Bioterror Power Point

8/7/2019 Bioterror Power Point

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History of Biological

Warfare - Globally

� 1925 Geneva Protocol

� 1972 Biological Weapons

Convention

»signed by 103 nations

� 1975 Geneva Conventions

Ratified



PROTOCOL FOR THE PROHIBITION OF

THE USE IN WAR OF ASPHYXIATING,

POISONOUS OR OTHER GASES, AND OF

BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODS OF

WARFARE

Opened for signature: 17 June

1925, entered into force: 8

February 1928

Geneva Protocol



,

, 17 1925



Biological Weapons

ConventionConvention on the Prohibition of the

Development, Production and Stockpiling of

Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons

and on Their Destruction

Signed at Washington, London, and Moscow

April 10, 1972



Joint Statement by President George W. Bush and

President Vladimir on Cooperation Against Bioterrorism

November 13, 2001

At Shanghai, we resolved to enhance cooperation in

combating new terrorist threats, including those involvingweapons of mass destruction.

We agree that, as a key element of our cooperation tocounter the threat of terrorist use of biological materials,

officials and experts of the United States and Russia willwork together on means for countering the threat of

bioterrorism, now faced by all nations, and on relatedhealth measures, including preventive ones, treatment and

possible consequence management.



What role can Russia play in Combating

Infectious Diseases And Bioterrorism Threats

The threat of biological weapons and their use

in bioterrorism have increased. At the sametime there are huge improvements in theknowledge of infectious diseases. How do wecontain the threat of biological warfare (BW)

and bioterrorism and continue to makeprogress in eliminating and treating infectiousdiseases?

S.V. Netesov, L.S. Sandakhchiev, VECTOR, Novosibirsk



In the past 20 years, more than 30 previously

nknown infectious agents have been identifiedThey causing such diseases as AIDS, hemorrhagic

fevers, antibiotic resistant bacterial strains, hepatitis C,

etc., A significant part of these infectious diseases

result from the ability of microorganisms to mutate

and adapt to humans and their medical treatment

environment of medical prophylaxes and treatments.

These properties, combined with increasing human

mobility and migration and the increasing number of

people with suppressed immunity, and several other

factors, make the emergence of new diseases and

variants more likely.



Biological Warfare Nonproliferation

and Threat Reduction

The issues of nonproliferation and threat

reduction of biological weapons based on

infectious agents are different from other weaponsof mass destruction (WMD).

We believe that the major nonproliferation and

threat reduction efforts should focus on already

working with emerging pathogens research

centers, which might present a source of expertise

for potential bioterrorists.



Russia¶s Role in Infectious Disease

Research and International Cooperation

Russia has great potential in the area of infectious

disease research, as well as in development and

manufacture of therapeutic and prophylactic

preparations at facilities of the Russian Ministry of

Public Health, those of BIOPREPARAT and of local

public health establishments. Two large State Research

Centers of the Russian Ministry of Public Health ² for

Applied Microbiology (Obolensk, European region)

and Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR (Koltsovo,

eastern region) ² were involved in biological defense

programs of the former Soviet Union before 1990.



VECTOR The State Research Center of Virology and BiotechnologyVECTOR, operated by the

Russian Ministry of PublicHealth, is a large researchand production complex,

whose primary activities are

focused on basic and appliedresearch in the theoretical

virology, molecular biology,virology, immunology,

aerobiology, epidemiology,and biotechnology. VECTOR also develops and

manufactures preventive,therapeutical and diagnostic

preparations.



VECTOR is one of two scientific and experimental facilitiesin Russia mainly focusing on virus infection research. TheState Research Center for Applied Microbiology, RussianMinistry of Public Health (Obolensk, Moscow Oblast), is a

similar scientific and experimental center, involved inbacterial infections research. VECTOR and Obolensk are

the only institutions in both Russia and the rest of the CIScountries in which studies of highly dangerous pathogens

can be done at an up-to-date level.



VECTOR VECTOR¶s research and productionfacilities amount to more than 250,000

m2 on over 8,000 hectares (19,768acres). The research and experimentalfacilities at VECTOR are equipped forup-to-date scientific work with highly

pathogenic human and animal viruses,under conditions of complete biosafety.Several buildings meet special

biosafety requirements for highcontainment facilities (BSL 2, 3, and4): an air-tight external perimeter,

negative pressure in the working zone,complete sterilization (liquid, and

solid) or reliable filtration (air) of all

types of discharge.



VECTOR The research and technical

staff of the Center are highlyqualified personnel,

specializing in the field of genetic engineering, molecular

biology, virology, theoreticalvirology, immunology,epidemiology, and ecology. Thestaff has extensive experience in

highly dangerous virusesresearch and in production of diagnostic and prophylactic

preparations for public healthand veterinary needs.



VECTOR The Collection of Cultures of

Microorganisms in VECTOR contains over 10,000 depositentries: various viral strains,

including the national collection

of variola virus strains andstrains of BSL-4 viral pathogens;recombinant viral strains; strains

of microorganisms, includingproducer strains. The Collection

received international recognitionin 1995 when it was affiliated withthe European Culture Collection

Organization (ECCO).



VECTOR VECTOR also houses one of thetwo WHO Collaborating Centers

for orthopoxvirus diagnosis andrepository for variola virusstrains and their DNA. The otherWHO Collaborating Center for

smallpox and other poxvirus

infections is at the CDC inAtlanta, USA. As a WHO

Collaborating Center, VECTOR preserves and studies the Russian

collection of variola virus isolates.The research collaboration

between these two Centers ispromising in terms of basic

science and confidence building.



VECTOR

VECTOR¶s Breeding andHolding Facility forlaboratory animals, whichincludes one of only two

monkey breeding facilities

operating in Russia, is usedfor testing therapeutic anddiagnostic preparations.

