growth: changingdemographics and falling birth rates around the world; the shiftingfocus of foreign assistance in the new world order; structuraladjustment and other budget-slashing policies; trade liberalization andfree trade agreements; famine and humanitarian interventions; andthe ‘ third worldization of developed nations.

88. Law and poverty critical essays, edited by UpendraBaxi. Bombay: N.N. Tripathi, 1998. 448p.

This collection of critical essays focuses on the repressive andemancipative potential of Indian legal order – conceived as legislation,administration, adjudication and enforcement processes – in relationsto the Indian improverished. The roles of the law receive scant attentionin the burgeoning literature on poverty in India. This volume aspiresto redress the lack. The book, while exposing the legal and juristicnightmares of the impoverished, also seeks to resurrect theconstitutional dream for them.

89. Lipton, Michael and Martin, Ravallion. Poverty andPolicy. Washington, D.C. :The World Bank, 1993,120p.

This paper points out, among other things, that typically the highestincidence and severity of poverty are still found in rural areas,especially if ill-watered. For many of the rural poor, the only immediate

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route out of poverty is by migration to towns, to face a higher expectedincome, although often a more uncertain one. This may or may notreduce aggregate poverty. Alleviating poverty should begin withreducing biases against the rural sector and the urban informal sector-not reversing the bias, but aiming for neutrality. Public action shouldfoster the conditions for pro-poor growth, and should provide a safetynet for those who cannot benefit from such growth or who do soonly with exposure to unacceptable risks. The authors identify twoimportant roles for public action. One is to foster the conditions forpro-poor growth, particularly by providing wide access to thenecessary physical and human assets, including public infrastructure.The other is to help those who cannot participate fully in the benefitsof such growth, or who do so with continued exposure tounacceptable risks.

90. McCulloch, Neil. The impact of structural reforms onpoverty: a simple methodology with extension.Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2003. 41p.

Structural reforms are often designed to change the prices of keygoods and services. Since the overall intention of such reforms is thereduction of poverty, it is important to understand how the resultingprice changes affect the poor. However, organizations seeking toprovide timely advice to policymakers in developing countries oftendo not have the data and resources needed to undertake the mostsophisticated approaches to such analysis. The author outlines asimple methodology based on the analysis of household survey datato estimate the first-order impact of a variety of structural reforms.He also elaborates on the ways in which this methodology may beextended in a flexible way to account for particular features of acountry in question. Finally, he outlines the direction of someextensions on the approach to tackle dynamics, risk, and qualitativepoverty analysis.

91. Mahendra Dev, S. Safety nets for chronic poor in India:an overview. New Delhi: Chronic Poverty ResearchCentre and Indian Institute of Public Administration,2004. 63p.

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This paper provides an overview of the safety nets for the chronicpoor in India since independence, especially during the last twodecades. It examines the dimensions, performance and reformsneeded for better functioning of safety nets. There are three mainmotivations for safety nets, which are broadly complementary. Theyare: “protection (ex post) motivation; insurance (ex ante) motivation;other considerations like poverty alleviation, income distribution,aiding growth promotion”. Finds that the presence of safety netscan maintain acceptable minimum floor for social cohesion andcan prevent irreversible losses of human capital in hard times. Goodsafety nets may also promote high risk/high return investments byhouseholds. These are particularly important during periods ofadjustments/shocks/crises. The state has a role in helping the poorin times of insecurity and in ensuring minimum levels of provisionto those unable to gain from the growth process and governmentinterventions will blend elements of both redistribution and insurance.The paper is organised in four section which discusses the majorsafety nets and impact on the poor and looks at social exclusionwith respect to migration and social groups. Also examines thepolicies needed for strengthening safety nets and finally providesconcluding observations.

92. Making transition work for everyone: poverty andinequality in Europe and Central Asia. Washington,D.C.: The World Bank, 2000. 524p.

The increase in poverty and inequality in the transition countries ofEurope and Central Asia over the past decade is as striking as it isunprecedented. Drawing on new household survey data andextensive qualitative studies, the study brings together the latestfindings on the nature and evolution of poverty and inequality in theregion. Virtually all transition countries experiences a collapse ineconomic output in the initial years of the transition, but the dropwas much sharper and the recovery slower in some parts of theregion. The study explores the different responses to this collapseand their implications for poverty and inequality. Incomplete marketreforms, high levels of bureaucratic corruption, and the capture ofnational governments by powerful business elites account for someof the major differences in poverty and inequality outcomes among

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countries. It addresses the policy actions needed to reduce povertyand create inclusive societies. First and foremost is fosteringinstitutions at the community, local, and national level that areaccountable to and inclusive of all parts of society. Theseinstitutions provide the foundation for functioning democraticsocieties, good governance, and shared economic growth.Economic growth that generates productive work and leads to arise in real wages is also vital to poverty reduction. Sustainingsuch growth in turn depends on completing reforms and buildingopen and competitive markets, with adequate safeguards wheremarkets may fail. Inclusive institutions and economic growth willprovide the basis for sustained and shared prosperity – as long associeties ensure that people have the capabilities they need toparticipate in the market and put in place mechanisms to helpthose who may be left behind.

93. Managing poverty alleviation: insights from thefield, edited by Jaideep Singh and R.K. Tiwari. NewDelhi: Indian Institute of Public Administration,1998. 247p.

The study seeks to contribute to a later understanding of theimplementation processes in the management of poverty alleviationprogrammes. The case studies included in the study broadly examinesocial, cultural, planning, organizational and behavioral problemsaffecting the achievement of results. Part I of this volume providesan introduction to the origin and purpose of the case method, the artsof case writing and using case studies for training administrators, anoverview of the seven case studies in this volume and offers valuablesuggestions for more effective management of the process of povertyalleviation. Part II consists of seven case studies which dealsrespectively with Block Plan Preparation, Brick Kiln, Implementationof IRDP, Poultry Complex, District Level Computerisation,Implementation of Land Reforms, and Consolidation of HoldingsOperations.

94. Marshall, Katherine and Lucky Keough. Mind, heart,

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and soul in the fight against poverty. Washington,D.C.: The World Bank, 2004. 284p.

Explores the diversity of collaboration between development andreligious institutions. It includes a wide range of case studies fromall over the world. The narratives cover community-levelinterventions in support of excluded populations’ work oneducation, health, and HIV/AIDS prevention; restoration ofcommunities after conflict; and global efforts to bring greaterclarity and meaning to such challenges as poor country debt, HIV/AIDS, and employment. Recent decades of development experiencehave taught vital lessons about creative partnerships in the struggleagainst poverty.

95. Mathur, Kanchan, Shobhita Rajagopal and PradeepBhargava. Understanding childhood poverty inRajasthan: emerging issues and strategies. NewDelhi: Indian Institute of Public Administration,2004. 14p.

Attempts to analyse the key factors that contribute to childhoodpoverty in the context of the ongoing primary research in two regionsof Rajasthan. The key research questions being addressed by thestudy are: what are the factors that shape childhood poverty inRajasthan; is there an evidence of intergenerational transfer of poverty;what factors help break poverty cycles; what are the specific policiesand strategies in place to address child poverty; what are the intendedand unintended outcomes of these policies? The paper presents someof the findings that have emerged from preliminary fieldwork usingfocus group discussions, timelines and genealogies. Section 2 givesa profile of children to highlight the state of children’s vulnerability inRajasthan. Section 3 presents the main issues emerging from thefield pertinent for understanding childhood poverty in the state. Section4 and 5 highlight some areas for future research and policyinterventions.

96. Mehta, Aasha Kapur. Multidimensional poverty inIndia: district level estimates. New Delhi: Chronic

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Poverty Research Centre and Indian Institute ofPublic Administration, 2004. 21p.

The paper tries to identify chronic poverty at the district level byusing multidimensional indicators that reflect persistent deprivation,such as illiteracy, infant mortality, low levels of agriculturalproductivity and poor infrastructure.

97. Mehta, Aasha Kapur. Sustainable interventions forpoverty alleviation: a best practice case of GumKaraya in Andhra Pradesh, India. New Delhi:United Nations Development Fund for Women,1998. v.p.

This publication presents the findings of UNIFEM commissionedstudy on Gum Karaya in Andhra Pradesh, India. As part of thepreparatory phase of the TREAD Programme, Trade RelatedEntrepreneurship Assistance and Development, launched by theGovernment of India designed to generate employment for, andto achieve economic self-reliance of 45,000 women in rural andurban areas in the country through self-employment andentrepreneurship development within three years, commencing in1998, UNIFEM had committed to undertaking backgroundresearch on the domestic market needs for launching the TREADprogramme, in terms of identification of major marketing channels,systems of product procurement and factors impeding access tomarkets for six products groups identified under the TREADprogramme. Within the context of this study, Gum Karaya, a minorforest produce, was selected for its popularity with producerwomen and high-income generating potential. UNIFEM, along withthe International Trade Centre (ITC), ILO, UNIDO and UNDP,are jointly supporting the Government of India in this programme.The principal learning that has emerged from this research exerciseis that, indeed, there is tremendous market potential for productgroups that are being managed by producer women in India. Thechallenge, however is to make the marketing, distribution, andpricing systems and processes transparent, to uncover thestructural economic imbalances weighing against producer

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women, and grant these women the benefits of free market forces.This study on Gum Karaya documents a success story.

98. Mehta, Aasha Kapur and Amita Shah. Chronic povertyin India: overview study. New Delhi: Chronic PovertyResearch Centre and Indian Institute of PublicAdministration, 2001. 81p.

This paper tries to summarise the current state of knowledge aboutchronic poverty in India and identifies the agenda for further research.An overview of the trends in incidence of income poverty in India isprovided so as to place chronic poverty in context. It views chronicpoverty in terms of severity, extended duration and multidimensionaldeprivation. It tries to identify the states and regions that have a highincidence of people with incomes severely below the poverty line soas to focus attention on areas that are spatial poverty traps. Thoseunable to access even two square meals a day are considered to bethe most severely deprived and hunger exists even in the supposedlybetter parts of India. Policy action is needed to address this. Attentionis also drawn to the importance of identifying those who are vulnerableto extreme poverty due to inability to absorb the impact of shocks.

99. Mehta, Aasha Kapur and Andrew Shepherd.Chronic poverty in India: overview of key emergingissues. New Delhi: Chronic Poverty ResearchCentre, and Indian Institute of PublicAdministration, 2004. 45p.

