Bipv Keynote Icbest

8/6/2019 Bipv Keynote Icbest

1/89

BIP

VFromA

dd-OnPVtoRealIntegration

Cha

llengesandOptions

C.Ferrara

,T.Kuhn,

H.Wilson

,R.Schindler

Fraunhofer

Institute

SolarEnerg

ySystems,Germany

Fraunhofer

Center

SustainableEnergySystems,US

A


2/89

CONTEN

TS

PVIndus

try

PVTechn

ologies

PVinBuildingEnvironments

ResidentialRooftops

CommercialBuildings

PVinthe

BuildingEnvelope

IntegrationofRene

wables

BIPV

PerformanceIssues

BIPVMarkets

DriversandRestraintsSpecifictoBIPV

Markets

SocialandCulturalDifferences

ExamplesofBIPVP

rojects

CaseStudies:Japan,France,Malaysia,SouthKorea


3/89

CONTEN

TS

PVIndus

try

PVTechn

ologies


ResidentialRooftops

CommercialBuildings

PVinthe

BuildingEnvelope

IntegrationofRene

wables

BIPV

PerformanceIssues

BIPVMarkets


Markets


ExamplesofBIPVP

rojects



4/89

ThePVIndustry|Glob

alPVModule

InstallBase

Annual

Module

Shipment

(Crystalline

Silicon)

MW

p/a

2000

2012

2005

201

0

15%Grow

th

25%Grow

th

20012

0022

0032

0

04

20062

0072

008

2009

2011

1,6

00

2,0

00

4,0

00

1,2

00

800

400

3,6

00

3,2

00

2,8

00

2,4

00

4,4

00

4,8

00

40%CA

GR

Projection(2003)

ActualShipments

272GWp

26MWp

SOURCES:20

0003StrategiesUnlim

ited;06EPIASolarGeneration;07LBBWReport;10SolarBuzz


5/89

ThePVIndustry|Cum

ulativePVPow

er(2000

2009)

SOURCE:EPIA

22

,878

15

,675

9,550

6

,956

5,36

1

3,939

2,818

2,236

1,762

1,428


6/89

ThePVIndustry|Developmentofth

eWorldwidePVMarket

ThinFilmSi

ThinFilmC

dTe

Mono-Si

Multi-Si

Ribbon-Si,Others

1990:

1

/3ThinFilm,c-Si,ms-S

i

2007:

2

.4GWp,>90%c-Siand

mc-Si

First

20%Mono-Si

prod

uctioncell(100cm)

Rene

wableenergylaw,D

Residentialrootprogram,JP

First20%Mon

o-Silabcell(4cm)

7,2GW

p

SOURCE:Photon


7/89

SOURCE:Frost&Sullivan,EPIA

77%

15%

5%

3%

Grid-Con

nectedDistributed

Grid-ConnectedCentralized

Off-GridNon-Domestic

Off-Grid

Domestic

ThePVIndustry|InstalledCapacity/KeyApplications


8/89

SOURCE:EPIA

ThePVIndustry|ModulePriceDeve

lopmentin$/W

MassProductionandTechnologica

lProgress

$1

$10

$100

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,00

0

1,000,000

CumulativeProduction(MWp)

Module Price (2006 $/Wp)

His

toric

alPric

es

1980

2007

$1.00/W@>100GW

c-Si

P

olysilicon

shortage

2009


9/89

Image:

Geosol

Image:Ph

oenix

Photov

oltaicmarke

tsegmentsi

nGermany

Ground mounted Roof top BIPV

Installation effort

Image:

Sulfurc

ell

Im

age:

Gramm

er

Image:

Solarw

att

Residentialhomes1-10kWp

Image:

Sch

co

M

ultifamilyhomes,comm

ercial+

p

ublicbuildings,farms10

-100kWp

Image:

Solarw

att

Image:BP

Largecommer

cialplants>100kWp

Siz

e

11%

Marketshares

in2008

2%57%

11%

19%


10/89

ThePVIndustry|Forc

eFieldAnalysis(World,2010

)

Lengthofth

earrowdenotesdegreeofimpact.

