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BIRD DIVERSITY IN THE SHARAVATHI RIVER BASIN
Sudhira H. S. and Ramachandra T. V.Energy and Wetlands Research GroupCentre for Ecological SciencesIndian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12, IndiaPhone: 080- 3600985 / 293 3099 / 293 2506Fax: 91-80-3601428 / 3600085 /3600683{CES-TVR}Email: [email protected]
[email protected]@yahoo.com
Aquatic and terrestrial conditions combine to form 'wet-lands', one of the most complex
ecosystems in the world. The environmental characteristics within a wetland are
determined largely by hydrologic processes, which may exhibit daily, seasonal or long-
term fluctuations, in relation to regional climate and geographic location of the site.
These in turn produce a great range of wetland types globally, majority of which have
extremely variable conditions in many habitats, which they contain. As a consequence,
the variety of living organisms, adapted to the different wetland habitat tends to be high,
with all major groups of plants and animals present. The Convention on Biological
Diversity's Article 7 on 'Identification and Monitoring' emphasises identification and
monitoring of components of biological diversity and processes or categories of
activities, which have adverse impacts on biological diversity, and maintenance of data
derived from these activities.
The bird diversity study was taken up in the Sharavathi River basin, prone to habitat
transformation due to dam construction for hydro-electricity generation. As part of the
cumulative impact assessment exercise, a detailed study was undertaken to determine the
habitat status. This paper brings out the study on bird diversity estimation using
Shannon’s index in the catchment area. The data collection was done using the line
transect method in nine localities of the study area. The localities are classified chiefly as
wetlands and terrestrial habitats. Other statistical analyses carried out on the data are
presented in the paper.
The study was successful in estimating the diversity index using the Shannon's index as
well as in finding the evenness of the habitat. An important observation made by the
study was that the order Passeriformes dominated the terrestrial habitat. The study also
revealed that the wetlands had a better distribution of birds. This could be inferred from
the fact that unlike the terrestrial habitat, Passeriformes and Ciconiiformes dominated
wetlands, suggesting that these ecosystems have more diversity than terrestrial habitats.
During the sampling period, 73 species were identified but a total of 125 species were
sighted including opportunistic surveys. Of the 125 species four are endemics and one
endangered species. In the wake of infrastructure development initiatives in the region
the endangered bird species mostly found in the undisturbed evergreen forests is
threatened by the loss of habitat. Effective conservation strategies in ensuring the
continued survival of the endemic and endangered bird species through ecologically
sound development initiatives are to be evolved in this regard.
INTRODUCTION
India has a rich plant and animal diversity. Complexity and diversity are the new frontiers
of science (Gadgil, 1996). The most significant challenge before science today is in
understanding complex systems with a great diversity of behaviours in space and time.
Birds show enormous diversity and complexity. They are one of the most distinctive
classes in the animal kingdom, characterised by their ability to fly. They can be defined
as feathered bipeds (Ali, 1998). They are warm-blooded vertebrates, highly mobile and
found from snow-capped mountains to deserts to seas and various types of habitats.
When monitoring habitat transformations, bird communities could give valuable
information. A variety of development interventions lead to these transformations and
hence the objective is to appraise them in terms of biodiversity values. Though bird
communities are less sensitive to the rapid habitat changes (Pramod et al, 1997), the bird
diversity indicates the habitat quality of the area.
The term "diversity" refers to the number of species living in a designated area. The ratio
between the number of species and the total number of individuals in a community is
termed as species diversity. It is related to the stability of the environment, varying
among different communities and is of great importance in assessing the extent of
damage done to natural systems by anthropogenic activities. According to Magurran
(1988), there are two main areas in which diversity measures have potential application.
These are in conservation, indicates that species rich communities are better than species
poor communities, and in environmental monitoring where the adverse effect of pollution
will be reflected in a reduction in diversity or by any change in the shape of the species
abundance. In both areas, diversity is used as an indicator of the ecosystem’s well being.
Biodiversity lies at the level of the genotype, the hereditary or genetic make-up. The
variability, geographic dispersion and biological richness of wetlands globally mean that
they contain a tremendous pool of genetic resources. This genetic diversity is important
for a variety of reasons: it determines the ability of individuals and populations to adapt
to changing environmental conditions, such as global warming or new diseases; it is
essential for the continuing evolution of various species; it provides the basis for the
selection and production of new resource organisms; it is also important for maintaining
the distinctiveness of plants and animals in different locations. Loss of wetland habitats,
which contain so much of the world's plant and animal biodiversity, thus endangers the
genetic resources on which the future prosperity of mankind depends.