Finds that the chronically poor are estimated to be between 78 and150 million. The severely poor were around 130 million in 1993-94.There are approximately 132 million rural casual labourers. The extentto which the chronically poor are also severely poor, and are alsomainly casual labourers (whether by principal or subsidiaryoccupation) awaits further work. Chronic poverty is a characteristicthat persists as a “hard core” in almost all the states of the country.However, the proportion of the poor who suffer long duration andinter generationally transmitted poverty is likely to be significantlyhigher in those parts of the country that suffer greater incidence of

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severe poverty and multi dimensional deprivation; Geographicalfactors are important. The chronically poor are likely to beconcentrated in the poorest states, which may also ironically beabundant in natural resources; and in districts where multi-dimensionaldeprivation is significant; A large proportion of those in chronic povertyare dependent on wage labour for survival and are critically dependenton changes in wages. Fixation of minimum wages, their periodicrevisions and most importantly use of bargaining power to demandtheir effective implementation become extremely important speciallyduring the slack season when wages fall; Migration from remote orunderdeveloped rural regions can be an effective strategy only whenit is combined with alternative economic avenues in the growingindustrial and tertiary sectors. Efforts are needed to develop the homeeconomy, for out migration from drought prone regions may onlyshift poverty from rural to urban or from dry land to agro-climaticallybetter endowed regions.

100. Mehta, Aasha Kapur and Shashanka Bhide. Issuesin chronic poverty: panel data based analysis. NewDelhi: Chronic Poverty Research Centre and IndianInstitute of Public Administration, 2004. 21p.

This paper reviews the limited panel data based literature on chronicpoverty in India and also the literature on other countries. It thenuses panel data longitudinally track 3,139 households in rural India totry to provide an initial identification and understanding of thecharacteristics of households that exhibit mobility out of poverty andof those that simply stay poor. The paper draws attention to thepolicy implications of this analysis.

101. Mehta, Aasha Kapur, Ramakrishna Panigrahi andSashi Sivramkrishna. Operationalizingmultidimensional concepts of chronic poverty: anexploratory spatial analysis. New Delhi: ChronicPoverty Research Centre and Indian Institute ofPublic Administration, 2004. 40p.

This paper identifies areas in chronic poverty at the district level by

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using multidimensional indicators that could reflect persistentdeprivation, such as illiteracy, infant mortality, low levels of agriculturalproductivity and poor infrastructure; operationalise multidimensionalconcepts and methods at the district and below level; identifies patternsof development that can input into policy. Section 2 identifies thestates and regions of India that have experienced greater incidenceof long duration or persistent poverty, severe poverty andmultidimensional deprivation. Section 3 raises methodological issuesin the context of construction of indices. Section 4 identifiesdeprivation at the district level and looks for patterns of unevendevelopment. Section 5 extends the analysis to the sub district levelor taluka level for the state of Karnataka. The last section identifiespriority areas for action and conclude the paper.

102. Micro-credit, poverty and empowerment: linking thetriad, edited by Neera Burra, Joy Deshmukh-Ranadive and Ranjani K. Murthy. New Delhi: Sage,2005. 369p.

The book attempts to establish the relationship between socialmobilization, micro-credit and women’s empowerment and goes onto evaluate potential impacts of ‘micro-credit’ vis-à-vis ‘micro-creditplus’ approaches on women’s empowerment. It also provides acomprehensive literature review on the theoretical and empiricalresearch conducted in the area, specifically on the concept andprocesses of women’s empowerment and reduction of householdand individual (women’s) poverty. The book is a collection of sixcase studies of governmental and quasi-governmental organizationsinitiated by UNDP and ICICI Bank to assess the impact of micro-finance activities on women’s empowerment and poverty reductionin India. The micro-finance institutions studied here aim to alleviatethe poverty and vulnerability of their members. The case studieswere based on the work of the following institutions: Activists forSocial Action (ASA), Andhra Pradesh; Development of Humane Action(DHAN) Foundation, Tamil Nadu; SHARE Micro-finance Limited(SML), Andhra Pradesh; Swayam Sikshan Prayog (SSP),Maharashtra; South Asia Poverty Alleviation Project (SAPAP), AndhraPradesh and Lokadrusti, Orissa.

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103. Mishra, Navin. Poverty in South Asia. New Delhi.Authors Press, 2001. 354p.

The focus of this study is on the interwined role of nationalgovernment of South Asian countries and international agencies vis-à-vis the issue of poverty. In South Asia poverty manifests itself inits starkest form as a visual of semi-starved, ill-clad, deprived millionsof countrymen, thousands of them dying everyday from malnutrition,ill-health, and lack of basic amenities: a picture which is both appallingand agonizing form any standards of human existence. Eradicationof poverty and the ending of hunger have long been recognized asamong the most central challenges before human society. Equitablepatterns of growth are essential for sustainable poverty reduction.Policies supporting economic stability, as well as embedded safetynets are necessary to reduce poverty and protect the poor. Strategiesto reduce poverty must be situation-specific, directly addressing therealities on the ground.

104. Mishra, S.N. Poverty alleviation programmes andgram panchayats. New Delhi: Mittal, 1997. 140p.

Analyses empirically as to how the involvement of Gram Panchayatsplays an effective role in eradication of poverty in rural India. Withthe help of several tools of empirical study, the study finds out certainbottlenecks which come in the way of effective implementation ofpoverty alleviation programmes and finally, based on surveys it givescertain recommendations which may prove quite helpful in eradicatingpoverty from the countryside.

105. Mukherji, Shekhar. Poverty and mobility in India.Calcutta: Prajna, n.d., 240 p.

The concept of mobility field and a mobility field theory aredeveloped, at the level of both the individual and the aggregatesystem, to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the complexof factors that lead people to move, as well as to generate clues formigration mobility planning to help alleviate such human problem.Mobility field theory indicates the casual relationship betweenpeople’s basic needs, as filtered through place utility considerations,and the resultant mobility behaviour that arises from attempting to

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satisfy those needs. As such, it permits to indicate what basic needsof the people to be ful-filled, what utilities of place to be augmented,and what ought to be done in a specific territory to redress theplight and flight of people from one poverty condition to another.

106. Murthy, Nirmala, et. al. How well do India’s socialservice programs serve the poor? Washington, D.C.:The World Bank, 1990. 73p.

This literature review was initiated to fill the research gap on howwell social service programs serve India’s poor. The study finds thatIndia’s social services were used relatively little by the poor – whetherthey were programs for the general public (such as education),programs targeted to the poor (welfare and social security), orprograms meant especially to help the poor (nutrition). The healthand education of the poor has improved but not as much for thepopulation as a whole. Children’s nutritional status has changed littlein the last 20 years. Legislation to protect the poor cannot be enforced.Further it finds that reaching India’s poor calls for greatly improvedsocial service delivery systems, better targeting of the poor, morecoordination between agencies, policies aimed at income generation,and more involvement of the poor and of nongovernmentalorganizations.

107. Narayan, Deepa, et. al. Voices of the poor: crying outfor changes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.314p.

This book is based on the realities of poor people. It draws uponresearch conducted in 1999 involving over 20,000 poor women andmen from 23 countries. Despite very different political, social andeconomic contexts, there are striking similarities in poor people’sexperiences. The common theme underlying poor people’sexperiences is one of powerlessness which consists of multiple andinterlocking dimensions of ill being or poverty.

108. Nath, N.C.B. Political perspectives to chronic poverty.New Delhi: Chronic Poverty Research Centre andIndian Institute of Public Administration, 2004. 38p.

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This paper is concerned with the articulation of political parties onpoverty issues; why they are inclusive rather than focused; theperformance of different states in poverty reduction and theirpolitical context post 1993; political empowerment of ScheduledCastes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) and poverty reduction;why chronic poverty issues have not attracted political attentionand; briefly explore alternatives. It tries to relate the findings toexisting literature on regime types and poverty reduction and explorewhy the findings of the post 1993 situation do not seem to fullyconform to the intuitively acceptable earlier hypothesis. Suggestionsare made for further research.

109. National Conference on Poverty and Employment:Analysis of the Present Situation and Strategies forthe Future (March 27-29, 1995: New Delhi).Proceedings. New Delhi: New Age, 1996. 481p.

This book is the collection of papers presented at the NationalConference on “Poverty and Employment: Analysis of the PresentSituation and Strategies for the Future” held at New Delhi on March27-29, 1995 and the summary of proceedings. The conferenceorganized by the Institute of Applied Manpower Research with thesupport of Indian Association of Social Science Institutions. Ministryof Rural Development (now Ministry of Rural Areas and Employment),Planning Commission, Universities Grant Commission and IndianCouncil of Social Science Research. The Conference reviewed theexisting strategies for alleviation of poverty and expanding employmentopportunities taking due note of the major economic and socialdevelopments and the experience gained over the last 15 yearscovering the period of Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Plans. The strategiesand the design for the future policies are proposed to be developed inrelation to perspective for growth and management of the Indianeconomy over a 15 year period from 1996 to 2001 AD.

110. Nayyar, Rohini. Planning for the development ofbackward districts. New Delhi: Chronic PovertyResearch Centre and Indian Institute of Public

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Administration, 2004. 21p.Planned development in India has been based on the notion of ensuringbalanced regional development. Given the enormity and diversity ofthe country this was an important objective in the planning exercise.The devolution of funds to states was based on a formula that gaveweightage to population and income levels in order to build in equityin central assistance to the states. The paper argues that decentraliseddevelopment and planning is required at the district and sub-districtlevels to ensure participation of all areas and communities in theprocess of development. The Government has evolved schemes todeal with the problem of ‘backward districts’ defined in differentways, depending on the cause of backwardness. A composite indexcomprising social, economic and physical indicators of developmentmay be too cumbersome and may still leave problems unresolved.Hence, it is best to take up specific issues based on local condition,for action. The Constitutional Amendment Act provides an appropriateframework for decentralized planning and development. In respectof 29 items, elected local bodies/panchayats are responsible for planingand implementation of programmes of economic growth with socialjustice. Through the institution of DPCs, district plans are to beprepared from below, articulating the priorities and felt needs of thelocal people. Therefore, district as a unit of planning and developmentis a reality today. However, it is important that line departments workunder the overall supervision of the panchayats.

111. Nayyar, Rohini. Rural poverty in India: an analysis ofinter-state differences. Bombay: Oxford UniversityPress, 1991. 297 p.

Presents a systematic measurement of poverty in rural India on astate-wise basis, and analyses the factors underlying the observedinter-state differences. Covering the period 1960-61 to 1983-84, thedata provide estimates of rural poverty, both absolute and relative,based on alternative concepts and criteria. The author uses cross-section and time-series evidence to highlight differences across spaceand changes over time. The relationships between poverty andmalnutrition, disease and morbidity, and the inadequacy of health and

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educational facilities are also discussed. The living conditions ofagricultural workers, who form the rural poor, are also examined.Evaluates some of the major programmes launched by the governmentto tackle the poverty problem.

