Bioterror Manufacturing Wars the American Way Edited by Ellen Ray and Willam

7/30/2019 Bioterror Manufacturing Wars the American Way Edited by Ellen Ray and Willam

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ioterror Manufacturing Wars The American Way Edited by Ellen Ray and Willam H. Schaap

excerpts from the book

Bioterror

Manufacturing Wars the American Way

Edited by Ellen Ray and Willam H. Schaap

Ocean Press, 2003

viihe hypocrisy and dissembling of the U.S. Government is evident today not only uch actions and its language - "Weapons of Mass Destruction" (WMD) being theew, more militaristic buzzword - but also in the fact that the United States haseen the only nation ever to have deployed the most lethal of WMDs, nuclearombs, against civilians. Moreover, the United States has also been the mostotorious and prolific practitioner of chemical-biological warfare (CBW) since

World War II ...

viithough such military research was highly classified, by 1975 concern over

evelations of myriad intelligence abuses led to a comprehensive investigation b

ttp://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Weapons/Bioterror.html (1 of 10) [30/08/2013 21:04:34]


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he U.S. Senate's Church Committee, which published a CIA memorandum listinghe deadly chemical agents and toxins then stockpiled at Fort Detrick. Thesecluded anthrax, encephalitis, tuberculosis, lethal snake venom, shellfish toxin,

nd half a dozen lethal food poisons, some of which, the committee learned, hadeen shipped in the early 1960s to Congo and to Cuba in unsuccessful CIAttempts to assassinate Patrice Lumumba and Fidel Castro.

viiin the wake of its unconscionable and devastating use of CBW during the Vietna

War, Washington repeatedly claimed that its enemies were either using or on therge of using CBW. In the 1980s, the United States accused Vietnam of droppino-called "yellow rain" in Cambodia; it accused the Soviet Union of using lethalhemicals in Afghanistan. It accused Iraq and Iran, at different times, of usingerve gas against each other. It similarly accused North Korea, Libya, Syria, andecently Al Qaeda of CBW/WMD capabilities. Many of these accusations were lathown to be outright intelligence disinformation hoaxes or to have involved

ubstances the United States itself had supplied to one side or the other.

xthough the United States is a signatory to the 1972 Biological Weapons

onvention, the Bush administration refused to accept 1997 protocol onerification of compliance. While Washington demanded that Iraq and any otherountry accused of CBW capacity open its doors to inspectors, it rejected therotocol because it would grant foreign inspectors too much access to U.S.stallations and companies. It might expose, they argued, legitimate U.S. milita

nd commercial secrets.

xarely is it acknowledged that during the 1980s, when relations between thenited States and Iraq were restored, it was Washington that supplied Iraq withore than a dozen biological and chemical agents with military potential, almosl of the material now suspected of use by Iraq in bioweapons research. At the

ame time the United States went so far as to veto a UN resolution condemninghemical warfare there. Donald Rumsfeld, now Secretary of Defense, was

resident Reagan's personal envoy who reestablished those relations and whoversaw the resumption of such chemical munitions trade, in an effort to prevenan's victory in the Iran-Iraq War. Rumsfeld was in Baghdad with Hussein the d

hat veto was cast. Under President George Bush (Snr.) U.S. support for Iraqtensified, (as described in Jack Colhoun's article)only to terminate abruptly wiaq's invasion of Kuwait and the commencement of the Gulf War.

xiis further irony that the only people ever in history to use smallpox as a weapo



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re the Americans whose colonial forebears, as early as the 1760s, gave blanketced with smallpox to the indigenous inhabitants of the land they were rapidly

xpropriating. Thousands of Native Americans were killed by this virulent diseaso which they had never before been exposed. The tactic was repeated by the U.rmy in the Indian Wars of the mid- and late-19th century ...

**

1he History of U.S. Bio-chemical Killersy Ken Lawrence (1982)

he involvement of the United States with chemical-biological warfare] began in763 when blankets poisoned with smallpox were presented as gifts to Indiansho sought only friendly relations with the colonists. It reached its peak 200 yeater when the U.S. Air Force blanketed the countryside of Indochina with poison

hose effects are still being felt.