Convention on Biological Diversity's Article 7 on 'Identification and Monitoring' calls for
identification and monitoring of components of biological diversity and processes, which
have adverse impacts on biological diversity, and maintaining data derived from the
preceding activities.
The species diversity and high production levels of wetlands support even more diverse
animal communities. The vegetation distribution patterns and water level fluctuations
make a range of continuously changing wetland habitats available at different times of
the year to aquatic, terrestrial and arboreal animals. Decline in the wetland quality will
impact associated systems: loss of nursery habitat could reduce fishery yields or loss of a
wetland on a flyway could disrupt waterfowl migrations, threatening the capacity of
individual birds to reproduce and eventually the survival of populations or species.
Many wetlands have abundant food resources (both living plants and their decomposition
products) that can be utilized by species other than the permanent residents. Entry by
'visitor species' serves to increase the diversity of animals that may be seen in wetlands
from time to time.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The study area is located in the famous Western Ghats region, which has recorded 586
bird species. Various studies have been done under the Western Ghats Biodiversity
Network (WGBN). Currently, under Project Lifescape (supported by the Indian Academy
of Sciences, Bangalore), enormous efforts are being put to study the region and document
the diversity. Pramod et al (1997) studied the bird assemblages to determine their
ubiquity and hospitality. Another study undertaken by Pramod et al (1997a), assigned
conservation values to bird species based on the readily available information on their
geographical range, habitat preference, endangerment and taxonomic distinctiveness.
Apart from these detailed studies, there is an unpublished manuscript on the trek to
Muppane and Kanoor, reporting 74 species in 4 days.
Habitat diversity or spatial heterogeneity influences the diversity of birds positively (Mac
Arthur, 1965; Rafe et al, 1985; Pyrovetsi and Givelli, 1988). Larger area of the habitat
tends to increase the bird diversity (Terborgh, 1973, Galli et al, 1976).
Many wetlands provide habitat for other important faunal components, serving as resting
and feeding stations along migratory flyways for ducks, waders and shorebirds which
benefit from the diversity of food organisms (Peter, 1996). The seasonal influx of passage
migrants serves to increase the biodiversity of many wetland sites. In their study of
coastal wetland habitats in Surinam, South America, Swennen and Spaans (1985) found
more than 75% of the foraging waterfowl were migrants of northern origin, with only a
minority being local resident species. For the eight families studied in an area of just 736
ha of these rich and varied coastal wetlands, they found 15,678 waterfowl belonging to
40 species dependent on the wetlands during the tropical part of their life cycle. This
example shows that the migratory component of the bird life of wetlands is important, not
only in terms of species diversity but in numbers of individuals. Similarly, the 24,000 ha
Cache River Basin in North America provided wintering habitat annually for nearly
200,000 Canada Geese Branta canadensis, 35,000 Snow Geese Anser caerulescens and
26,000 ducks which would breed further north (USFWS, 1994).
'Quantifying quality' is fundamental to any conservation assessment of an organism or
habitat (Daniels, 1989). The influence of habitat reduction or transformation on the birds
of the catchment has to be understood. Disappearance of one recorded species of bird is
probably the best clue. Preston (1979) has however observed that birds may be merely
overlooked while sampling in the field. Single observers have a 50% chance of missing
an individual bird while surveying. Species existing in small numbers and those, which
are cryptic, are easily overlooked. Any conclusion regarding change in the avifauna based
on a comparison between two observers' results, especially over a period of time, must be
carefully analysed before drawing any inference.
METHODOLOGY
Methods of population estimation differ according to the objective of study as well as
category of birds’ under study. Population estimates in terms of birds per unit area are
more difficult to achieve than diversity indices. Diversity indices allow comparison
between years, seasons or areas without giving an idea of the actual number of birds
involved. Being an extremely mobile group of organisms with varied kinds of local and
continental migratory behaviour it is very difficult to estimate and monitor bird
population.