112. Need for new strategies to eradicate poverty, editedby J.L. Singh and K.D. Gaur. New Delhi: Manak , 1999.406p.

Poverty is both widespread and intensive and intrinsically related tosocio-cultural, socio-political and socio-economic factors whichindicate the contemporary ideologies and policies followed by a society.After independence, India adopted a model of planned economicdevelopment to eliminate the poverty of its masses. This has shownsome importance as far as general economic activities and raising ofper capita income are concerned. But facts remain that the problemof poverty has not been solved so far despite planned efforts spanningover four and a half decades. An attempt has been made to examinethe extent of poverty at macro level. A critical appraisal of thegovernment policies and programmes for eradication of poverty andrural development at various levels has also been attempted. A newapproach i.e. to coordinate local self-government especially panchayatraj institutions to eradicate poverty and rural development has beenattempted.

113. The New poverty strategies: what have they achieved?What have they learned?, edited by Anne Booth andPaul Mosley. Hamshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.285p.

This collection of evaluative essays introduces a number of newanalytical techniques and examines several dimensions of povertyand anti poverty efforts, including change over time, intra householdrelations and the influence of international economic policy. Whilstthere has been considerable progress in poverty reduction, manyareas have been hindered by inequality, civil conflict, institutionalgaps and turbulence in the international financial system. The newpoverty strategies proposes a range of new policies and donorinitiatives intended to achieve greater success in achieving a pro-poor pattern of growth in the new century. These include extensionsof existing initiatives in micro finance, agricultural development and

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reforms of government and the international financial architecture inboth North and South.

114. Pathways out of poverty: private firms and economicmobility in developing countries?, edited by Gary S.Fields and Guy Pfeffermann. Boston: KluwerAcademic, 2003. 297p.

The book begins by citing the worldwide drop in the number ofvery poor people and goes on to identify the ways in which privatefirms and farms contribute to economic mobility and povertyreduction and what governments can do to enhance this contribution.In four parts, the editors and contributors address economicmobility, offer numerous global examples, consider the importanceof good investment climates, and examine the impact of publicpolicies and public attitudes. Their theory, hard economic analysis,and case studies provide rich and innovative mechanism for reducingpoverty in developing and transition countries.

115. Perspectives on growth and poverty, edited by Rolphvan der Hoeven and Anthony Shorrocks. New Delhi:Bookwell, 2003. 302p.

This volume has its origins in an international conference on Growthand Poverty which took place in Helsinki in May 2001. It contains animportant selection of the conference papers. The papers deal withinstitutional and policy questions, as well as sectoral issues andindividual country experiences. Concludes that initial conditions,institutions, specific country structures, and time horizons all play asignificant role. The country and context-specific nature of thesefactors point to the need for creative national solutions to the problemof poverty. This in turn requires an informed policy debate withincountries.

116. Political economy of hunger, edited by Jean Drezeand Amrtya Sen. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. 3v.

This collection of twenty-six papers, presented in three volumesrepresents the result of work undertaken at and for the World Institutefor Development Economics Research (WIDER) in Helsinki. This

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programme of joint research was initiated in the summer of 1985.The first versions of most of the papers were presented at a WIDERconference on ‘food strategies’ held in Helsinki in July 1986. Thepapers are concerned with diagnosis and casual analysis as well aspolicy research. The focus is particularly on Africa and Asia, butthere are also two papers on hunger and deprivation in Latin Americaand a few contributions on more general theoretical issues.

117. The poor in a hostile society: glimpses of changingpoverty scenario in India, edited by V.M. Rao. NewDelhi: Vikas, 1998. 280p.

Brings together two set of studies prepared by scholars having intimateunderstanding of the recent and emerging poverty scenario in India.The eight state-level studies included in the book provide insightsinto processes leading to sharp differentiation among the poor withinand across states. The studies also bring out the diverse situations inwhich different groups of poor would find themselves in the comingyears. The implication is that the policies towards the poor have tobe sensitive to area-cum-group-specific characteristics of the groupsand of the social milieu in which they are situated. This theme ispursued further in the three policy studies covering measures andprogrammes critical for eradication of poverty. The policy studiesshow persistent weaknesses in the tasks of making optimum use ofland and water resources, providing infrastructural support for broad-based and poor-friendly growth and building up participatoryinstitutions to bring the poor into the mainstream.

118. Population, poverty and hope. Centre for PolicyResearch. New Delhi: Uppal, 1983. 564p.

This volume relates to the proceedings of a Seminar organized by theCentre for Policy Research, New Delhi and the Family PlanningFoundation on the theme of poverty in India and different approachesto its eradication. The seminar was held in Pune in collaboration withthe Vaikunth Mehta National Institute of Cooperative Managementand India Foundation for Development. The volume contains all thetheme papers presented and discussed in the seminar. Finds thatdedicated and very successful experiments are being made in many

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parts of India for finding new ways of alleviating poverty. Theseexperiments provide way by which poverty can be removed at costswhich may be negligible, because even the poorest are able to producemore income than it costs to make them productive by giving themassured access to the means of production.

119. Poverty, progress and development, edited by Paul-Marc Henry. London: Kegan Paul International, 1991.338p.

The book aims to increase knowledge of the social mechanisms ofpauperization marginalization, and the exclusion of certain categoriesof society. Brings to light the potential and creative role of socio,cultural, intellectual, ethical, moral and spiritual values in progressand the development process. Examines the links, the contradictions,between development and progress in order to propose ways ofreducing social inequalities. First part of the volume approaches themulti-dimensional problems of progress and poverty from theoreticaland philosophical points of view to facilitate a better understandingof the problems of development. The second part of the volumeconsists of concrete national experiences from India, China, Africa,Brazil and Egypt, and reflections on the fight against poverty and thephenomena of pauperization.

120. Poverty: a persistent global reality, edited by JohnDixon and David Macarov. London: Routledge, 1998,287p.

Poverty is one of the longest standing problems facing governmentsand populations throughout the world. Whether in prosperous timesor during depressions, whether in agricultural, industrial or postindustrial societies, no matter how it is measured and despite antipoverty programmes and aid to the poor, poverty continues. Thepoverty rate in the industrialized West ranges between 10 and 15 percent and is much higher in agricultural societies. In post socialistcountries it is only beginning to be admitted and identified. Thechapters focus on ten different countries (USA, UK, Australia,Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland, Malta, the Netherlands, Philippines andZimbabwe) and the socio economic and historical context withinwhich poverty exists, the extent and nature of poverty, the causes of

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poverty, and measures that have been taken to mitigate poverty.

121. Poverty a global review, edited by Else Oyen, S.M.Miller, and Syed Abdus Samad. New Delhi: Rawat,2003. 620p.

Prepared by a group within the CROP (Comparative ResearchProgramme on Poverty) network, this book is a state-of-the-art reporton poverty and poverty research in different regions of the world.Provides a baseline for ongoing and future research and contributesto setting the agenda for poverty research. It contains an abundanceof ideas and reflections on poverty manifestations, poverty research,and poverty strategies which are of value to researchers and policymakers alike.

122. Poverty and development into 21st century, edited byTim Allen and Alan Thomas. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2000. 572p.

As we move into 21st century poverty and development have hugeimplications for the future of humanity. We now treat both povertyand development as concepts relevant anywhere and at all levels fromthe local to the global, and development in particular as having a 200years history. Discusses the concepts of poverty, the problem offamine, hunger, diseases etc.

123. Poverty and its alleviation, edited by S.N. Misra. NewDelhi: Deep & Deep, 2005. 365p.

Poverty has become a global phenomena. It is more serious in adeveloping country like India. Economic growth is often considereda panacea for the reduction of poverty. Accordingly more stress wasgiven under Indian planning to accelerate the pace of economicgrowth. Growth has certainly helped for the reduction of povertyfrom 54.88 in 1973-74 to 26.10 per cent in the year 1999-2001.Even then poverty has persisted in the country. The absolute numberof population living below the poverty line has actually gone up overthe years on account of the growth of population in the country. Forthat matter more direct intervention by the government as an agentof economic development through several poverty alleviationprogrammes to deal with the target group of beneficiaries is considered

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a more desirable step. Several poverty alleviation programes beginningfrom Community Development Project to Swarnajayanti SwarozgarYojana have been implemented with the express intention of liftingthe BPL families to cross the poverty line. However, all theseprogrammes have mixed results. The distributional impact of theseprogrammes have benefited more the richer states than poor statesindicating thereby a thorough search in efficiency of operation, deliveryof the programmes and implementation of the schemes by personsand agencies incharge of implementation. The programmes have failedto sustain the poor for long, although they have provided only short-term palliatives. One of the themes of 86th Annual EconomicConference of Indian Economic Association is Poverty and SustainableDevelopment. A large number of writers presenting the papers havetried to probe the problem from different angles. It consists of 27articles dealing with various aspects of poverty alleviation in India.These are grouped in four parts viz., (a) poverty and poverty alleviationprogrammes, (b) poverty and its remedial measures (c) strategiesfor poverty alleviation and (d) World Bank and poverty alleviation.Provides guidelines to policy makers by identifying the short comingsof policies adopted in the past regarding the perennial problem inIndia.

124. Poverty and power, edited by John Cameron. Delhi:Oxford University Press, 1995. 271p.

Contains contribution on the fundamental causes of poverty in Asia,showing the variety of ways in which poverty is generated,reproduced, and deepened or reduced by the exercise of power. Thiscentral concept of power is not confined to the actions of the state,but is also used to analyse the operations of market forces andinstitutions rooted in civil society. This study discuses the developmentexperience of many countries in South and South-East Asia in a rangeof rural and urban employment activities.

125. Poverty and vulnerability in a globalising metropolisAhmedabad, edited by Amitabh Kundu and DarshiniMahadevia. New Delhi: Manak, 2002. 395p.

Analyses how the city of Ahmedabad, which could cope with thecrisis of deindustrialisation in the post-independence period is

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struggling with problem of globalising regime. The workforce hasbecome more vulnerable due to uncertainty of employment andearning opportunities. Urban development processes, that wereinclusive in the past, are becoming more and more exclusive,responding to the existing spatial and economic dichotomy in thecity. Dependence on capital market and decentralization initiativesin the state and the city are largely due to compulsions of resourcescarcity and pressures from international agencies. This hasadversely affected the capability of the city to deal with problemsof poverty and vulnerability. It is the sheer ingenuity of a fewlocal initiatives resulting in community based projects, which hasenabled the poor to cope with the problems. These experimentsare, however, more or less localized and fragmented, without thepossibility of large scale multiplication. The communlisation ofcity’s polity and shrinking of democratic space, especially forvulnerable sections of population, have further weakened itscapability to cope with crises.