SO

URCE:Frost&Sullivan

MarketDriv

ers

Risin

gD

em

an

dan

d

Incre

asin

g

Costsof

FossilFu

els

Incre

asin

g

Environm

en

tal

C

oncern

sOv

er

Con

ven

tion

alEn

erg

y

Gov

tSubsidie

s

an

dE

con

omic

Incen

tives

Incre

as

ingN

eedfor

En

ergyMix

Diffe

ren

tiation

MarketRestr

aints

HighIn

du

stryR

elian

ce

onGovt

S

ubsidie

san

d

Inc

entives

Hig

hAdminis

trative

B

arriersin

Som

e

Mark

ets

Av

aila

bility

a

ndPric

esof

Raw

Materials

High

Solar

E

lectricity

Costs


11/89

CONTEN

TS

PVIndus

try

PVTechn

ologies


ResidentialRooftops

CommercialBuildings

PVinthe

BuildingEnvelope

IntegrationofRene

wables

BIPV

PerformanceIssues

BIPVMarkets


Markets


ExamplesofBIPVP

rojects



12/89

PVTech

nologies|Seg

mentationofE

fficiencies

MajorPVtechnologiesandtheirtypicalconversionefficiencies.

TECHNOL

OGY

CONVERSIONEFFICIENCY

Organic,D

ye,NanostructureCells

1-5%

ThinFilm

Cells(a-Si,Microcry

st.-Si,CIS,CIGS,CdT

e)

6

-11%

mc-Si,um

g-Si,Simplec-SiCells

14-18%

High-Efficiency,Mainlyc-SiCe

lls

20-24%

High-EfficiencyIII/VTandemC

ellsforConcentrators

With25-

30%ModuleEfficiency

36

-41.1%


13/89

PVTech

nologies|Org

anicSolarCells

Metal

ITO

GlassSubstrate

MDMO-PPV:

PCBM


14/89

PVTech

nologies|Org

anicSolarCells


15/89

PVTech

nologies|Dye

-SensitizedSolarCells

ConductingGlass

ElectrodewithPt

Mirror

Transparent

ConductiveOxide

GlassSubstrate

Electrolytewith

RedoxMediator

(I-/I-)

TiO2with

AbsorbedDye


16/89

PVTech

nologies|Dye

-SensitizedSolarCells


17/89

Glass

Ag

a-Si

PVTech

nologies|AmorphousSiliconSolarCells

Transparent

ConductiveOxide


18/89

PVTech

nologies|AmorphousSiliconSolarCells

SOURCE:SchottSolar


19/89

Glass

Ag

a-Si-H

PVTech

nologies|Amorphous+MicrocrystallineSilicon

Transparent

ConductiveOxide

ZnO

c-Si:H


20/89

PVTech

nologies|Amorphous+MicrocrystallineSilicon

SOURCE:AstroEnergy


21/89

PVTech

nologies|ThinFilmMulti-Ju

nctionSolarCells

n-3

Zn

Op-2

i-2a-Si-allo

y

n-2

p-1

i-1a-Si-allo

y

n-1

Silv

er

Gla

ssSubstrate

1st

Junction

2nd

Junction

3rd

Junction

p-3

ITO

i-3a-Si-allo

y


22/89


23/89

GlassSubstrate

Mo

CuInS

Cds

i-ZnO

ZnO:Ga

PVTech

nologies|CIS

SolarCells


24/89

PVTech

nologies|CIS

SolarCells


25/89

Glass

Mo

p-Cu(InGa)Se

n-Cds

ITOZnO

PVTech

nologies|CIG

SSolarCells


26/89

PVTech

nologies|CIG

SSolarCells


27/89

PVTech

nologies|CdT

eSolarCells

Ni-AlMetal

Contact

P-CdTe

n-Cds

ITOSnO

GlassSubstrate


28/89

PVTech

nologies|CdT

eSolarCells

SOURCE:FirstSolar


29/89

PVTech

nologies|Mono-andMultic

rystallineSilicon

MetalLayer

p-Base

p++BSF

AR

n+Emitter

Glass

ContactBar


30/89

PVTech

nologies|Mono-andMultic

rystallineSilicon


31/89

Upto41.1%

PVTech

nologies|Multi-JunctionSolarCells

Examplesof

multi-junctionsolarcellsinconcentratingsy

stems.