The observation was carried out along riverbeds in case of wetlands. The term 'wetlands'
throughout the discussion refers to reservoir and water spread area. Here, the sightings
were recorded on the bank of the river courses within a radius of 20 meters. In case of
terrestrial habitats, observation was done along transects which were about half a
kilometer to one kilometer in length. Information such as time of sighting of species,
number of individuals, place of sighting and grouping behaviour was recorded.
STUDY AREA
The Sharavathi river basin is prone to habitat transformation due to the construction of
the dam for hydro-electricity generation at Linganamakki. The Sharavathi river basin
upstream of the Linganamakki dam is about 2000 square kilometers and is located in the
Western Ghats, the biodiversity hot spot. Linganamakki dam is built across river
Sharavathi for hydroelectric power generation. With the construction of the dam, forests
and lands as well as the Hire Bhaskar or Madenur dam got submerged. The Madenur dam
was built in 1952 for power generation at the Mahatma Gandhi Hydroelectric station.
Since its submergence, Linganamakki dam is used for power generation.
Figure 1 shows the map of the study area with varied vegetation types along with
sampling locations. The study was undertaken in the catchment area along the river
courses of Sharavathi, Haridravathi, Mavina Hole, Nagodi Hole and Yenne Hole. The
observation was also done at China gate, the entry point of water to the hydroelectric
power station. Apart from observation along wetlands, terrestrial areas were also covered.
The terrestrial habitats were of moist deciduous to semi-evergreen type. Table 1 shows
the different localities, time spent, longitude, latitude and altitude.
Figure 1: Location of the Study Area showing the Sampling Locations
TABLE 1: LOCATION AT ALL SAMPLING STATIONS
Sl. No. Locality Latitude Longitude Altitude in meters
1. Sharavathi 1352.705' 7503.948' 582
2. Mavina Hole 1358.485' 7506.371' 601
3. Haridravathi 1400.697' 7508.475' 571
4. Sampekai R. F. 1403.512' 7502.542' 575
5. Yenne Hole 1402.026' 7445.043' 567
6. Nagodi Hole 1356.226' 7454.836' 565
7. China Gate 1411.504' 7448.606' 518
8. Muppane R. F. 1406.500' 7447.414' 594
9. Athavadi 1405.293' 7503.569' 580
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The first part of the data analysis was computation of the ratios of number of sightings by
number of species by number of individuals. This was done initially for ten minutes and
later converted to per minute. Mean, standard deviation and standard error were
calculated. The total number of individuals of all species was calculated. The proportion
of number of individuals of all species is tabulated. Further, the list of cumulative species
identified is tabulated separately for wetlands and terrestrial habitat. With this, a curve is
plotted against time to get the species accumulation curve. Finally, a list of bird species
identified is prepared. The time spent and number of species seen at each locality is
tabulated with the number of species seen per minute and hour.
The ratio of number of sightings to number of species to number of individuals was
compared (Table 2). All these were normalized to one minute. Here the average of
species seen per minute is more in the case of wetlands than the terrestrial habitats with
0.540 and 0.373 values recorded respectively. The number of species seen per minute for
the combined habitat type was 0.453. The standard deviation and standard error for
number of species seen per minute, number of individuals seen per minute and the
number of sightings per minute were also better for wetlands than the terrestrial habitat.
TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF OBSERVATION ALONG THE CATCHMENT AREA
Wetlands
Average Standard
Deviation
Standard Error
NSGFTM 6.148 2.727 0.525
NSGPM 0.615 0.273 0.052
NSPFTM 5.407 2.206 0.424
NSPPM 0.541 0.221 0.042
NINDFTM 3.556 6.658 3.206
NINDPM 1.356 1.666 0.321
Terrestrial
Average Standard
Deviation
Standard Error
NSGFTM 4.033 2.189 0.399
NSGPM 0.403 0.219 0.040
NSPFTM 3.733 1.856 0.339
NSPPM 0.373 0.186 0.034
NINDFTM 5.067 3.140 0.573
NINDPM 0.507 0.314 0.057
Combined
Average Standard
Deviation
Standard Error
NSGFTM 5.035 2.659 0.352
NSGPM 0.503 0.266 0.035
NSPFTM 4.526 2.180 0.289
NSPPM 0.453 0.218 0.029
NINDFTM 9.088 2.338 1.634
NINDPM 0.909 1.234 0.163
NOTE:
NSGFTM - No. of Sightings for ten minutes
NSGPM - No. of Sightings per minute
NSPFTM - No. of species for ten minutes
NSPPM - No. of species per minute
NINDFTM - No. of individuals for ten minutes
NINDPM - No. of individuals per minute
A table of time spent at all the localities was made, which is as shown below. From Table
3, it can be seen that more time was spent at Muppane and Sampekai as compared to
other localities. At Sharavathi and Sharmanavati 77 and 70 minutes was spent while at
Haridravati 30 minutes was spent. The species seen per hour is highest in case of Nagodi
Hole, which is 27.426 species seen per hour and 24 species per hour at R. Haridravati and
China gate. But more number of species sighted during observation was at Sampekai with
37 species in 130 minutes.