126. Poverty decline and human development factors insome states, edited by S. Balakrishna, and S.V.Rangacharyulu. Hyderabad: National Institute ofRural Development, 1999. 291p.

This volume is a collection of case study reports on poverty humandevelopment linkages. The National Institute of Rural Developmentengaged consultants to undertake case studies based on secondarydata in the four states viz. Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh andMaharashtra. The purpose of the study is to understand the causesfor poverty decline/persistence and also to explore the linkages betweenrural poverty and human development factors. The influence ofeducation on rural poverty is also investigated with reference toAndhra Pradesh.

127. Poverty in India: data base issues, edited by G.K.Kadekodi and G.V.S.N. Murty. New Delhi: Vikas, 1992,360p.

It is an outcome of a national seminar on issues on data base for povertystudies held at Ahmedabad in November 1989. Fundamental to anyanalysis and policy on poverty related issues is the data and informationalfabric. The source and manner of collecting information, the target group

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from whom data and information are to be obtained and the statisticalboundaries of data analysis are as important as the poverty issue itself.This volume is an attempt to expose the data and informational questionsand the extent to which the Indian statistical system can enable scientificanalysis of poverty in India. The discussions contained in various chapterstherefore highlight the data issues first and the poverty analysis therefrom.

128. Poverty in India: research and policy, edited by BarbaraHarris, S. Guhan and R.H. Cassen. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1992. 465p.

The papers in this volume examine various aspects of researchand policy and the interaction between them. The first section ofthe book is devoted to general trends in poverty and itsmeasurement: the relation of poverty to economic and demographicchange, its spatial and urban areas. In the second section anti-poverty interventions-the integrated rural development programme,employment and nutrition interventions and social security areevaluated. The final section opens up perspectives on poverty asa complex condition manifested not only in resources and theirhandling but also in welfare, autonomy, access and power. Usingthe results of field research, the perspectives of the poor, andespecially of poor women, are discussed. The capacity of thelegal system to protect the rights of the poor is also criticallyexamined.

129. Poverty in world politics, edited by Sarah OwenVandersluis and Paris Yeros. Houndmills: Macmillan,2000. 234p.

Containsa collection of articles on the issues relating to failures torealize democratic ideals in a ‘global era’, evident in the exclusionaryprocesses of a globalizing world economy and the persistence andincrease in poverty. The contributors engage critically withcontemporary interpretation of globalization and accounts of thehuman conditions. They draw upon methods and insights fromvaried fields, including international relations, development studies,and ethics, to address the contemporary ethical and political dilemmasand alternatives with respect to world poverty.

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130. Poverty inequality and health: an internationalperspective, edited by David Leon and Gill Walt.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. 358p.

The outcome of a Public Health Forum organized by the LondonSchool of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, this book brings togethermaterial from internationally recognized contributions from a widerange of disciplines and countries. The chapters reflect this diversity,ranging from the micro-to the macro-level, from aetiology tointervention. Some of the topics covered include: inequalities inphysical and mental health in developing countries; health impact ofmacro-level social and economic change; and poverty alleviationprogrammes and health etc.

131. Poverty monitoring: an international concern, editedby Rolph van der Hoeven and Richard Anker. NewYork: St. Martin Press, 1994. 224p.

The book is grouped around the following major themes: measurementand trends of poverty, poverty indicators, planning for povertyalleviation in the context of structural adjustment, rapid policy actionfor vulnerable groups and international agencies perspectives onpoverty followed by a set of conclusions which provide the majorgist of the discussion.

132. Poverty reduction: what role for the state in today’sglobalized economy, edited by Wilson Francis,Nazneen Kanji and Einar Braathen. London: ZedBooks, 2001. 372p.

Poverty and social exclusion have moved up the international policyagenda, in step with the ever more obvious failure of developmentto reduce mass immiseration and the growing gulf of inequalitywhich latter day capitalism has created. In a series of generalexplorations of the issues involved and specific investigations inparticular countries, mainly in Southern and Central Africa, thecontributors explore theoretically and empirically the difficultquestions around how much can be expected of the state in povertyreduction. What political and cultural dimensions of the state needto be taken into account when considering how it should helpshape activity in society? How is the role of power best analysed

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when considering strategies to reduce poverty? What is themeaning of pro-poor governance? What can be expected ofspecific interventions by government? How is the concept ofcitizenship incorporated in poverty reduction programmes? Itprovides a rich seam of up-to-date information on the incidenceand forms of poverty in Southern and Central Africa and the greatvariety of strategies and programmes by governments, aid agenciesand international institutions to tackle it.

133. Poverty targeting in Asia, edited by John Weiss.Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2005. 282p.

This volume surveys the experiences with poverty targeting in anumber of large economies in South Asia (India) and South EastAsia (Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia) as well in the People’sRepublic of China (PRC). In some of these countries povertytargeting has a relatively long history stemming from longstandingsocial welfare concerns (India and to some extent the Philippinesand PRC), whilst elsewhere it originated principally in the late 1990sin response to the impact of the regional financial crisis (Thailandand Indonesia). The focus is principally on measures that providesubsidized food, employment, access to health and other socialfacilities and occasionally cash transfers. The use of micro-financeis considered separately in Chapter 7 of this volume. The countrystudies present information on these interventions in considerabledetail. In India and Indonesia there is a very extensive ‘grey cover’literature on the impact of targeted interventions, and the countrystudies survey these official or quasi-official evaluations. In thePhilippines, PRC and Thailand there are fewer official evaluationsof targeting measures available.

134. Pro-Poor growth and governance in South Asia:decentralization and participatory development, editedby Ponna Wignaraja and Susil Sirivardana. New Delhi:Sage, 2004. 459p.

Despite decades of endeavour, various efforts to eradicate the worstforms of poverty and to encourage equitable and sustainable growthin South Asia, have as yet made only a dent in what is a dismalsituation. Of late, there has been increasing emphasis on two other

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agendas in the wider development framework-namely, goodgovernance and decentralization. Despite their scope forcomplemenatarity these three important agendas are largely pursuedindependently of each other. This volume advocates a pro-poor growthstrategy where the poor also participate directly as subjects indevelopment. The contributors maintain that a critical element in thisprocess is social mobilization where organizations of the poor workin partnership with a restructured state and a socially responsibleprivate sector. They see a new political space for this in the currentattempts at decentralization which are also aimed at devolving powerto the people. To illustrate these possibilities, the volume presents sixcase studies from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh.Together they show how new social movements and organizationsof the poor are converging with efforts to decentralize and to sharepower at the local level. The case studies are preceded by a conceptualintroduction which critically evaluates conventional developmentthinking and identifies some fundamentals for alternative approaches.The last chapter draws lessons from the case studies for developmentpolicy and innovative initiatives, both in the short and the long term.

135. Psychology of poverty and disadvantages, edited byAjit K. Mohanty and Girishwar Misra. New Delhi:Concept, 2000. 327p.

Puts the challenging theme of poverty and disadvantage in India in aninterdisciplinary perspective. Provides an exhaustive review andanalysis of research in this area and opens up new avenues forpsychological research on poverty and disadvantage by integratingthe current knowledge into a theoretical framework. Deals withconceptual aspects of poverty and disadvantage, their consequencesand concomitants, intervention strategies and problems and providesinsights into future trends and research prospects in this area ofstudy.

136. Radhakrishna, R., et.al. Chronic poverty andmalnutrition in India. New Delhi: Chronic PovertyResearch Centre and Indian Institute of PublicAdministration, 2004. 56p.

This paper focuses on chronic poverty and malnutrition. Both thesecategories are inter-dependent. Various studies suggest that a two

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way relationship exists between chronic poverty and malnutritionamong children and women. Chronic energy deficiency amongmothers adversely affects the nutritional status of children, which,in turn, affects their educational attainment, human capital, morbidityand labour productivity. Development experiences suggest that incomeis a blunt instrument that breaks the vicious circle of chronic povertyand malnutrition. The goal of this paper is to answer the followingquestions: i) what is the prevalence of poverty and chronic poverty?ii) who gained from poverty/chronic poverty reduction? iii) how fardoes income growth lead to the elimination of malnutrition and chronicpoverty? The analysis is mostly data driven and is constrained by theavailability of sufficient data.

137. Rajan, S. Irudaya. Chronic poverty among Indianelderly. New Delhi: Chronic Poverty Research Centreand Indian Institute of Public Administration, 2004.87p.

This paper outlines the ageing scenario in India in terms of the size ofthe population who are elderly, their spatial distribution, futureprojections, marital status, work participation and dependency. Itseeks to draw attention to the fact that 55 per cent of those over 60years of age work because they cannot afford to retire. 53 per centof the elderly are fully dependent or need economic support in oldage or are presumed to be in poverty. The likelihood is that theirpoverty will last the duration of their lives with the possibility ofbeing exacerbated with the onset of chronic ailments and disability.

138. Rakshit, Gangadhar. Poverty and planning in India.Calcutta: The World Press, 1977. 160p.

This book takes a critical view of the planning process and itsachievements in terms of its marginal impact on the problem ofpoverty. It contains four aspects: the analysis of the concept of povertyand its dimension in the Indian Economy, the causes of poverty inIndia, measures to deal with this problem and the financing of suchmeasures.

139. Ram, N.V.R. and A. Ramaswamy. Poverty – is it

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understood? An inquiry into its academic andadministrative tactics. New Delhi: Inter-India, 1985.116p.

Focuses on various programme undertaken by Government in regardto poverty, their impact on poor, what the poor themselves thinkand feel and approaches of those concerned with uplift. Analysesthe efforts of various national international and voluntary organizationto help the poor. Presents in a meaningful manner, the relationshippoverty has with health, education, literacy, nutritional levels,urbanization and population. Concludes that prosperity is possibleif we change our attitudes, improve average character and planrealistically for double the population and plan for food, shelter,clothing and literacy in that order.

140. Ravallion, Martin. Issues in measuring and modelingpoverty. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1996.29p.

This paper is an extended comment on some current practices inpoverty analysis using survey data. Section I starts with measurementissues, section II looks at models of poverty, while data needs arediscussed in section III. Each section begins with a summary ofwhat would appear to be the “mainstream” or even “ideal” in currentpractices, and then discusses as the most pressing issues.

141. Ravallion, Martin. Poverty comparisons. Camberwell:Harwood Academic Publishers, 1994. 145p.

Provides an introduction to both the theory and practice of povertymeasurement. It is oriented towards the needs of economists andstudents new to the field, providing a critical yet concise introductionto the most recent literature. The strengths and weaknesses of pastmethods are discussed, and a summary of methodologicalrecommendations is given. A number of new analytical tools aredescribed which can facilitate poverty comparisons, recognizing theuncertainties involved.