4erm Warfare and Nuremberg

he United States and Britain, in 1944 or earlier, planned to attack six majorerman cities - Berlin, Hamburg, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Wilhelmshafen, and Aacheith anthrax bombs that would have killed half their populations. The bombs werdered to be produced at a factory in Vigo, Indiana, but the hazards of productielayed start-up, and the war was over before the bombs could be manufactured

4fter World War 11

he next reasonably well-documented instance of germ warfare occurred duringhe Korean War, in February 1952, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea anhe People's Republic of China charged that U.S. pilots had dropped "germ bomb

n North Korea. They offered as evidence the testimony of captured U.S. Air Forcfficers and intelligence agents, and Koreans who told of finding large quantitieseas and other insect pests shortly after U.S. planes had flown over their areas.he U.S. Government strenuously denied the charge, but a respected group ofcientists believed the evidence was convincing proof that the United States hadmployed biological weapons.

The International Scientific Commission for the Investigation of the Factsoncerning Bacteriological Warfare in Korea and China" included scientists from



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reat Britain, France, Italy, Sweden, Brazil, and the Soviet Union. One of the moenowned scientists of the 20th century, Joseph Needham of England, sat on theommission. Its 700 page report described a whole array of germ weapons:eathers infected with anthrax; lice, fleas, and mosquitoes dosed with plague anellow fever; diseased rodents; and various implements contaminated with deadicrobes - toilet paper, envelopes, and the ink in fountain pens.

4he Vietnam War

When the bicentennial of U.S. chemical-biological warfare came in the early 196he U.S. Government marked the occasion with the most massive chemical waraged by any power in world history. Even today the people of Indochina are

uffering the long-term effects of those chemicals on their land, crops, livestock,nd persons. Ironically, a large number of U.S. military personnel involved in thendochina war have also suffered serious harm from those same chemicals,

specially Agent Orange.

he use of chemical defoliants was approved by President Kennedy on Novembe0,1961, following a recommendation by Secretary of State Dean Rusk that theay to win a war against a guerrilla army is to destroy crops. General William C.

Westmoreland also considered crop destruction an important aspect of U.S.rategy, pointing out in a secret report that spraying 13,800 acres would destro

crops which if allowed to grow until harvest might feed 15,000 soldiers for aear." By the end of the war, 55 million kilograms of chemical defoliants had bee

ropped on Indochina, mainly Agent Orange (a mixture of two herbicides plusmall but toxic amounts of dioxin, a substance considered 100 times as poisonous cyanide ...

6he use of chemical weapons in Indochina was more open than the germ warfaraged against North Korea, but it was still deceptive. In 1971, Major Generalernard Rogers wrote to Senator J. William Fulbright that defoliation operationsetnam "are of limited scope and are subject to the same regulations applied to

erbicide use in the United States." General Rogers, now NATO commander, musave known this was a lie. Five million acres, 12 percent of South Vietnam, wereprayed at an application rate that averaged 13 times the amounts recommendey the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

ew details of this war would have become public, but for its immense scale.ecretary of Defense Robert McNamara wanted the spraying disguised as arogram conducted by South Vietnamese civilians, and his Deputy Undersecreta



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. Alexis Johnson proposed that "U.S. aircraft be used to conduct a major defoliapray program in South Vietnam, although the aircraft would carry Southetnamese markings and the pilots would wear civilian clothes." The actual sco

f the chemical attack against Laos, opposed even by then U.S. AmbassadorWilliam H. Sullivan, was kept secret until this past January [1982], and some of

etails are still classified. In fact, the joint Chiefs of Staff noted in a 1961ocument that "care must be taken to assure that the United States does not

ecome the target for charges of employing chemical or biological warfare.nternational repercussions could be most serious."

though the main victims of these weapons are the people of Indochina,housands who suffer the results of dioxin poisoning - weakness of the eyes andome actual blindness, muscle weakness, liver damage, cancer, and a high rate oiscarriage and infant malformation, including hundreds of babies born without

yes - the harmful effects would probably have vanished from the pages of the [] press were it not for the vast number of former GIs, 60,000 of them, who are

uffering the same symptoms. But even their plight, which ought to serve as aonument to the horrors of chemical/biological warfare, is not deterring our

overnment from embarking on its third century of germ and chemical warfareith all the attendant lies and deceit.