TABLE 3: TIME SPENT AT ALL LOCALITIES
Sl.
No.
Locality Time
Spent in
Minutes
No. of
Species
seen
Species seen
per minute
Species seen per
hour
1 Sharavathi 77 29 0.377 22.596
2 Sharmanavati 70 19 0.271 16.284
3 Haridravati 30 12 0.4 24
4 Sampekai R. F. 130 37 0.285 17.076
5 Yenne Hole 31 11 0.355 21.288
6 Nagodi Hole 35 16 0.457 27.426
7 China Gate 50 20 0.4 24
8 Muppane R. F. 150 23 0.153 9.198
9 Athavadi 40 13 0.325 19.5
The cumulative number of species sighted during the observation is prepared separately
for wetlands and terrestrial habitats. The species accumulation curve was obtained by
plotting a graph of cumulative number of species against time. It can be seen from Figure
2, that it took 310 minutes to sight 48 species in the terrestrial habitats and 270 minutes to
sight 49 species in wetlands. More species in less time was found in the wetlands than the
terrestrial habitats as evident from the Species time curves from Figures 2 and 3. Further
from Figure 2 it can be seen that the curve increases constantly with time, suggesting that
more species could be found if more time was spent in the habitat. But in Figure 3,
though the curve increases constantly with time, in the last 30 minutes of observation no
new species was recorded. Hence, the curve became horizontal. If more time was spent
here there could be an increase in the number of species seen.
The list of bird species sighted during the observation along terrestrial and wetlands was
tabulated. The list is given in the appendix. A total of 73 species was sighted during the
sampling in the catchment area. Interestingly 49 species was sighted in both terrestrial
and wetland type of habitats separately. It was found that in the terrestrial habitats, the 48
species sighted comprised 22 families and 10 orders. Of them, Passeriformes had the
majority with 11 families and 33 species, which accounts for 67.34% (more than 2/3rd)
of the total species sighted during the study, suggesting its dominance in the terrestrial
habitat. In the wetlands, there were 27 families and 8 orders, of which 9 families
belonged to Passeriformes and Ciconiiformes each. Interestingly, unlike the terrestrial
habitat, Passeriformes and Ciconiiformes do not singly dominate the wetlands. The
number of families is more in wetlands than the terrestrial habitat, which suggests the
higher diversity of wetlands. It can also be implied that the habitat is more balanced.
The table of Shannon’s indices and evenness (Table 4) were calculated for both types of
habitats as well as grouped data are shown below. It can be seen that diversity is lesser in
terrestrial than in the wetlands. However, when the data is grouped the diversity in total
is more than the individual diversities. The evenness is also calculated for both type of
habitats as well as the grouped data. The evenness is slightly higher for wetlands than the
terrestrial habitat type, but the combined value is more with 1.717.
TABLE 4: SHANNON’S INDICES AND EVENNESS
Habitat Shannon’s Index Evenness
Terrestrial 1.518 0.390
Wetlands 1.529 0.393
Combined 1.717 0.400
The evenness calculated for terrestrial habitats and wetlands are 0.390 and 0.393
respectively. The evenness of the combined habitat type is more, suggesting the
combined habitat is relatively more even.
CONCLUSION
The study shows that the diversity indices give a picture of the species diversity of the
habitat, which is controlled by the presence of rare species in the sample. However by
pooling the results of sampling and opportunistic survey carried out, considerable
hypothesis was made on the distribution of birds in the habitat. During the sampling
period, 73 species were identified but a total of 125 species were sighted during the study
period. An important observation made by the study was that the order Passeriformes
dominated the terrestrial habitat. The study also revealed that the wetlands had a better
distribution of birds. This could be inferred from the fact that unlike in the terrestrial
habitat, wetlands were not only dominated by Passeriformes but also Ciconiiformes;
suggesting their higher diversity. The species time curve for the terrestrial habitats in the
catchment area suggested more time to be spent, as the curve remained on the increase.