142. Ravallion, Martin and Quentin Wodon. Poor areas,or only poor people? Washington, D.C.: The World

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Bank, 1997. 32p.Using survey date for Bangaldesh, the authors find significant andsizeable geographic effects on living standards, after controlling fora wide range of nongeographic characteristics of households, as wouldtypically be observable to policymakers. The geographic effects arereasonably stable over time, robust to testable sources of bias, andconsistent with observed migration patterns. Poor areas are not poorjust because households with readily observable attributes that fosterpoverty are geographically concentrated. There appears to be sizablespatial differences in the returns to given household characteristics.Their results reinforce the case for anti-poverty programs targetedto poor areas even in an economy with few obvious impediments tomobility.

143. Reddy, Sateesh K. Poverty and unemployment: atheoretical framework. New Delhi: Anmol, 1999. 153p.

The first chapter deals with the conceptual framework of the subjectof the poverty. An attempt is made to present the anatomy of povertyand explain the concept, chief characteristics and causes of poverty,the areas for measurement and the tools used. Unemployment is aserious problem and the awareness of the problem has grown overthe year which has created a sense of frustration and restlessnessamong the educated youth and a feeling of misery in the rural areas.The next chapter deals with an analysis of the concepts and methodsof quantification of unemployment. There is a relationship betweenincome and employment, and since income determines poverty,there is impolitely a close relationship between poverty andunemployment. An attempt is made in the fourth Chapter to explainthe relationship between poverty and unemployment. Poverty is aglobal phenomenon and poverty less society is a myth. However,the twin problem of poverty and unemployment in India is moreacute and challenging because the number of poor in the country isoverwhelmingly large and they live mainly in large number of villagesunder conditions of semi-starvation and malnutrition and ill health.In the last chapter, an attempt is made to indicate the approach,policies and programmes for alleviation of poverty, which made asignificant dent in the problem of poverty and the incidence ofpoverty.

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144. Reducing poverty in India: options for more effectivepublic services. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank,1998. 92p.

The reforms in India started in 1991 hold the promise ofconsiderably improving the living standards of the country’s 320million poor. The economy has responded well to the reforms,and the government has explicitly committed itself to acceleratethe development of the country’s human resources. Bymaintaining its commitment to economic liberalization; redirectingtowards infrastructure, health, and basic education the largeresources now absorbed by ill-targeted subsidies; and improvingthe effectiveness and targeting of spending in education, health,and anti-poverty programs, India can give its long battle to reducepoverty a new impetus. The finding of the report is that thesuccess of education and public health in reaching the poordepends not only on more spending but on improving the qualityof service they receive. The report suggests that targetinggovernment spending to primary educat ion, reducingcommunicable diseases, improving water and sanitation, andreducing household insecurity through public works programswould do most to reduce poverty.

145. Researching poverty, edited by Jonathan Bradshawand Sainsbury Roy. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000. 304p.

This collection of papers reviews the theory, method and policyrelevance of post war poverty research. It is designed to contributeto bringing high quality research in this area back to the center ofboth social research and informed policy debate.

146. Robb, Caroline M. Can the poor influence policy?:participatory poverty assessment in the developingworld. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank,2002. 195p.

Argues that the voices and concerns of the poor should shape policies.Shows how participatory methods and approaches can enable poorpeople to analyze their situations and express their priorities, and

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how these can fundamentally differ from those assumed bypolicymakers. Documents and analyses the development of amethodology that shows how to consider directly with the poor andlink the results to the national policy dialogue.

147. Rural poverty alleviation: international developmentperspectives, edited by Joseph Mullen. Aldershot:Avebury, 1995. 168p.

It examines the policies and programmes of major internationaldevelopment agencies concerned with poverty alleviation with a viewto identifying strengths and weaknesses. In a series of case studies,poverty reducing strategies at country level are analysed in terms oftheir effectiveness and lessons to be learned from experience.

148. Rural poverty in Asia: priority issues and policyoptions, edited by M.G. Quibria. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1993. 433p.

It is widely known that the vast majority of the world’s poor live inAsia particularly in rural areas. Indeed, rural poverty constitutes themost important development challenge in many Asian developingeconomies. Yet much remains unclear about the characteristics,causes, and possible remedies of rural poverty. A great deal of researchis required as input to sound public policy to address this pressingsocial and economic issue. This study highlights a number of themost important aspects of rural poverty. Among the topics coveredare conceptual and measurement problems, macroeconomic andeconomy – wide problems and the policies designed to address them,the role of institutions, land ownership and tenurial arrangements,rural credit, women and rural poverty, and the effects of poverty onthe natural environment.

149. Rutherford, Stuart. The poor and their money. NewDelhi: Oxford University Press, 2000. 121p.

Poverty alleviation is foremost on the government agenda of alldeveloping countries. In order to meet the internationally agreed targetsof poverty reduction there is a need to adopt the right policies andinstruments. Micro-finance is one such. This volume illustrates the

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many ways by which poor people in developing countries managetheir money, from keeping notes under floorboards and usingmoneylenders and savings collectors, to devising and runningsophisticated savings, loans and insurance clubs. All these devicesare, essentially, ways to turn small savings into large enough lumpsums. Emphasizes the pivotal role of savings in the life of the poor,and in doing so, belies the common misconception that they are ‘toopoor to save’. Describes recent attempts by the new breed of pro-poor banks and micro-finance institutions to provide services to thepoor. Attempts to contribute to their efforts by showing how a studyof the poor managing their own money can lead to designing betterquality financial services. Based on twenty five years of experience,Rutherford’s book is grounded in the real lives of people in the slumsand villages of Asia, Africa and Latin American.

150. Sah, D.C. Commons and community: evidence fromthe South-Western tribal belt of Madhya Pradesh. NewDelhi: Chronic Poverty Research Centre and IndianInstitute of Public Administration, 2004. 33p.

This paper argues that lack of formal institutional structure andlack of progress have not discouraged formation of social capitalin South Western tribal belt of Madhya Pradesh. With the help ofcivil society there is increased awareness of issues pertaining tothe loss of natural resources. This has strengthened the socialnetwork’s capabilities in terms of associational activities and ledto trust among the social groups and individuals and collectiveaction for shared goals. In relatively less remote areas, thestratification created by political and economic processes havedisplaced the social hierarchy. But in remote rural areas, whereeconomic hierarchy is fragile and reshuffles itself within a shortspan, the social elites get an upper hand even in non-social affairs.The dominance of social hierarchy in decision-making would,however, not be due to the weakness of political elites; it israther lack of efficiency in local governance that gives space tosocial norms and informal institutions in non-social affairs ofthe community. The paper addresses the three sets ofpropositions. First, if villages were socially, politically and

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economically divided, dominance of any one of the groups indecentralised governance would influence the distribution ofgains. Second, political reforms that give management of naturalresources to the community would create expectations thatwould be frustrated by the exist ing departmental laws.Consequently, the community may resist state interventions thatcurtail their access to natural resources. Lastly, transfer of socialcapital in the political domain may be resisted by the economicstratification within the society.

151. Sardar Patel Institute of Economic and Social Research,Ahmedabad. Employment, poverty and public policy.Ahmedabad: Sardar Patel Institute of Economic andSocial Research, 1981. 438p.

The book is an outcome of the National Seminar on “Levels of Living,Employment and Public Policy”, held at the Sardar Patel Institute ofEconomic and Social Research, Ahmedabad, in March 1980. Itcontains selected papers presented at the Seminar. These papers covervarious aspects relating to poverty; inter-relationships betweengrowth, unemployment and poverty; and appropriate routes forattainment of full employment and eradication of poverty. The lessonsfrom past policies aimed at distributive justice and guidelines for theprovision of minimum needs also emerge from these papers.

152. Schneider, Bertrand. The scandal and the shame:poverty and underdevelopment. New Delhi: Vikas,1995. 168p.

There are open and hidden scandals of underdevelopment and poverty.The author underlines wasted and inappropriate aid, the scandal ofdiverted aid, of development profiteers. He shows the World Bank asa typical case of misguidance, and the costly disorder in the UNagencies. Starvation, inequality, structural adjustment policies andtheir human consequences reflect the present situation. The authorsuggests a new concept of development: the well being of individualsand societies everywhere and a number of strategic applications ofthis concept, for example empowerment through rights to property,a radical new approach to development financing, measures to combatcorruption, education, population control, strengthening the role of

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civil society and NGOs.

153. Seminar on Urban Poor and Basic InfrastructureServices in Asia and the Pacific (January 22-28, 1991:Manila, Philippines) Report. Washington, D.C.: TheWorld Bank 1991. 2v.

This report contains a summary of the main proceedings of theSeminar, reflecting the presentations and discussions during the plenarysessions and the sessions of the Working Groups. It also containsthe resource papers, the country papers, the case studies and therecommendations of the Working Groups. All in all, the report presentsa considerable volume of information on the situation of the urbanpoor in Asia and the Pacific as well as an examination of the issuesand new ways and means to improve the situation.

154. Sen, Amartya. Poverty and famines: an essay onentitlement and deprivation. New Delhi: OxfordUniversity Press, 1981. 257p.

This study was undertaken for the World Empowerment Programme,launched by the International Labour Orgnisation in 1969. it isconcerned with the causation of starvation in general and of faminesin particular. The method of analysis adopted is the ‘entitlementapproach’, which concentrates on ownership and exchange.Problems of conceptualizing and measuring poverty are examinedand the specific problems of starvation in general terms is discussed.The issues of deprivation related to entitlement systems are analysed.

155. Shah, Amita and Baidyanath Guru. Poverty inremote rural areas in India: a review of evidence andissues. New Delhi: Chronic Poverty Research Centreand Indian Institute of Public Administration, 2004.57p.

The five aspects of poverty covered in the paper are the debate onspatial or regional inequalities in Indian economy and the likelyexplanation for that. This set the stage for placing the specificconstraints faced by RRAs in a larger context; evolving a relevantdefinition of RRAs with respect to poverty in the light of the processesthat have led to spatial inequalities or marginalisation; providing a

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profile of the two sets of areas, defined as RRAs viz. dry land andforest based regions; a detailed discussion on the constraints faced,as well as coping strategies adopted by people in the two sets ofregions; analysis of correlates of poverty in terms of income as wellas human capabilities and the interface between the two. The papertherefore is a blend of a literature review along with an analysis ofpoverty dynamics in the two sets of RRAs. It however does notclaim to be exhaustive in terms of the coverage of studies as well asthe issues having special bearing on understanding the dynamics ofchronic poverty in India’s remote rural areas. Nevertheless, it is hopedthat the review would provide a sufficiently large framework withinwhich issues can be placed and the questions requiring further enquiry,could be raised.