Facilities for the

performance of preclinicaland clinical trials of new

medicinal preparations areavailable at VECTOR.







The aims of the Federal Center of

Hygiene and Epidemiology

� Sanitary and Epidemiological measures

in case of situation with the outbreaks of infectious diseases or during disasters;

� Statistical monitoring for control of infectious diseases at the federal level,

reporting;



The structure of the Federal Center

of Hygiene and Epidemiology

� Disaster

department

� Epidemiological

department

� Laboratory

services





The period until 1991

Life expectancy (both sexes)

32

43

5947

63

47

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1900 1938

Russia

France

U A



The period until 1991

Life expectancy in 1965

64,3

73,4 74,766,8

73,767,3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Men Women

Russia

France

U A



The health care principles upon which

the Soviet health care system was to

be based (Nikolai Semashko):

� government responsibility for health

� universal access to free services

� a preventive approach to ³social

diseases´

� quality professional care

� a close relation between science andmedical practice

� continuity of care between health

promotion, treatment and rehabilitation.



Next steps following the

establishment of the ³Semashko´

model in 1918� The health care system was under the

centralized control of the state, which financed

services by general government revenues aspart of national social and economicdevelopment plans.

� All health care personnel became employees of

the centralized state, which paid salaries andprovided supplies to all medical institutions.

� The main policy orientation throughout thisperiod was to increase numbers of hospital

beds and medical personnel.



Next steps following the

establishment of the ³Semashko´

model in 1918 (cont.)

� Russia made massive strides in arresting the

spread of infectious diseases.

� Drastic epidemic control measures were

implemented, particularly in the cases of

tuberculosis, typhoid fever, typhus, malaria and

cholera.

� These involved community prevention approaches,

routine check-ups, improvements in urban

sanitation and hygiene, quarantines, etc.



Health crisis� The diverging paths of Russia and other

industrialized nations with respect to

health status from the 1960s onwardhas been attributed to the failure of the

Russian health care system to

successfully respond to theepidemiological transition.



The leading causes of death

in the Russia Federation

� Cardiovascular diseases with rates that are

the highest in the European Region.

� External causes of injury and poisoning

� Cancer



CVD

Injury

Cancer

Average

for 1999-

2001



Source: New York Department of Health

Source: New York Department of Health

WH Y was prophylaxis with Ciprofloxacin extended to 60 days?

BECAUSE in Sverdlovsk cases appeared more than 40 days

after exposure, and because of data from animal experiments

More on Sverdlovsk



Lidia Tretyakova looks at the tombstone of her father, LazarKarsayev, at a cemetery in Yekaterinburg, Russia, Thursday,Oct. 18, 2001. A mysterious outbreak of anthrax killed at least68 people, including Karsayev, 22 years ago in the Russian

industrial center of Sverdlovsk, today known as Yekaterinburg.At the time, neither the victims nor their families suspected

they had been hit by a biological weapon. (AP Photo/Alexei Vladykin)



Laboratory workers at the Sverdlovsk regionalepedemiological service put on the special suits they wearwhen working with anthrax and other dangerous bacteria

in Yekaterinburg, Russia, Wednesday, Oct. 17, 2001



1. Establish an Expert Task Force

2. Establish FSU Disaster network

3. Build Disaster Data and Lecture Bank

4. Establish a system for JIT Networks, Data and Lectures

FSU Epidemiologic Disaster Network



Terrorism

� Is an unlawful act of violence

� Intimidates governments or societies

� Goal is to achieve political, religious or

ideological objectives

Arthur H. Garrison



Prevention of Terrorism

� Primary prevention:

± Education!!!

± Understand the differences in cultures,religions, beliefs and human behaviors

± Think of the peace, freedom and equality

of all human beings, not just ³my group

of people´

± Eliminate the root of terrorism




� Secondary prevention:

± Establish surveillance and monitoring

system on terrorism attack

± Improve protective system for citizens




� Tertiary prevention

± Early detection of the sources ± Prevent the extension of impairments

± Rescue the survivors

± Console the rest of the population



Proportion of death from terrorism

in total death in the United States

0.12240462428932001

0.0003253420381990¶s

Proportion

(%)

From all

causes

From

terrorism

Average

death per

year



Risk of Dying

One in 50,000,000Terrorism attack in 1990¶s

One in 10,000,000Hit by lightning

One in 100,000Terrorism attack in 2001

One in 100,000Homicide

One in 25,000Playing soccer

One in 8,000Road accident

One in 850All natural causes age 40

One in 200Smoking 10 cigarettes a day

Penguin Books, 1987



Death Rate of Various Causes in

2000 USA and that from Terrorism

One in 50,000,000Terrorism in 1990¶s

One in 100,000Terrorism in 2001

One in 20,000Homicide*

One in 10,000Suicide*

One in 4,000Diabetes*

One in 3,000Accidents *

One in 2,000Cerebrovascular diseases*

One in 500Cancer *

One in 400Heart disease*



Why did terrorism draw

considerable attention in 2001?

� The risk of dying from terrorism wasextremely low in 1990¶s, and was stillrelatively low compared with some

diseases in 2001

� But the death rate increased by 500 timesin 2001 due to Sept. 11

� Overall the death rate of terrorism hasnot been high

� Despite the low risk, shock, surprise andfear engulfed the United States and world



Conclusion

� Terrorism is unlawful act� Terrorism has a long history of being used

to achieve political, religious and ideologicalobjectives

� Terrorism can be conducted throughfirearms, explosive devices and biological,chemical, nuclear materials

� Even through the events of 2001, the risk of dying from terrorism has remained muchlower than that from motor vehicles,smoking, and alcoholic beverage.

Documents

Bioterror Power Point