CELLEFFICIENCY

MODULEEFFICIENCY

2

8.5%

ACSYSTEMEFFICIENCY

23%


32/89

CONTEN

TS

PVIndus

try

PVTechn

ologies


ResidentialRooftops

CommercialBuildings

PVinthe

BuildingEnvelope

IntegrationofRene

wables

BIPV

PerformanceIssues

BIPVMarkets


Markets


ExamplesofBIPVP

rojects



33/89

PVinBu

ildingEnviron

ments|ResidentialRooftops

50%ofresidentialrooftopswithPV

arefoundinagricultu

ralareas.


34/89

PVinBu

ildingEnviron

ments|Bunde

skanzleramt|

Berlin|D

SOURCE:BSW


35/89

PVinBu

ildingEnviron

ments|TheVatican|Vatica

nCity

S

OURCE:ReutersImages


36/89

PVinBu

ildingEnviron

ments|NewM

unichTradeF

airCenter

SOURCE:IBFIng

enieure,energytech.at


37/89

CONTEN

TS

ThePVIndustry

PVTechn

ologies


ResidentialRooftops

CommercialBuildings

PVinthe

BuildingEnvelope

IntegrationofRene

wables

BIPV

PerformanceIssues

BIPVMarkets


Markets


ExamplesofBIPVP

rojects



38/89

PVinth

eBuildingEnvelope|Integra

tionofRenew

ables

Currentus

eofrenewablesdominatedby

applicationinsingle-familyho

uses:solar

domestich

otwaterandPVsystems

Limitedpe

netrationinnewno

n-residential

buildings

Almostno

penetrationinexist

ingnon-

residentialbuildingstock

Integrationinfaadesespeciallynecessary

forhigh-risebuildingswithsm

allroof

area


39/89

PVinth

eBuildingEnvelope|Integra

tionofRenew

ables

Completelydiffer

entrequirementsfo

rtrue

integrationandsimpleaddition

Trueintegrationo

frenewablesleads

to

multifunctionale

nergy-gainingbuilding

envelopes

Atleastoneadditionalfunctionrequiredfor

trulyintegrated

components

Integrationhas

strongaestheticimplications

SIMPLEADDITION

TRUEI

NTEGRATION

SOURCE:

ECN&BEARArchitects


40/89


41/89

PVinth

eBuildingEnvelope|BIPV|

Examples

Inthisexam

ple,windowshavebeenreplacedwithtransparenta-Si-basedthin

filmmodules.

SOURCE:SchottSolar


42/89

PVinth


Examples


43/89

PVinth


Examples


44/89

PVinth

eBuildingEnvelope|PerformanceIssues

150

170

190

210

230

250

270

290

Pow

er[Wp]

RatedPower

FlasherMeasurement

(Manufacturer)

FlasherMeasurement

(ISE)

Manufacturer1

Manufacturer2

Manu

facturer3

Manufacturer4

Pmppvaluesof4differentmodule

sproducedby4differentmanufacturers.


45/89

PVinth


ESG*STC=

ENOMINAL

100%

Irradiation25C

-2to-6%

InverterLosses

-5%

OtherSyste

mLosses

-7%

EPVU

SE

82to77%

ESG=Solarirradationin

kWh

STC=Sola

rgenerators

conversionefficiency

EPVUSE=E

nergymade

available

byinverterin

kWh

Sourcesofp

erformancelossesinsolarmodules.


46/89

PVinth


Ventilation

PVModuleTemperature(C)

MaximumValu

e*

AverageValue

Unventilated

80-90

45-50

MinimaltoModes

t

60-75

35-40

Extensive

50-65

30-35

SOURCE:Die

PerformanceGebaudeintegrierterPhotovoltaik(BIPV),FinalReport,6.EU

R

ahmenprogramm2009

*Assumesamaximum

roomtemperatureof

40C.

Anoverview

ofmoduletemperatu

resinbuilding-integratedphotovoltaicsystems.


47/89

PVinth


Thelargerth

enumberof

moduleinte

rconnects,the

highertheriskofcorrosion-

relatedsystemfailure.

SOURCE:SolPower


48/89

PVinth


Counteractingtheoutputloss

createdb

yseasonalshading

requires

specialisedmodule

designss

uchasthese.


