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BIOWASTE – SOFIA 2013
Implementation of Organic Waste Management
in Southern and Eastern European Countries.
Statuts, challenges and solutions.
The development of biowaste management in Catalonia.
20 years of experience.
Sofia (Bulgaria), 17-19 April 2013
Francesc Giró
Waste Agency of Catalonia
The Waste Agency of Catalonia
• The Waste Agency of Catalonia (ARC) is a public company within
the Department of Planning and Sustainability of the Government
of Catalonia.
• Catalonia has many delegated environmental competences, like
waste planning, management, inspection, etc..
• The ARC is responsible for the waste generated in Catalonia and
for those who manage waste within Catalonia. It deals with waste
of the following types: industrial waste, municipal waste (MSW),
construction waste and debris, waste from agriculture and livestock,
sanitary waste and soil recovery.
• In some processes involving other member states of the EU,
Catalonia is a recognized competent authority:
– Cross-border waste shipment procedures
– Certification of Ecolabels for products or services
2
- Surface: 32,000 km2
- Population: 7,500,000 inhab.
- Municipalities: 946
- Regions: 41 small regions
- GDP per inhab.:27,236 €
- Unemployment: 22,5%
General data on Catalonia
Catalonia
• 50 % of agricultural soils & grassland
in Spain has less than 1.7 % SOM
(equivalent to 1 % SOC).
• According to Communication Towards
a Thematic Strategy for Soil
Protection, there exists a real risk of
desertification for the 50 % of
agricultural soils & grassland in Spain.
• There is an urgent need for inputs of
organic matter into soils in order to
fight this problem. High quality
compost (or organic matter) applied to
soils could contribute to solve it.
Source: Study on organic matter and
heavy metals in agricultural soils
and grassland in Spain.
Source: INIA (MEC), MAPA, MIMAM
2004
General data on environmental
issues in Mediterranean Area
3
• However, in Spain, most of organic wastes (from MSW) –and also MSW- are sent to landfill or incinerated.
• The Waste Framework Directive (2008) establishes that Member States should take measures to promote the separate collection and recicling of biowastes, ensuring a high level of environmental protection (article 22).
• The Spanish Law on waste (Law 22/2011) –transposing the Waste Framework Directive– establishes that:
– autonomous communities can include, in their own Waste Management Plans, measures to encourage the separate collection of biowaste (art.24)
– Before 2020, the amount of household and commercial waste for the preparation for reuse and recycling of paper, metals, glass, plastic, biowaste and other waste will be achieved, together, at least 50% in weight (art. 22)
– … but in our opinion this only can be possible if separate collection of biowaste is broadly implemented !!!
General data on environmental
issues in Catalonia & Spain
• In Catalonia, since 1993, the separate collection of biowaste is compulsory for municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants (Law on waste 6/93). This obligation was extended in 2008 to all catalan municipalities thorough a new Law on waste 9/2008.
• In year 2003, thorough the Law 16/2003 on financing treatment infrastructure of waste and waste management tax on waste landfilling, it was set a landfill tax of 10 € per tonne.
• Also in Catalonia, the Law 8/2008 (modified in 2011) on financing infrastructure and waste management taxes on the disposal of waste, sets a landfill tax of 12,4 € per tonne and an incineration tax of 5.6 € per tonne (both incremented with 10 € per tonne if a municipality has not implemented the separate collection of biowaste) with the aim of reducing the amount of waste lanfilled or incinerated, while provides with a tax refund for those municipalities with best quantitative & qualitative outcomes (especially for biowaste and paper-cardboard), redistributing about 30 million € per year).
General data on environmental
issues in Catalonia & Spain
4
• 1st Stage (1991-2000)
– Creation of Environment Department (Catalan Government)
– Law 6/93 on waste
– PGRMC 1995-2000. 1st Programme for MSW Management
• 2nd Stage (2001-2006)
– PROGREMIC 2001-2006. 2nd Programme for MSW Management
– Law 15/2003, which modifies Law 6/93 on waste
– Law 16/2003 for financing of waste treatment infrastructure and of waste deposition tax (landfilling)
• 3rd Stage (2007-2012)
– Law 9/2008, which modifies Law 6/1993 on waste
– Law 8/2008, for financing of waste treatment infrastructure and of waste disposal tax on refuse of wastes (landfilling & incineration)
– PROGREMIC 2007-2012. 3rd Programme for MSW Management
– Regional Plan of infrastructure for municipal waste management
MANDATES + TARGETS +
ECONOMIC PRESSURE +
INFRAESTRUCTURES PLANNING
The legal framework
36 % FORM+FV
18 % Papel-Cartón
7 % Vidrio
12 % Envases Ligeros
27 % Otros
2. Separate Collection of: – Glass
– Paper-Cardboard
– Packaging (plastic, metals,...)