156. Shah, Amita and D.C. Sah. Chronic poverty in a remoterural district in South West Madhya Pradesh: amultidimensional analysis of its extent and causes. NewDelhi: Chronic Poverty Research Centre and IndianInstitute of Public Administration, 2004. 39p.

The study has been conducted with the objectives to ascertain theincidence as well as typology of rural poverty in a micro settingwithin the South-West region of Madhya Pradesh; to examine thecoping mechanisms and understand the processes that lead to chronicpoverty as well as social deprivation, especially the role played byphysical remoteness; to identify issues for further research. The studyis based on primary data collected through participatory tools as wellas sample survey of households in two villages within Badwani districtof SWMP. Badwani district has relatively low level of irrigation withhigher proportion of forest area and corresponding tribal populationcompared to other districts in the region. Sendhawa and Pati talukaswere selected to represent relatively high and low level of developmentespecially in terms of agricultural productivity as well as markets.The study finds that the incidence of poverty in the two villagestogether is 68 per cent, which is very close to that of South-WestMP. Whereas incidence of poverty is slightly higher in the less remotevillage, the proportion of severely poor is much lower than in themore remote villages; decline in consumption expenditure during adrought year is higher in the case of non-cereal consumption ascompared to the case of cereal consumption, thus, confirming Engel’s

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Law; chronic poverty constitutes a large proportion of the poor.Only 8 out of the total 57 poor households had moved from thecategory of non-poor to poor, and thereby suggesting a situation oftransient poverty. The remaining 86 per cent of the poor werechronically poor. Of these, about one-fourth had moved from arelatively lower to the higher level of poverty; incidence of poverty isfound to be negatively associated with the size of land holding andhousehold population as reflected by per capital land holding.

157. Shielding the poor: social protection in the developingworld, edited by Nroa Lustig. Washington, D.C.:Brooking’s Institution Press, 2001. 314p.

These studies address the issue of vulnerability of the poor to adverseshocks and propose policies to increase their protection and copingcapacity. The studies emphasize the need for building permanentinstitutional structures that help reduce and manage the risks thathouseholds face as part of a coherent long-term strategy to reducepoverty and promote social equity. Policy interventions that improvesocial protection not only help shield the poor from the adverseconsequences of shocks but also boost economic growth and reducechronic poverty over the longer term by reducing the perverse effectsof these shocks on the human and physical capital of the poor and onthe economic activities that they undertake.

158. Singh, Tarlok. Poverty and social change: with areappraisal. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1969. 352p.

With a view to action after the attainment of freedom, an analysis ofpoverty and proposals on problems such as the need to transformpeasant society, to overcome the consequences of small andfragmented agricultural holdings, to raise the level of agriculture andreorganize the rural economy along co-operative lines, to eliminateunder-employment and provide a stable livelihood to the landless,and to integrate the rural with the urban and industrial economy.These problems are as real today as they were twenty-five year ago.In this new edition, the original text of poverty and social change ispresented in part one. Part two of the book has been prepared byway of a reappraisal of basic problems and issues and consists of anew essay on the present perspective of rural poverty.

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159. Smile, Ian. Mastering the machine revisited: poverty,aid and technology. London: ITDG Publishing, 2000.288p.

The book is about connection between poverty, aid and technology.It is about a search driven today by greater extreme poverty thathas over been known, and by a realization that the technologiesapplied to the problem have severe limitations. Considers thedevelopmental impact of new and accelerating phenomena:globalization, the explosion of information and communicationtechnologies, increasing complex emergencies, weakergovernments, bigger companies and escalating debt. For the South,this is a time of immense technological opportunity and optimism.It is also a period of unimaginable poverty an hopelessness. And itis unlike any other period of unimaginable poverty andhopelessness. And it is farmers, machinists and dreamers, thedirection of technology is influenced by bureaucrats, economists,faraway corporate planners, aid agencies and charities. Neverbefore have so many non-technical people exerted so muchinfluence on the advancement, retardation and direction oftechnology. Mastering the Machine Revisited is about theinteraction between these people, and between poverty, aid andtechnology.

160. Smith, Stephen C. Ending global poverty: a guide towhat works. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.259p.

The book has three main parts. The first explains poverty-what itmeans, what it is like in the words of the poor, and why it is a trapthat a person or family often cannot escape by their own effortsalone. Describes the eight “keys to capability” for escaping povertytraps. The second part of the book lays out strategies and programs(generally run by non-governmental/nonprofit organizations butsometimes sponsored by governments or companies) helping to buildcapabilities and assets among those in extreme poverty and leadingto real improvements in the lives of the poor. The third and finalpart of the book offers a guide to the concrete steps we can eachtake, as individuals and groups, to help end global poverty. It showshow to be part of the solution, and how not to inadvertently

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contribute to the problem. This book offers several complementaryways to understand poverty and its remedies: problems pointed toby the poor themselves; the types of poverty traps or vicious cyclesof poverty pointed out by poverty researchers and programs tosolve them; the capabilities needed by the poor and programs tohelp develop these capabilities; and the range of actions individualscan take to help end poverty.

161. Srinivasan, T.N. Eight lectures on India’s economicreforms. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.101p.

This volume describes the reforms process in India since the early1990s. It analyses the economic reforms and liberalizationintroduced, following the serious macroeconomic and balance ofpayments crisis that led to near default on external debt. Thesereforms represented a major break from the ‘inward oriented, statedirected, public sector driven’ approach pursued since independence.Argues that the collapse of the Soviet Union and the spectaculargrowth of China after its opening up in 1978, played a major role indisenchantment with the earlier development strategy. Theaccelerated growth foreign and domestic borrowing. This led tothe crisis and subsequent reforms of 1991. Reviews the reformsundertaken in major sectors of the economy including agriculture,industry, foreign trade and investment, infrastructure, educationand health and financial markets. Their relevance for the overallobjective of poverty eradication is also examined. Concludes thatwith further expansion of reforms and India’s integration with theworld economy, rapid and sustained growth is achievable.

162. Stewart, Frances. Adjustment and poverty: options andchoices. London: Routledge, 1995. 243p.

Includes an examination of the relationship between adjustment policiesand poverty during the 1980s; an analysis of the impact of the IMFand World Bank macro-policies on adjusting countries – both in theoryand practice; a discussion of government tax and expenditure policies

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– with particular focus on social sector spending; identification andassessment of improved policies for the future. Focuses on mostaffected areas of poverty in Africa and Latin America. The experienceshere are sharply contrasted with those areas which were able tocombine adjustment with protection for the poor.

163. Stillwaggon, Eileen. Stunted lives, stagnant economies:poverty, disease, and under-development. Brunswick,N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1998. 342p.

Describes the living conditions of the poor in developing countries andthe diseases and injuries that result from this environment of need.Most of the disease that affect the poor are cholera, summer diarrhea,tuberculosis, lice, worms, leprosy. These result from the poverty oftheir environment. Poverty also determines the availability andeffectiveness of the medical response. Using Argentina as a case study,argues that making good health available to everyone is not a scientificproblem but an economic one. Finds that the debt crisis of the 1980sand the subsequent structural adjustment policies adopted by mostdeveloping countries exacerbated the problem faced by the poor. Offerspractical, low-cost solutions to promote human development andeconomic growth.

164. Sudarshan, Ratna M. and Rina Bhattacharya.Chronic poverty and gendered patterns of intra-household resource allocation: a preliminary enquiry.New Delhi: Chronic Poverty Research Centre andIndian Institute of Public Adminis-tration, 2004. 47p.

The extent and nature of intra-household discrimination is influencedby a large number of factors. These range from individual andpersonal factors to the norms set by the community and state. Intra-household negotiations are characterized by ‘co-operative conflict’and one way of understanding the outcomes for each person is toconsider what is the relative bargaining power of each member ofthe household. The author have approached the question of intra-household resource allocation with this perspective, that is, the focus

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is on trying to identify the forces outside the household that couldinfluence interactions within the household in a manner such as toempower those who are most disempowered. From this analysisthey have attempted to draw some implications for policy.

This paper attempts a preliminary analysis of intra-household resourceallocation issues in poor households, based on a study of some urbanslum areas in Delhi.

165. Swaminathan, M.S. Technological change in foodproduction: implications for vulnerable sections.New Delhi: Chronic Poverty Research Centre andIndian Institute of Public Administration, 2004.64p.

The on-going technological change in agriculture has opened up newopportunities for farming families with small holdings to improveconcurrently productivity, profitability and sustainability. More effortsare needed in the area of blending traditional technologies and ecologicalprudence with frontier technologies like biotechnology, informationand communication technologies, space, nuclear and renewable energytechnologies. Also, there is need for more action research forstandardising methods of reaching the unreached and includingexcluded in terms of knowledge and skill empowerment. The paperdiscusses the technological information of productivity, profitabilityand sustainability of rice and wheat.

166. Thomas, P.V. Chronic poverty in rural areas: the roleof government policy. New Delhi: Chronic PovertyResearch Centre and Indian Institute of PublicAdministration, 2004. 91p.

This paper attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of Governmentpolicy in alleviating rural poverty and reviews major povertyalleviation programmes of the Government. The anti povertyprogrammes have not been an unqualified success. This is notentirely surprising considering the size of the country, thecomplexities of the task, regional variations, administrativeweaknesses, leakages, under-funding, etc. Multiple objectives,

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uneconomic delivery costs and weak monitoring have diluted thebenefits of the programmes. Nevertheless, the anti-poverty measureshave made a dent in poverty eradication as is evidenced by thedecline in the overall poverty ratio in the country.

167. Townsend, Peter. The international analysis ofpoverty. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. 1993. 291p.

Provides a major contribution to debates on the conceptualization ofpoverty and assembles new evidence for its measurement. Outlinesthe changing world map of poverty and documents poverty in ThirdWorld and First World contexts. A major theme of the book is theconcept of relative deprivation, which, in an international context,highlights disparities of wealth both within as well as betweencountries and make necessary connections to classes structure andsocial roles, customs and relationships in generating human need.Particular attention is given to the modern phenomena of socialpolarization and the role of tender and racial discrimination in shapingpolicy. Concludes that it is this process of polarization and the role ofgender and racial discrimination in shaping policy. Concludes that itis this process of polarization, coupled with the institutionalization ofdependency brought about by international agencies and companiesand the increasingly hierarchical control of domestic labour markets,which is destablishing rich and poor societies alike.