However considering the bird diversity alone as the ecosystem indicator would require
more thorough statistical analyses to be evidently considered as ecosystem indicator. This
study explored the possibility of considering the bird diversity as ecosystem indicators.
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List of Bird Species Identified in Terrestrial Habitat
Sl. No. Code Common Name Family Species
1 AD Ashy Drongo CORVIDAE Dicrurus leucophaeus
2 AWW Ashy Wren Warbler CERTHIDAE Prinia socialis
3 BC Blue Chat MUSCICAPIDAE Erithacus brunneus
4 BD Black Drongo CORVIDAE Dicrurus adsimilis
5 BHO Black Headed Oriole CORVIDAE Oriolus xanthornus
6 BK Brahminy Kite ACCIPITRIDAE Haliastur indus
7 BRP Blue Rock Pigeon COLUMBIDAE Columba livia
8 CBB Crimson Breasted
Barbet
MEGALAIMIDAE Megalaima
haemacephala
9 CGP Grey Fronted Green
Pigeon
COLUMBIDAE Treron bicincta
10 CHB Chestnut Headed Bee-
Eater
MEROPIDAE Merops leschenaulti
11 CI Common Iora CORVIDAE Aegithina tiphia
12 CM Common Myna STURNIDAE Acridotheres tristis
13 ED Emerald Dove COLUMBIDAE Chalcophaps indica
14 FBB Fairy Blue Bird IRENIDAE Irena puella
15 GBW Great Black
Woodpecker
PICIDAE Dryocopus javensis
16 GC Greater Coucal CENTROPODIDAE Centropus sinensis
17 GFC Gold Fronted Chloropsis IRENIDAE Chloropsis auriforns
18 GH Grey Hornbill BUCEROTIDAE Tockus birostris
19 GJF Grey Jungle Fowl PHASIANIDAE Gallus sonneratii
20 GO Golden Oriole CORVIDAE Oriolus oriolus
21 GP Green Imperial Pigeon COLUMBIDAE Ducula aenea
22 HM Hill Myna STURNIDAE Gracula religiosa
23 HS House Swift APODIDAE Apus affinis
24 HSW House Sparrow PASSERIDAE Passer domesticus
25 JC Jungle Crow CORVIDAE Corvus macrorhynchos
26 JWW Jungle Wren Warbler CERTHIDAE Prinia sylvatica
27 LGB Large Grey Babbler SILVIDAE Turdoides malcolmi
28 LKT Lorikeet PSITTACIDAE Loriculus vernalis
29 MGH Malabar Grey Hornbill BUCEROTIDAE Tockus griseus
30 MR Magpie Robin MUSICAPIDAE Copsychus saularis
31 PFC Paradise Flycatcher CORVIDAE Terpsiphone paradisi
32 PS Purple Sunbird NECTARINIDAE Nectarinia asiatica
33 PW Pied Wagtail PASSERIDAE Motacilla
maderaspatensis
34 RFW Rufous Woodpecker PICIDAE Micropternus brachyurus
35 RRS Red Rumped Swallow HIRUNDINIDAE Hirundo daurica
36 RTD Racket Tailed Drongo CORVIDAE Dicrurus paradiseus
37 RVB Red Vented Bulbul PYCNONOTIDAE Pycnonotus cafer
38 RWB Red Whiskered Bulbul PYCNONOTIDAE Pycnonotus jocosus
39 SD Spotted Dove COLUMBIDAE Streptopalia chinensis
40 SGB Small Green Barbet MEGALAIMIDAE Megalaima virdis
41 SM Scarlet Minivet CORVIDAE Pericrocotus flammeus
42 SSB Small Sunbird NECTARINIDAE Nectarinia
43 TBFP Thick Billed Flower
Pecker
NECTARINIDAE Dicaeum agile
44 TFP Tickell’s Flower Pecker NECTARINIDAE Dicaeum
erythrorhynchos
45 VFN Velvet Fronted Nuthatch SITTIDAE Sitta frontalis