– Biowaste (Food+Yardwaste)
• Biological Treatment [BT] Composting [C] and/or Anaerobic Digestion [AD] for quality compost & biogas production
3. Collection of mixed MSW: – Mechanical-Biological Treatment [MBT]
• Production of biostabilised waste
• Stabilization prior to landfilling
• Bio-drying prior to incineration
1. Prevention
4. Recovery of rejection (RDF): – RDF for burning (Cement Companies)
– Biorefinery (Methanol and/or Ethanol Production)
Rejection (RDF)
MSW Composition. Current &
Future strategies
5
Waste management treatment
fees in Catalonia
37,51 €/T
72,82 €/T
50,17 €/T 50,13 €/T
0,00 €/T
20,00 €/T
40,00 €/T
60,00 €/T
80,00 €/T
100,00 €/T
120,00 €/T
Landfill of mixedMSW
MBT Treatment ofmixed MSW
Incineration of mixedMSW
Biological Treatmentof Biowaste (C / AD)
€ /
T
Comparative Analysis of the Waste Management Treatment fees in Catalonia. Data from years 2011-2012
Number of
Plants 24 7 4 22
• Law 8/2008, for financing of waste treatment infrastructure
and of waste disposal tax on refuse of wastes (landfilled &
incineration)
– Tax 12,4 € / Tonne (landfilled)
– Tax 5,6 € / Tonne (incinerated)
– f Biowaste separate collection was not implemented in accordance a
implementation plan, the tax is increased in about 10 €/Tonne
– Guide for local authorities about Law 16/2003 on funding of the
waste treatment infrastructures and of the tax on landfilling (annually
reviewed), which includes the Tax refund criteria:
• Biowaste Treatment [34 €/T]
• Biowaste Collection [9 €/T] x f1 x f2
• Quality factor (f1)
• Population factor (f2)
y = -2,5x + 5,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
0% 15%
Quality
facto
r
% impurities
Quality factor
Singularity of Catalan
Environmental Taxation:
Economic Pressure + Incentives
6
0,00%
5,00%
10,00%
15,00%
20,00%
25,00%
30,00%
35,00%
40,00%
45,00%
50,00%
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Biowaste quality control
Food
wastage
Vegetable
waste
Food waste
Food wastage Indicator
Year 2012
Samples n= 820
Food Wastage in biowaste: 11%
(about 40,000 T biowaste / year)
< 5 % impurities 17,6%
Between 5 - 10 % 36,7%
Between 10 - 15 % 22,1%
Between 20 - 25 % 11,7%
Between 15 - 20 % 6,0%
More than 25 % 6,0%
76%
Profile of impurities in the biowaste (in % on weight). 2012
Samples n=820
1. Some Large Producers
2. Most of Door to Door municipalities
3. Municipalities in rural areas
4. Municipalities with high awareness level
5. Municipalities using compostable bags (compulsory)
https://sdr.arc.cat/cform/ListCaracteritzacions.do
Outcomes. Evolution of Catalan
municipalities with biowaste
separate collection implemented
0 0 0 2 15 27 39 71
98 127 140
195
292
387
458
507
605
701 724 731
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Mun < 5000 inhab. Mun > 5000 inhab. Total Municipalities
Law on
waste
Landfill
Tax
Incineration
Tax
Law on waste
(come into force)
7
Outcomes. Evolution of generation
& management of MSW 2001-2011 Evolució generació i gestió de RM (en 1000 tones)
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1000 t
Generació Recollida Selectiva Fracció RestaMSW Generation Separate Collection Mixed MSW
40.6 % Separate
Collection
21.1 % MBT
26.2 % Landfill
11.8 % Incineration
1.48 kg /inhab · day
4,066,000 tones of MSW (2011)
Evolution of separate collection
of Biowaste (tonnes/year) 1999-2011
55
%
8
Influence of biowaste sep. collection
on overall separate collection
Glass, Paper, Packaging
and BIOWASTE
Glass, Paper, Packaging
separated colleted 20 %
35 %
Road Containers Door to Door
Separate Collection
70 %
Quantitative & Qualitative outcomes
of separate collection of Biowaste
76 585 10 29 700
213.500 6.431.334 275.152 592.395 7.512.381
23.208 353.119 2.887 30.798 410.011
298 150 29 142 150
5,23% 14,73% 5,64% 10,36% 13,80%
282 128 27 128 129
Numebrt of municipalities
Inhabitants
Tonnes "gross" biowaste / year
g "gross" biowaste / inhab and year
% Impurities (weighted average)
g "net" biowaste / inhab and year
Comparison diferent separate
collection systems of Biowaste
Door to
Door
Road
ContainerCommerce
Mixed
SystemsTOTAL
Door to Door Road Container Commerce Mixed Systems
282 g/inhab·day
5,2%
128 g/inhab·day
14,7%
27 g/inhab·day
128 g/inhab·day
10,3%
5,6 %
9
How to manage Biowaste.
A question of scale?
• Home Composting / Community Composting
• Small, Low-tech, decentralized composting plants
• Centralized Composting Plants
Compost vs Biostabilised waste
10
Compost vs Biostabilised waste
Collection Cost of Biowaste
70 – 150 € / T
Treatment Cost of Biowaste
30 – 90 € / T
100 – 240 € / T (Average 170 € / T)
1 inhab. generates ~0.2 T biowaste/year
Biowaste Management Cost ~30 € / inhab. year
Use od Economic Instruments ans Waste
Management Perfomances.
Final Report 10 April 2012 (DG ENV)
Next steps and challenges
11
Conclusions (1/2)
• Separate collection of Biowaste is feasible even in
Mediterranean countries like Catalonia
• The adoption of specific legislation on biowaste separate
collection and Tax on landfilling and incineration has been
essential for developing Biowaste recycling
• The continuous evaluation of biowaste separate collection
performance (capture & quality) is an important tool to
improve the system
• Both the tax refund criteria and the treatment fees -linked
to quality of biowaste- have contributed to improve
biowaste quality
Conclusions (2/2)
• Taxes on landfill and incineration of waste allows to move
towards to the environmental costs internalisation, thus
rising the prices of those treatments with lower legal
priority
• If this internalisation is properly transferred, the behaviour
of taxpayers (citizens but also commerce/industry) will
move them towards more ecological waste management
• The success implementation of biowaste separate
collection and management in Catalonia will:
– Allow the fulfilment of the targets of some European Directives (Landfill &
Waste Directive, Climate Change)
– Avoid wasting resources with increasing economic value
– Help to generate jobs
12
Many Thanks !
Waste Agency of Catalonia
C/ Dr. Roux, 80 ● 08017 Barcelona
Tel. +34 935 673 300 Fax. +34 935 673 300
http://www.arc.cat