168. Urban poverty in Asia: a survey of critical issues, editedby Ernesto M. Pernia. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1994. 305p.

Analyses issues concerning urbanization and urban poverty, includingpatterns of urbanization, the characteristics of the urban poor, theiraccess to housing and social and physical infrastructure, aspects ofthe labor market, and the urban physical environment. The essayshighlight the importance of broad-based economic growth, investmentin human capital, and well-designed antipoverty programs.

169. Vakil, C.N. Poverty, planning and inflation. Bombay:Allied, 1978. 316p.

This book is a collection of papers written during the past fiftyyears by a leading contemporary economist on the rapidly changing

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economic scene in the country. It begins with the articles on povertywhich the author contributed to young India at the request of Gandhijiin 1928, together with Gandhiji’s comments. His influence on currentcontroversies and events such as those of the Ottawa Agreement in1932 and the inflation of 1943 or the economic consequences ofthe partition is well known.

170. Virmani, Arvind. Accelerating growth and povertyreduction: a policy framework for India’s development.New Delhi: Academic Foundation, 2004. 327p.

This book is based on policy papers on poverty written duringthe nineties at the Ministry of Finance. The fundamental objectiveof economic policy is to generate equitable economic growth andthus bring about the increased well being of all citizens. The goalof these policy papers was to remove policy distortions that werehindering growth and productivity and to introduce economic andinstitutional reforms that would accelerate growth. The policyrecommendations were shaped by theory and empirical evidenceon the one hand, and by institutional/organisational and socio-political constraints on the other. The eighteen essays included inthis book encompass a broad canvas: the new paradigm on whichthe reforms of 1991 were based and integrated policy frameworkthat it entails; policies that have special relevance for ensuringgrowth with productive employment; macro-economic reformissue related to the fiscal situation and the external accounts;problems and policies relating to different sectors such asagriculture, industry, telecom, power and urban. Issues such asadoption of value added tax, capital account convertibility, FDI inmedia, which have been at the centre of public debate.

171. Vyas, N.N. and S.N. Samadani. Crossing the povertyline. Udaipur: Himanshu, 1987. 90p.

The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) – acomponent of 20 point programme was launched in 1978-79 forthe removal of poverty. Its prime objective is to raise the poorestfamilies above the poverty line. Income generating assets and accessto credit and other inputs are advanced to help the rural poor to

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improve his quality of life. The present study is a scientific effortto measure the impact of or the intervention made by the IRDP inthe removal of poverty. The field of enquiry has been the district ofUdaipur, a trial concentrated area in the state of Rajasthan. Theresearch project was sponsored by the special schemes oforganization, government of Rajasthan at the instance of the tribalarea development department, to assess the impact of theprogramme.

172. Walker, Carol. Managing poverty: the limits of socialassistance. London: Routledge, 1993. 204p.

Examines the reasons for the growing importance of social assistancein British social security policy and traces the many changesintroduced by successive governments and examines in detail whyboth conservative and labour governments have been unsuccessfulin finding permanent solutions to the recurrent problems that haveemerged. Looks at the efficacy of these policies from the point ofview of the service users, the claimants. Uses empirical evidence onthe experiences and views of claimants to evaluate benefit provisions.

173. World Development Report 2004: making serviceswork for poor people. Washington, D.C.: The WorldBank, 2003. 271p.

Too often, services fail poor people – in access, in quality, and inaffordability. But the fact that there are striking examples where basicservices such as water, sanitation, health, education, and electricitydo work for poor people means that governments and citizens cando a better job of providing them. Learning from success andunderstanding the source of failure, the report argues that servicescan be improved by putting poor people at the center of serviceprovisions, by enabling the poor to monitor and discipline serviceproviders, by amplifying their voice in policymaking, and bystrengthening the incentives for providers to serve the poor. Freedomfrom illness and freedom from illiteracy are two of the most importantways poor people can escape from poverty. To achieve these goals,economic growth and financial resources are of course necessary,but they are not enough. The world development report provides a

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practical framework for making the services that contribute to humandevelopment work for poor people. With this framework, citizensgovernments, and donors can take action and accelerate progresstoward the common objective of poverty reduction, as specified inthe millennium development goals.

Title Index

Accelerating growth and poverty reduction: a policy frameworkfor India’s development, 170

Adjustment and poverty: options and choices, 162Aid, institutions and development: new approaches to growth,

governance and poverty, 28Aid, the incentive regime, and poverty reduction, 26Alleviation of rural poverty: a continuing crusade, 8Anti-poverty programme evaluation, 22Bangladesh: from counting the poor to making the poor count,

16Can the poor influence policy?: participatory poverty assessment

in the developing world. 2nd ed., 146Child nutrition and poverty in South India: noon meals in

Tamil Nadu, 60Chronic poverty among Indian elderly, 137Chronic poverty and gendered patterns of intra-household

resource allocation: a preliminary enquiry, 164Chronic poverty and malnutrition in India, 136Chronic poverty and understanding: intra-household

differentiation, 24Chronic poverty and vulnerable social groups: the case of the

Sahariya Adivasi community displaced from Kuno wildlifesanctuary, Madhya Pradesh, 78

Chronic poverty in a remote rural district in South WestMadhya Pradesh: a multidimensional analysis of its extentand causes, 156

Chronic poverty in India: overview of key emerging issues,99

Chronic poverty in India: overview study, 98

84


Chronic poverty in rural areas: the role of government policy,166

Chronic poverty: meanings and analytical framework, 66The city poverty assessment: a primer, 63Combining census and survey data to study spatial dimensions

of poverty, 64Commons and community: evidence from the South-Western

tribal belt of Madhya Pradesh, 150The constitution of poverty: toward a genealogy of liberal

governance, 35Confronting poverty in developing countries: definitions,

information, and policies, 51Correlates of incidence and exit from chronic poverty in rural

India: evidence from panel data, 23The crisis of poverty and debt in the Third World, 36Crossing the poverty line, 171Design and management of sustainable projects to alleviate poverty

in South Asia, 38Devising policies to help the poor in South India, 25Dynamics of economic development in India: economics of

poverty in plenty, 40Economic development, poverty alleviation and governance, 1Economic growth and poverty alleviation in Tamil Nadu, 42Economic reforms and poverty alleviation in India, 43Economic reforms for the poor, 44Eight lectures on India’s economic reforms, 161Employment, poverty and public policy, 151Empowerment and poverty reduction: a source book, 45Ending global poverty: a guide to what works, 160Ends and means of reducing income poverty, 86The evolution of poverty and inequality in Indian villages, 76The experience of poverty: fighting for respect and resources in

village India, 17From income to urban contest in global settings: chronic poverty

in Bangalore, 19Geographical targeting for poverty alleviation: methodology and

applications, 50Global trading practice and poverty alleviation in South Asia:

regional perspectives on women and trade, 52

85


Globalisation and poverty: channels and policy responses, 53Governance and poverty: contemporary policy reforms for India,

54The Great Indian poverty debate, 55Growing amnesia: an essay on poverty and the human

consciousness, 81Growth and equity: a critique of the Lewis-Kuznets tradition

with special reference to India, 34Growth and poverty in developing countries, 4Growth, employment and poverty: change and continuity in

rural India, 56Handbook of poverty in India: perspectives, policies, and

programmes, 59Health, poverty and development in India, 61How well do India’s social service programs serve the poor?, 106Hunger and public action, 39Imagine there’s no country: poverty, inequality, and growth in

the era of globalization, 21The Impact of economic policies on poverty and income

distribution: evaluation techniques and tools, 67The impact of structural reforms on poverty: a simple

methodology with extension, 90Implementing the World Bank’s strategy to reduce poverty:

progress and challenges, 68In the name of poor: contesting political space for poverty

reduction, 69Including the poor: proceedings of a symposium organized by

the World Bank and the International Food Policy ResearchInstitute, 70

India alleviating poverty through forest development:evaluation country case study series, 71

Indian economy: crisis and reforms, 3Indicators for monitoring poverty reduction, 27The integrated macroeconomic model for poverty analysis: a

quantitative macroeconomic framework for the analysis ofpoverty reduction strategies, 2

The international analysis of poverty, 167International Food Policy Research Institute, 89

86


The international poverty gap: investing in people and technologyto build sustainable pathways out, 72

IRDP & poverty alleviation, 77Issues in chronic poverty: panel data based analysis, 100Issues in measuring and modeling poverty, 140Law and poverty critical essays, 88Making transition work for everyone: poverty and inequality in

Europe and Central Asia, 92Management of poverty alleviation in India, 47Managing poverty alleviation: insights from the field, 93Managing poverty: the limits of social assistance, 172Managing urban poverty, 6Mastering the machine revisited: poverty, aid and technology,

159Measuring the effects of geographic targeting on poverty

reduction, 14Micro-credit, poverty and empowerment: linking the triad, 102Microfinance poverty assessment tool, 62Mind, heart, and soul in the fight against poverty, 94Multidimensional poverty in India: district level estimates, 96National Conference on Poverty and Employment: Analysis of

the Present Situation and Strategies for the Future (March27-29, 1995: New Delhi). Proceedings, 109

Need for new strategies to eradicate poverty, 112New poverty: families in postmodern society, 31The new poverty strategies: what have they achieved? What have

they learned?, 113Operationalizing multidimensional concepts of chronic poverty:

an exploratory spatial analysis, 101Pathways out of poverty: private firms and economic mobility

in developing countries?, 114Perspectives on growth and poverty, 115Planning for the development of backward districts, 110Planning, development and poverty alleviation: a 21st century

perspective, 84Policy research working paper, 74Political economy of hunger, 116Political perspectives to chronic poverty, 108

87


Political sociology of poverty in India: between politics of povertyand poverty of politics, 83

The politics of hunger in India: a study of democracy, governanceand Kalahandi’s poverty, 32

The poor and their money, 149Poor areas, or only poor people?, 142The poor in a hostile society: glimpses of changing poverty

scenario in India, 117Population, poverty and hope, 118Poverty and its alleviation, 123Poverty – is it understood? an inquiry into its academic and

administrative tactics, 139Poverty targeting in asia, 133Poverty a global review, 121Poverty alleviation in India, 12Poverty alleviation programmes and gram panchayats, 104Poverty and development into 21st century, 122Poverty and famines: an essay on entitlement and deprivation,

154Poverty and mobility in India, 105Poverty and planning in India, 138Poverty and power, 124Poverty and social change: with a reappraisal, 158Poverty and underdevelopment, 11Poverty and unemployment: a theoretical framework, 143Poverty and vulnerability in a globalising metropolis Ahmedabad,