46 WBD White Bellied Drongo CORVIDAE Dicrurus caerulescens
47 WBK White Breasted
Kingfisher
DACELONIDAE Halcyon smyrensis
48 YBB Yellow Browed Bulbul PYCNONOTIDAE Hypsipites indicus
List of Bird Species Identified in Wetlands
Sl.No. Code Common Name Family Species
1 AWW Ashy Wren Warbler CERTHIDAE Prinia socialis
2 BC Blue Chat MUSICAPIDAE Erithacus brunneus
3 BD Black Drongo CORVIDAE Dicrurus adsimilis
4 BHSBK Brown Headed Stork DACELONIDAE Pelargopsis capensis
Billed Kingfisher
5 BI Black Ibis THRESKIORNITHI
DAE
Threskiornis
aethiopica
6 BK Brahminy Kite ACCIPITRIDAE Haliastur Indus
7 BRP Blue Rock Pigeon COLUMBIDAE Columba livia
8 BZD Buzzard ACCIPITRIDAE Buteo buteo
9 CBB Crimson Breasted
Barbet
MEGALAIMIDAE Megalaima
haemacephala
10 CE Cattle Egret ARDEIDAE Bubulcus ibis
11 CHB Chestnut Headed
Bee-Eater
MEROPIUDAE Merops leschenaulti
12 CI Common Iora CORVIDAE Aegithina tiphia
13 CM Common Myna STURNIDAE Acridotheres tristis
14 CSE Crested Serpent
Eagle
ACCIPITRIDAE Spilornis cheela
15 FW Forest Wagtail PASSERIDAE Motacilla indica
16 GC Greater Coucal CENTROPODIDAE Centropus sinensis
17 HS House Swift APODIDAE Apus affinis
18 HSW House Sparrow PASSERIDAE Passer domesticus
19 JC Jungle Crow CORVIDAE Corvus
macrorhynchos
20 JM Jungle Myna STURNIDAE Acridotheres fuscus
21 KL Koel CUCULIDAE Eudynamys
scolopacea
22 LC Little Cormorant PHALACROCORA
CIDAE
Phalacrocoras niger
23 LE Little Egret ARDEIDAE Egretta garzetta
24 MR Magpie Robin MUSCICAPIDAE Copsychus saularis
25 MSP Marsh Sand Piper SCOLOPACIDAE Tringa stagnatilis
26 NH Night Heron ARDEIDAE Nycticorax
nyctucorax
27 OBS Open Billed Stork CICONIDAE Anastomus oscitans
28 PH Pond Heron ARDEIDAE Ardeola grayii
29 PK Pariah Kite ACCIPITRIDAE Milvus migrans
30 PS Purple Sunbird NECTARINIDAE Nectarinia asiatica
31 PTS Pintail Snipe ROSTRATULIDAE Gallinago stenura
32 PW Pied Wagtail PASERIDAE Motacilla
maderaspatensis
33 RRP Rose Ringed
Parakeet
PSITTACIDAE Psitticula crameri
34 RRS Red Rumped
Swallow
HIRURDINIDE Hirundo daurica
35 RT River Tern LARIDAE Sterna aurantia
36 RVB Red Vented Bulbul PYCNONOTIDAE Pycnonotus cafer
37 RWL Red Wattled
Lapwing
CHARADRIDAE Vanellus indicus
38 SBK Small Blue
Kingfisher
ALCEDINIDAE Alcedo atthis
39 SD Spotted Dove COLUMBIDAE Streptopalia
chinensis
40 SGB Small Green Barbet MEGALAIMIDAE Megalaima virdis
41 SGBE Small Green Bee-
Eater
MEROPIDAE Merops orientalis
42 SSB Small Sunbird NECTARINIDAE Nectarinia minima
43 STE Short Towed Eagle ACCIPITRIDAE Circaetus gallicus
44 TB Tailor Bird CERTHIDAE Orthotomus sutorius
45 WBK White Breasted
Kingfisher
DACELONIDAE Halcyon smyrensis
46 WTS Wire Tailed
Swallow
HIRUNDIDAE Hirundo smithii
47 YCT Yellow Cheeked Tit PARIDAE Parus xanthogenys
48 YW Yellow Wagtail PASSERIDAE Motacilla flava