49/89

PVinth

eBuildingEnvelope|TheGo

odNews

StatisticaldatafromGermanysThousan

dRoofProgram(1

98586)

Modulesshowlesstha

n2%performancedegradationafte

r20years

Noevidenceofcontinu

ousdegradationincrystallinesilico

nPV

modules


50/89

CONTEN

TS

PVIndus

try

PVTechn

ologies


ResidentialRooftops

CommercialBuildings

PVinthe

BuildingEnvelope

IntegrationofRene

wables

BIPV

PerformanceIssues

BIPVMarkets


Markets


ExamplesofBIPVP

rojects



51/89

S

OURCE:Frost&Sullivan

Lengthofth

earrowdenotesdegreeofimpact.

MarketDriv

ers

CorporateSocial

Respon

sibility

Incre

asedEmphasison

EnergyEfficiencyin

Building

Greater

Awareness

OfBIPV

Perceiv

edAesthetic

BenefitsofBIPV

MarketRestr

aints

LowAw

arenessin

Building/

Construction

Industry

Nee

dforCompatibility

wit

hExistingBuilding

Co

desandPractices

LowPublic

andGovt

Awareness

ExcessiveRed

TapeinSome

Markets

BIPVMarkets|DriversandRestraintsSpecifictoBIPVMarkets


52/89


PV

Module

/BOSManufa

cturers

Im

porters

Distribut

ors

Desi

gners

&Architects

Installers

EndUsers

TheBIPVvaluechain.Widthofthe

arrowdenotesimportanceofchannel.

TheBIPV

marketinvolvesmo

reparticipantsfrom

otherindustriesthanstandardPV

deploym

entisslowerasaresult.

S

OURCE:Frost&Sullivan


53/89


Build

ingindustryisprimarycustomerforBIPV

Componentshavetofo

llowthecharacte

risticsofthebuild

ingmarket

asmuchaspossible

Planningandinstallationisaconsiderablecostfactorforintegrated

components

Costshavetobetaken

intoconsiderationwhendevelopingnew

technologies

Truebuildingintegratio

nishightech


54/89


BIPVis

stilltooexpensiveformass-marketado

ption

Thead

dedvalueofBIPVasamultifunctionalbuildingcomponent

isstillunknown

Solarm

odulesarepricedin$/Wp;pricingin$/mismoreusefu

ltoarchitects


55/89


Thefigureb

elowdemonstratesthelackofuniformsizea

ndstandardsinPVmodules.


56/89


Examplesof

perceptionbarriersin

BIPVmarkets.

L

ackofawarenessoftheincre

asingroleelectricity

con

sumptionplays

indeterminingthevalueofb

uildings

Lackofclearinformationregard

ingtheadvantagesof

building-integrated

PVamongbotharchitectsan

dclients

Som

earchitectsfe

elthatBIPVlac

ksaestheticva

lueand

couldnegativelyimpactabuildingsmarketw

orth


57/89


Buildingcodeshavetobeha

rmonised(e.g.,

requirem

entsonsnowloads

)

Lowerpr

iceefficiencyoffaadeinstallations

hastobe

balancedbyother

economicbenefits

Trainingofarchitects,craftsm

en,andplanners

isparticu

larlyimportant

Picture:Sola

rFabrik,Freiburg,Ger

many


58/89

Thetradeoffbetweencostanddurability.

BIPVMarkets|Social

andCulturalD

ifferences

TILEDROOF

TARPAPERR

OOFING

LIFETIME

80

YEARS

Costs

3550/m

LIFETIME

COST

35

50/m

LIFETIME

20YEARS

Cos

ts-Tar

1015/m

Cos

ts-Sheathing

1015/m

LIFETIMECOST

50

75/m


59/89

BIPVMarkets|CaseS

tudies|Japan

Strong

governmentpolicyandsupport(Kyoto

Protocol)

Japana

imstocovernearly

50%ofitsresidentialpowerloadfrom

BIPVsystemsby

2030

Highco

stofgridelectricity

Dueto

thescarcityofopen

tractsoflandinthecountry,noinstallationofPV

system

spossible(indirectbenefitforBIPVinu

rbanareas)

Large-s

calecommercializationofBIPVSystemsinJapanmeansreducedcosts

Excelle

ntrapportbetween

localmanufacturer

s,realestateprojec

tdevelopersand

archite

cts(noinformation,educationortrainingnecessary)

Whatarethefactorsb

ehindJapanss

uccess?