125Poverty comparisons and household survey design, 65Poverty comparisons, 141Poverty decline and human development factors in some states,

126Poverty from the wealth of nations: integration and polarization

in the global economy since 1970, 5Poverty in India, 33Poverty in India, 49Poverty in India: an economic analysis, 73Poverty in India: data base issues, 127Poverty in India: research and policy, 128

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Poverty in remote rural areas in India: a review of evidence andissues, 155

Poverty in South Asia, 103Poverty in world politics, 129Poverty inequality and health: an international perspective, 130Poverty measurement: issues, approaches and indices, 30Poverty monitoring: an international concern, 131The poverty of nations: a global perspective of mass poverty in

the Third World, 15The poverty question: search for solutions, 10Poverty reduction: self-help group strategy: a case study of

Andhra Pradesh, 82Poverty reduction: what role for the state in today’s globalized

economy, 132Poverty within poverty: a study of the weaker sections in a

Deccan village, 79Poverty, planning and inflation, 169Poverty, planning and social transformation, 85Poverty, progress and development, 119Poverty, rural development and public policy, 9Poverty: a persistent global reality, 120Pragmatic rural development for poverty alleviation: a pioneering

paradigm, 75Profiles in female poverty: a study of five poor working women

in Kerala, 57Pro-poor growth and governance in South Asia: decentralization

and participatory development, 134Psychology of poverty and disadvantages, 135Reducing poverty in India: options for more effective public

89


services, 144Reflections on anti-poverty programmes, 48Researching poverty, 145Rural casual labourers, wages and poverty: 1983 to 1999-2000,

20The rural poor: problems and prospects, 13Rural poverty alleviation: international development perspectives,

147Rural poverty in Asia: priority issues and policy options, 148Rural poverty in India: an analysis of inter-state differences, 111Safety nets for chronic poor in India: an overview, 91The scandal and the shame: poverty and underdevelopment, 152Seminar on Urban Poor and Basic Infrastructure Services in Asia

and the Pacific (January 22-28, 1991: Manila, Philippines)Report, 153

Shielding the poor: social protection in the developing world,157

The state and the poor: public policy and political developmentin India and the United States, 41

The state and poverty in India: the politics of reform, 80Structural dimensions of poverty in India, 58Stunted lives, stagnant economies: poverty, disease, and

underdevelopment, 163Sustainable interventions for poverty alleviation: a best practice

case of Gum Karaya in Andhra Pradesh, India, 97Technological change in food production: implications for

vulnerable sections, 165To the hands of the poor: water and trees, 29Understanding childhood poverty in Rajasthan: emerging issues

and strategies, 95Unemployment, technology & rural poverty, 18Urban poverty in Asia: a survey of critical issues, 168Valuing freedoms: Sen’s capability approach and poverty

reduction, 7Voices of the poor: crying out for changes, 107Who’s hungry? And how do we know?: food shortage, poverty,

and deprivation, 37Why poverty persists in India: a framework for understanding

90


the Indian economy, 46World Development Report 2004: making services work for

poor people, 173World hunger 12 myths. 2nd ed., 87

Author IndexAdil Khan, M., 1Agentor, Pierre-Richard, et. al., 2Aggarwal, J.C., 3Ahluwalia, Montek S., et. al., 4Alam, Shahid M., 5Ali, Sabir, 6Alkire, Sabina, 7Allen, Tim, 122Amarendra, 9Anker, Richard, ed., 131Atal, Yogesh, 10Attar Chand, 11Aziz, Abdul, 12, 13, 38Baker, Judy L, 14Balakrishna, S., ed., 126Bamberger, Michael, ed., 38Bandyopadhyaya, Jayatanuja, 15Baxi, Upendra, ed., 88Beck, Tony, 17Behari, Bepin, 18Benjamin, Solomon, 19Bhalla, Surjit S., 21Bhalla, Sheila., 20,Bhargava, Pradeep, 95Bhattacharya, Mohit, 22Bhattachayra, Rina, 164Bhide, Shashanka, 23, 100Bigman, David, ed., 50Bird, Kate, 24Bliven, Neal, 25Booth, Anne, ed., 113Bourguignon, Francois, ed., 67Braathen, ed., 132

91


Bradshaw, Jonathan, ed., 145Brathen, Einar, ed., 132Burnside, Craig, 26Burra, Neera, ed., 102Bussolo, Maurizio, ed., 53Cameron, John, ed., 124Carvalho, Soniya, 27Cassen, R.H., ed., 128Centre for Policy Research. New Delhi, 118Chadha, G.K., ed., 56Chakravarti, Ashok, 28Chambers, Robert, 29Chaubey, P.K., 30Cheal, David, 31Chen, Lincoln C., ed., 61Chowdhry, N.K., 3Collins, Joseph, 87Currie, Bob, 32Da Silva, Luiz A. Pereira, ed., 67Dandekhar, V.M., 33Das Gupta, Monica, ed., 61Datta, Anindya, 34Datta, Prabhat, 22Dean, Mitchell, 35Deaton, Angus, ed., 55Dent, Martin, 36DeRose, Laurie, et.al., 37Deshmukh-Rabadive, Joy, ed., 102Dixon, John, ed., 120Dollar, David, 26Dreze, Jean, 39, 116Dyke, Nancy Bearg, ed., 72Echeverri-Gent, John, 41Engberg-Pedersen, Lars, ed., 69Eswaran, Mukesh, 46Fields, Gary S., ed., 114Gaag, Jacques van der, 51, 89, 70Gangopadhyay, Shubhashis, ed., 44Gaur, K.D., 47, 48, 112

92


Gedam, Ratnakar, 49Glewwe, Paul, 51Grosh, Margaret E., 14Guhan, S., ed., 128Gulati, Leela, 57Gupta, M.C., ed., et. al., 54Gupta, S.P., 58Guru, Baidyanath, 155Hanumantha Rao, C.H., ed., 43Harriss, Barbara, 60, 128Henry, Carla, et. al., 62Henry, Paul-Marc, ed., 119Hentschel, Jesko, 63, 64Hippolute, Fofack, ed., 50Hoeven, Rolph van der, ed., 115, 131Howes, Steven, 65Hulme, David, 66India. Ministry of Rural Development, 8India. United Nations Development Fund for Women

(UNIFEM), 52Jain, T.L., 73Jalan, Jyotsna, 74Jalihal, K.A., 75Jayaraman, Raji, 76Joshi, Sandeep, 77Kabra, Asmita, 78Kadekodi, G.K., ed., 127Kamble, N.D., 79Kanji, Nazneen, ed., 132Karan, Anup K., 20Keough, Lucky, 94Kohli, Atul, 80Kothari, Rajni, 81Kotwal, Ashok, 46Kozel, Valerie, ed., 55Krishnaiah, P., 82Krishnan, T.N., ed., 61Kumar, Anand, 83

93


Kumar, B., 84Kumar, Nalini, et. al., ed., 71Kundu, Amitabh, ed., 125Kurien, C.T., 85Lampman, Robert J., 86Lanjouw, Peter, 76Lappe, Frances Moore, 87Leon, David, ed., 130Linnemann, Hans, ed., 43Lipton, Michael, 70, 89Lustig, Nroa, ed., 157Macarov, David, ed., 120Mahadevia, Darshini, ed., 125Mahendra Dev, S., 91Marshall, Katherine, 94Mathur, Kanchan, 95McCulloch, Neil, 90Mehta, Aasha Kapur, 23, 96 97, 98, 99, 100, 101Miller, S.M., ed., 121Mishra, Navin, 103Mishra, S.N., 104,Misra, Girishwar, ed., 135Misra, S.N., ed., 123Mohanty, Ajit K., ed., 135Moore, Karen, 66Mosley, Paul, ed., 113Mukherji, Shekhar, 105Mullen, Joseph, ed., 147Murthy, Nirmala, et. al., 106Murthy, Ranjani K., ed., 102Murty, G.V.S.N., ed., 127Narayan, Deepa, et. al., 107, 45Nath, N.C.B., 108Nayyar, Rohini, 110, 111Nazneen, ed., 132Olson, Lanjouw, 65Oyen, Else, ed., 121Panigrahi, Ramakrishna, 101

94


Pernia, Ernesto M., ed., 168Peters, Bill, 36Pfeffermann, Guy, ed., 114Quibria, M.G., ed., 148Radhakrishna, R., ed., 59, 136Rajagopal, Shobhita, 95Rajan, S. Irudaya, 137Rakshit, Gangadhar, 138Ram, N.V.R., 139Ramaswamy, A., 139Ramaswamy, C., 25Rangacharyulu, S.V., ed., 126Rao, V.M., ed., 117Rath, Nilakantha, 33Ravallion, Martin, 74, 89, 140, 141, 142Ray, Shovan, ed., 59Reddy, Sateesh K., 143Robb, Caroline M., 146Rosset, Peter, 87Round, Jeffery L., ed., 53Roy, Sainsbury, ed., 145Rutherford, Stuart, 149Sah, D.C., 150, 156Samad, Syed Abdus, ed., 121Samadani, S.N., 171Sardar Patel Institute of Economic and Social Research,

Ahmedabad, 151Saxena, N.C., 29Schneider, Bertrand, 152Sen, Amartya, 39, 154, 116Seshagiri, Radha, 63Shah, Amita, 98, 155, 156Shah, Tushaar, 29Sharma, Alakh N., ed., 56Shepherd, Andrew, 66, 99Shivamurthy, M., 75Shobha, T., 20Shorrocks, Anthoy, ed., 115

95


Silva, Luiz A. Pereira da, ed., 67Singh, J.L., ed., 112Singh, Jaideep, ed., 93Singh, Tarlok, 158Sinha, R.K., ed., 40Sirivardana, Susil, ed., 134Sivramkrishna, Sashi, 98Smile, Ian, 159Smith, Stephen C., 160Srinivasan, T.N., 161Stewart, Frances, 162Stillwaggon, Eileen, 163Sudarshan, Ratna M., 164Swaminathan, M.S., 165Thomas, Alan, ed., 122Thomas, P.V., 166Tiwari, R.K., ed., 93Townsend, Peter, 167Vakil, C.N., 169Vandersluis, Sarah Owen, ed., 129Virmani, Arvind, 170Vyas, N.N., 171Wadhwa, Wilima, ed., 44Walker, Carol, 172Wilson, Francis, ed., 132Walt, Gill, ed., 130Wanmali, Sudhir, 25Webster, Neil, ed., 69

96


Weiss, John, ed., 133.White, Howard, 27Wignaraja, Ponna, ed., 134Wodon, Quentin, 142The World Bank, 16, 42, 68, 92, 144, 173Yeros, Paris, ed., 129