**

37.S. Biological Warfare: The 1981 Cuba Dengue Epidemic

y William H. Schaap (1982. 1984)

or more than 20 years Cuba has been the victim of American attacks, overt andovert, large and small, unrelenting. Ships and buildings have been bombed; canelds have been burned; invasions have been launched; and planes have beenown out of the sky. But many of the attacks have been even less conventional.uba has seen its share of chemical-biological warfare - some of which has beenroved, some of which has not. If the Cuban charges are true - and we believe thhis article will help demonstrate that they are - then the dengue fever epidemic

981 was only the latest in a long line of outrageous, immoral, and illegal chemiological warfare attacks against Cuba.'

he History of Attacks

any studies have been written on the chemical-biological warfare capabilities ohe United States. Some have discussed specifics; some have mentioned Cuba.ohn Marks, Victor Marchetti, Philip Agee, and Seymour Hersh have all discussed



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arious specifics. Shortly after the triumph of the Cuban Revolution, during thearly 1960s, food poisoning attempts were common, often at the same time thatrop burnings were being carried out. A Washington Post report (September6,1977) confirmed that during this time the CIA maintained an "anticrop warfarogram. Both the CIA and the army were studying biological warfare, primarily he facilities of Fort Detrick, Maryland. Dr. Marc Lappe noted in his book, Chemicnd Biological Warfare: The Science of Public Death, that the army had a biologi

arfare agent prepared for use against Cuba at the time of the Missile Crisis in962; it was most likely Q fever.

hroughout the 1960s there were occasional biological attacks against Cuba,ometimes, according to Cuban allegations in 1964, involving apparent weatheralloons. And in 1970 the CIA engineered the introduction of African swine feverto Cuba, a successful operation carried out by Cuban exile agents .2 It led to th

orced destruction of more than a half million pigs. The same groups attemptednsuccessfully a few months later to infect the Cuban poultry industry. These

perations were first exposed in Newsday (January 9, 1977), and later appearedhe Washington Post, Le Monde, the Guardian, and other papers.

hen, in 1980 - the year of the plagues - Cuba was beset with disasters. Anotherfrican swine fever epidemic hit; the tobacco crop was decimated by blue mold;nd the sugarcane crops were hit with a particularly damaging rust disease. As Tation put it, this was "a conjunction of plagues that would lead people lessaranoid about the United States than the Cubans to wonder whether humanands had played a role in these natural disasters..."

is against this backdrop that the Cubans found themselves facing, in the sprinnd summer of 1981, an unprecedented epidemic of hemorrhagic dengue fever.

Why Dengue?

s noted above, the arsenal of chemical-biological warfare is unlimited. The U.S.ilitary and the CIA have experimented with diseases which merely make a pers

ncomfortable for a few hours, with toxins which kill instantly, and with

verything in between. John Marks describes a few in his study of MKULTRA, theIA's mind control experiment, The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate."taphylococcal enterotoxin, for example, a mild food poisoning, would incapacits victim for three to six hours; Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) viruould immobilize a person for two to five days and keep its victims weak forerhaps another month; brucellosis would keep its victims in the hospital for thrr more months, killing some. Even the deadly poisons were prepared withariations: shellfish toxin kills within a few seconds; botulinum, however, takes



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ght to 12 hours, giving the assassin time to get away.

engue fever is one of some 250 arthropod-borne viruses, or arboviruses,"seases transmitted from one vertebrate to another by hematophagous

rthropods - blood eating insects, usually mosquitoes. Dengue is transmitted byhe Aedes aegypti mosquito, the same insect which transmits yellow fever. Therere four types of dengue, numbered one through four, depending on the type of

ntibody which the virus induces. Normal dengue fever begins with the sameymptoms as a severe cold or flu, watery eyes, runny nose, headache, backache,ever, insomnia, lack of appetite, and weakness. The bone pain is incapacitating.ndeed, dengue was once known as "break bone." Its characteristic symptom isain at the back of the eyes, most noticeable when looking from side to side. Allypes of dengue can give rise to the hemorrhagic form, that is, accompanied byternal bleeding and shock. This form is the most dangerous, especially to

hildren, for whom it is often fatal.

engue and other arboviruses are ideal as biological warfare weapons for aumber of reasons. Dengue, especially hemorrhagic dengue, is highlycapacitating; it can be transmitted easily through the introduction of infectedosquitoes; it will spread rapidly, especially in highly populated and damp areas

he Aedes mosquito bites during the day, when people are more active and lessrotected; moreover, in favorable winds, Aedes mosquitoes can travel hundreds iles before landing, none the worse for wear. And, of course, since dengue fevefound in nature in many parts of the world, a human role in its spread is hard t

etect. This is the inherent advantage of biological over chemical warfare.