60/89

BIPVMarkets|CaseS

tudies|Japan

Nearly

13majormanufacturesinJapanwhofo

cusonBIPV

Robust

R&DprogramstostudyBIPVsfeasibilityandapplications

OtherA

siancountriesstillimportBIPVsystems

Japand

ominatesglobalproductionofPVsyste

msaccountsforo

ver40%of

worldw

ideproduction


61/89

BIPVMarkets|CaseS

tudies|Japan

Example:SekisuiChemical

Oneof

Japanslargestpref

abricatedhousevendors

ProvidesPVsystemsandheatpumpsasstandard(costadvantage

throughlarge-

scaleproduction=moreequipmentfortheho

uses,notcheaperp

rices)

Financingoffer:higher-per

formancePVsystem

smeanlowerinterestratesoncredit

(togeth

erwithSumitomoB

ank,Japan)

BIPVsaleswouldbemuch

lowerifprefabrica

tedhousevendorsinJapandidnot

usethe

sestrategies


62/89

BIPVMarkets|CaseS

tudies|South

KoreaandMa

laysia

Offerim

mediatepromiseforBIPV

Deman

dforBIPVsystemsinSouthKoreaisdrivenbygovernment

-mandated

targets

,solarsubsidyprogramsandfavorableavailabilityofsunlig

ht

SouthK

oreanlaw:5%ofth

eaggregatecostof

publicbuildingswithmorethan

9840ft(3000m)mustbespentonrenewable

energies

TheMalaysiaEnergyCentr

e(PusatTenagaMa

laysia)haspromote

dBIPV

aggressivelysince2005(ZE

OBuildingZeroEnergyOffice)

In2004

,theGlobalEnvironmentFacility,togetherwiththeUnited

Nations

Develo

pmentProgram,hadapprovedagrantofnearly$4.7millio

ntosupportBIPV

develo

pmentinMalaysia

Totalin

stalledBIPVcapacityasof2007hasbeenvaluedat596.3k

W


63/89

BIPVMarkets|CaseS

tudies|France

BIPV-sp

ecificfeed-intariffs

introducedin2006

FrancesBIPVmarketsecond-largestinEurope

asoftheendof20

07

SupportivelawsprepareFrenchBIPVsectorfo

rfurtherexpansion

:

-

Thermalcode(R

T2005)callingform

inimumenergeticp

erformance

-

RT2012:Newbu

ildingsconsumptio

nmustbereducedby50kW/year/m

asof2012

By2020,allnewbuildingsinFrancewillbeplu

senergybuildings


64/89

BIPVMarkets|EURegulations

SOUR

CE:Sonnenkraft,fabiarc

hitekten,HochschuleRegensburg,FraunhoferISE

Buildingsproduce40%ofallCO

emissionsinEU2

5

DecisioninEurop

e(takenendof

2010):allnewbu

ildingsafter2020

havetobenet-ze

ro

Useofrenewableshastobe

increased,especiallyinlargenon-

residentialbuildings

Smallroofaream

eansroofcannot

betheonlysourceofenergy

faademustalso

beused

Faadeswillbetruelybuildingi

integrated

BIPVdriver


65/89

BIPVMarkets|Rappe

neckerHof|B

lackForest|D

Earliest

BIPVsysteminGermany

(off-gridsystem)

Houseconstructedin1662

Renova

tedin1987

Module

sstillinspecasof2

010


66/89

BIPVMarkets|Rappe

neckerHof|B

lackForest|D

Anoverview

ofpowergenerationsystemsatRappeneckerHof.


