Biotekel-2A

Jl. Babarsari 44 Yogyakarta 55281 Telp. +62-274-487711 (Hunting) Fax. +62-274-487748 http://www.uajy.ac.id

ATMA JAYA YOGYAKARTA UNIVERSITY

Uniqueness of the Marine Environment

Oceans cover 2/3rds of the planet

Salinity 3-3.5% High pressures at ocean depths Cold-water conditions

Most of the ocean is



Unique Biological Organisms

Unique structures Metabolic pathways Reproductive systems Sensory systems Defense mechanisms

Acanthodoris brunnea

sea slug (Nudibranch)

Blue-ringed octopus - venomous



General Trends in Marine Biotechnology

Molecular genetics aquaculture Bioprocessing and Bioreaction/tissue culture Natural products and biomaterials Identification of seafood pathogens By-product utilization



Biotechnology in Fisheries and Aquaculture

Increased growth rate in farmed species Improved nutrition of feeds for aquaculture Improve fish health Improved feed conversion Vaccines Extend the range of aquatic species Disease resistance

Useful Genes for Aquaculture

Growth hormones : increased growth and feed efficiency Anti-freeze protein : increased cold-tolerance and growth Lysosyme : increased disease resistance Prolactin hormones : influence hatching, osmoregulation and

general metabolism



Bioprocessing & Bioreaction/tissue culture

Cultivation of marine sponges (10,000 species) Inhibit tumor growth Anti-inflammatory

Marine algae (macro and micro-algae) Agars, alginates and carrageenen Production of omega-3

Cell culture Faster growing than whole plants or animals



Diverse Marine Resources

Novel compounds bioactive ingredients

Anti-bacterial, antiviral and anti-fungal agents Anti-tumor activity Cardiac health promoting agents Immune stimulants Anti-inflammatory activity

Tunicata: Lissoclinum patella



Marine enzymes often have unique properties

Thermostability Psychrophylic Pressure resistant NaCl activated High specificity Can be used in unique bioprocessing operations

Unique Enzyme Homologues



Biotechnology in Seafood Safety

Several assays for toxins depend on the Mouse Lethal Dose method Ciguatoxin (reef fish) Paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) Domoic acid

Develop rapid monoclonal tests Dip-stick method for ciguatoxin Histamine in tuna Listeria

Develop rapid ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay) Vibrios



Protein Hydrolysatessmall-scale of large-scale operations

Animal Feeds Started diets for pigs and calves Pet Food

Aquaculture diets Shrimp and salmon diets

Fertilizers High end products

Nutraceuticals Growth factors, AO

Human foods Regulatory issues



Omega-3 Fatty Acids

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Heart disease lowers cholesterol and LDLs, decrease blood pressure and reduces clot formation

Cancer inhibits cancer and tumor growth

Immune Response improved resistance to disease

Nervous System brain development in young



Example of Marine Bio-Technology

and Waste Recovery

Water from thawing frozen whole cold-water shrimp before

peeling contains some enzymes (esp. alkalinephosphatase) from shrimps stomach that is used in rDNAkits.

Norwegian company extracts the enzyme for increased

profits.



Chitosan Raw Material Source

Primary source of raw materials is the by-product stream

from shellfish processing operations employing wild-

harvested or farmed shrimp, crab, squid, lobster and

crayfish



Chitosan Applications

Biomedical and PharmaceuticalsChemical and IndustrialCosmeticsFood IndustryNutraceuticalWater PurificationAgriculturalFiber & TextilesPaper Technology

High Value

Low Volume

Low Value

High VolumeDirect Cost of Production = $8.58/kg



Chitosan Applications:

Biomedical and Pharmaceutical

Wound dressings; haemostatic and promotes scar-free healing;macrophage activation

Artificial skin (chitin)Ligand for gene replacement therapyDrug delivery vehicle for morphine and vaccines; permits

administration across nasal mucosa

Hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolimic agentChitin beads in separation columnsArtificial kidney membraneSurgical suturesOsteoinduction (bone fracture repair)


ATMA JAYA YOGYAKARTA UNIVERSITY Chitosan Applications



Future for Use of Novel Compounds

From Marine Products

Many are tried but few are chosen It comes down to economics Waste utilization can cause other waste streams Gene transfers swing both ways Does the promise meet the reality?


ATMA JAYA YOGYAKARTA UNIVERSITY Summary



Minat Industri Lingkungan Pangan

Tema

1. mikroorganisme: virus, bakteri,jamur, dll

2. mikroalga: diatom, dinoflagela,foraminifera, protozoa, dll

3. makroalga: rumput laut (hijau,merah, coklat), dll

4. invertebrata: ubur-ubur,bintang laut, spons, terumbu, dll

5. invertebrata: udang, kepiting,cumi, oktopus, dll

6. vertebrata: ikan (hiu, salmon,tuna), mamalia (paus), dll

T U G A S 1



Bahan alami laut (Marine Natural Products)

Apa itu Bahan Alami Laut?

Apa saja macam/jenisnya?

Apa manfaat/kegunaannya (mengapa penting)?

Dari mana (sumbernya)?

Bagaimana proses biosintesisnya?

Bagaimana cara mendapatkannya?

Bagaimana cara ekstraksinya?

dst

T U G A S 2

Catatan: Tugas 1 & 2 dikumpul minggu depan!



SEKIAN

&

TERIMA KASIH

Documents

Biotekel-2A