he 1981 Epidemic

though dengue fever is much more common in the Far East, there have beenany outbreaks in the Caribbean and Central America during the past century. A

our types have been found during the last two decades. In 1963 there was aengue-3 outbreak in Puerto Rico and Antigua; in 1968, dengue-2 was found inamaica; in 1977, dengue-1 was found in Jamaica and Cuba; and in 1981, denguwas found in the Lesser Antilles.

he epidemic which hit Cuba in May 1981 was of type 2 dengue with hemorrhaghock. Except for the type 1 epidemic reported in 1977, this was the first majorengue outbreak in Cuba since 1944, and, most importantly, the first in thearibbean since the turn of the century to involve hemorrhagic shock on a massicale.

rom May to October 1981 there were well over 300,000 reported cases, with 15



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talities, 101 involving children under 15. At the peak of the epidemic, in earlyuly, more than 10,000 cases per day were being reported. More than a third of teported victims required hospitalization. By mid-October, after a massiveampaign to eradicate Aedes aegypti, the epidemic was over.

he history of the secret war against Cuba and the virulence of this denguepidemic were enough to generate serious suspicions that the United States had

and in the dengue epidemic of 1981. But there is much more support for thoseuspicions than a healthy distrust of U.S. intentions regarding Cuba.

he Clues

We reviewed the reports on the epidemic of the Pan American Health Organizatind of the Cuban Ministry of Public Health, and interviewed a number of healthfficials. There are indeed indications that the epidemic was artificially induced.

he epidemic began with the simultaneous discovery in May 1981 of three casesemorrhagic dengue caused by a type 2 virus. The cases arose in three widelyeparated parts of Cuba: Cienfuegos, Camagiiey, and Havana. It is extremelynusual that such an epidemic would commence in three different localities atnce. None of the initial victims had ever traveled out of the country; for thatatter, none of them had recently been away from home. None had had recent

ontact with international travelers. Moreover, a study of persons arriving in Cubthe month of May from known dengue areas found only a dozen such passeng

rom Vietnam and Laos), all of whom were checked by the Institute of Tropical

edicine and found free of the disease. Somehow, infected mosquitoes hadppeared in three provinces of Cuba at the same time. Somehow, the fever spreat an astonishing rate. There appears to be no other explanation but the artificiatroduction of infected mosquitoes.

**

55ulf War Syndrome: Guinea Pigs and Disposable GIsy Tod Ensign (1992-93)

56ossible Causes Identified

What has become known as the "Gulf War Syndrome" may actually result from aombination of factors, including:



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Smoke and pollution from some 600 oil-field petrochemical fires that burned inuwait for as long as eight months after the U.S.-led forces attacked Iraq.

Two vaccines, pentavalent botulinum-toxoid and anthrax, and a medication,yridostigmine bromide, which were designed as antidotes for biological or nervas weapons.

Aerial spraying of pesticides over U.S. military bases in Saudi Arabia.

Spraying of diesel oil to control dust around U.S. military bases in Saudi Arabia

Radiation exposure from depleted uranium used in some high velocity shells fiy M1A1 Abrams tanks and A-10 Thunderbolt fighter bombers.

Portable heaters that used leaded gasoline and diesel fuel inside unventilatedents.

Wholesale detonation of Iraqi ammunition depots without first determininghether or not they held toxic materials.

Leishmaniasis - a parasitic infection spread by sand-flies.

ossible War Crime

he most controversial of the possible causes of the syndrome are the two drugsyridostigmine bromide and pentavalent botulinum toxoid vaccine - neither ofhich had cleared the required Food and Drug Administration (FDA) review forew drugs.

ome Americans are vaguely aware that this country signed the Nurembergharter, which provided the legal basis for prosecuting Nazi leaders at the end o

World War 11. Fewer know of its companion treaty, the Nuremberg Code, aimedreventing future human experimentation of the sort practiced by some German

hysicians. It is "absolutely essential," the code states, to obtain informed andoluntary consent for any medical treatment. There is no exception for wartimeonditions or because soldiers are involved.

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Bioterror Manufacturing Wars the American Way Edited by Ellen Ray and Willam