67/89

BIPVMarkets|Rappe

neckerHof|B

lackForest|D

Energyprod

uctionandconsumptionatRappeneckerHofin2005.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Jan

Feb

Mrz

Ap

r

Mai

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Okt

N

ov

Dez

Monatlich integrierter Energiefluss [kWh]

PV

Wind

BZ

Diesel

Verbrauch


68/89

BIPVMarkets|SolarD

ecathlon2009

:TeamGerma

ny


69/89

BIPVMarkets|SolarD

ecathlon2009

:TeamGerma

ny

Roof:Sunpower300S

olarPanel

Cell:Monocrystalline

Efficiency:18.4%

PeakPower(Panel):300Wp

1560x105mm

ModulePrice:$4.2

6/W

Faade:WuerthSolar

WSG00xx

Cell:CIS(goodfordiffuselight)

Efficiency:~10%


300x1200mm

ModulePrice:$5.5

5/Wp

Features

EntireenvelopeisBIPV

Solarlouvers(shad

e&power)

adjustautomaticallytofacethesun


70/89

BIPVMarkets|SolarD

ecathlon2009

:UniversityofIllinois


71/89

BIPVMarkets|SolarD

ecathlon2009

:UniversityofIllinois

Roof


Sunpower225SolarPanel

18.1%Efficiency


20panels(4.5kWp

)installed

1560x800mm

SolarElectricityProdu

ction

11-12,000kWh/yr

Features

Uniformappearance:allblackcells+

backcontact,fully

coversroof

Highefficiency


72/89

BIPVMarkets|SolarD

ecathlon2009

:TeamSpain


73/89

BIPVMarkets|SolarD

ecathlon2009

:TeamSpain

Roof:Sunpower220Panels


Efficiency:17.7%

PeakPower(Pane

l):220Wp

1560x800mm

50Panels(11kWp)

Roofisalsoadual-axistrackingsystem

Faade:SILIKEN

Cell:Polycrystallin

e

PeakPower(Pane

l):90W

50ModulesinFa

ade(4.3kW)

Features

PVlaminatedinglassandintegrated

withinverticalglassfaadeelements

Unusualarchitecture


74/89

BIPVMarkets|SolarD

ecathlon2009

:BiPVPowerProduction

-6

-4

-2 0 2 4 6 8

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

kW

Day

PowertoGrid

PowerfromGrid

-4

-2 0 2 4 6 8

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

kW

Day

PowertoGrid

PowerfromGrid

-6

-4

-2 0 2 4 6 8

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

kW

Day

PowertoGrid

PowerfromGrid

GERMANY

UNIVERSITYOFILLIN

OIS

SPAIN

0

200

400

600

800

10/8

10/9

10/10

10/11

10/12

10/13

10/14

10/15

10/16

W/m2

GlobalH

orizon

talIn

sola

tion


75/89

BIPVMarkets|SolarD

ecathlon2009

:BiPVPowerProduction

Team

Power

Used

Produce

d

Germany

120

235

UniversityofIllinois

90

170

Spain

116

143

Eventtookplaceduringon

eweekinOctober

Moderate/poorconditionsforsolarenergyproduction-overcast,rainy,


76/89

BIPVMarkets|Solarm

arkt|Freiburg|D

SOURCE:So

larmarkt(KindlyprovidedbyGerhardStryi-Hipp)


77/89

BIPV|B

ielefelderAlm

|Bielefeld|D

SOURCE:BSW


79/89

BIPVMarkets|Lehrte

rBahnhof|Be

rlin|D

SOURCE:BSW


80/89

BIPVMarkets|SMA|

Kassel|D

SOURCE:BSW|SMA


82/89

BIPVMarkets|Suntech|China

SO

URCE:solarfassade.info


83/89

BIPVMarkets|Shopp

ingCenter|Gelsenkirchen|

D

SOURCE

:ScheutenSolarGmBH

Additionalcost:

19%/kWp


84/89


85/89

BIPVM

arkets|Solar

DecathlonEU,TeamUniHerrera


86/89

BIPVM

arkets|Solar

DecathlonEU,TeamWuppertal


87/89

BIPVM

arkets|Solar

DecathlonEU,TeamFhBerlin


88/89

CONCLU

SION

Futurebuildings:more

(only)electricityd

ependent

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towardsenergy-efficientbuildingswithR

ES

Unlim

itedpotentialfor

BIPVinbothspac

eanddemand

PVveryclosetocompe

titivenesswithretailelectricityprices


89/89

Thankyouforyourkin

dattention!

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