BiotechnologyMedical

TechnologiesPathogens/

DiseaseScience &

Public HealthNutritional

Science

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QUESTION:•Who is considered to be the first plastic surgeon?

ANSWER:• Sushruta

QUESTION:•Explain what a vital sign is and give one example. Also give the “normal” measurement for a teenager for the example.ANSWER:• A vital sign is a sign that is used to prove that the person is alive. If they are out of their normal range, it could signify that a problem has or is about to occur. An example is blood pressure: 115/70mmHg, heart rate: 80-100bpm, body temperature: 37degrees or breathing rate12-30bpm.

QUESTION:•Explain the difference between a high-risk medical device and a low-risk medical device with an example for each.

ANSWER:• A high-risk medical device is a medical device that could severely injure/kill a patient if used improperly. Ex incubator, anesthesia ventilators, oxygen tanks, or diffibulater… A low-risk medical device is a medical device that can only slightly injure a patient if used improperly. Ex thermometer or breast pump…

QUESTION:• Explain what an assistive device is and name one example.

ANSWER:•An assistive device is any medical device that improves the treatment of a patient or improves their condition of life. An example is a walker, an insulin pump…

QUESTION:• Explain the path that blood takes through the circulatory system or the path air takes through the respiratory system.

ANSWER:Blood: Capillaries in the brainveinssuperior vena cavaright atriumright ventriclepulmonary arterylungs(exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen gas)pulmonary veinleft atriumleft ventricleaortaarteriesback to capillariesAir: Mouth/nosepharynxlarynxtracheabronchibronchiolesalveoli

QUESTION:•Explain the difference between a prevention and reactionary measure and provide one example for each?

ANSWER:•Preventative measures are ways to prevent pathogens from spreading. Ex/ vaccines, hand sanitizers•Reactionary measures are things to do once already infected by a pathogen. Ex/ antibiotics, antifungals

QUESTION:

•Name the 3 lines of defense a pathogen must defeat to cause illness.

ANSWER:1.Skin and mucus membranes2.Non-specific immune responses3.Specific immune responses

QUESTION:•Name 3 ways which the Germ Theory impacted Current Public Health Measures.

ANSWER:The Three ways The Germ Theory impacted Current Public Health Measures are:

•Regular Sanitation Practices•Hospital Preventative Measures•Preventative Vaccinations

QUESTION:•What is a endemic, epidemic and a pandemic? Name an example of an area would each of these occur?

ANSWER:•A endemic disease is a common disease which spreads over a specific population. Ex/ Holy Cross•A epidemic is when an endemic disease becomes more frequent in a given area or time than expected. Ex/ Kingston and area•A pandemic is made up of epidemic diseases which has spread to a very large area. Ex/ North America

QUESTION:•Name the 5 ways where a pathogen may try to enter the human body and how it does so?

ANSWER:1.The skin (through a cut)2.Airborne (nasal or mouth passage)3.Waterborne/Foodborne (through swallowing liquid or food)4.Mucous Membranes (Dirty fingers entering nose, vagina. etc)5.Ears/Eyes (Blood, vomit, urine, tears, saliva)

QUESTION:• Explain what a susceptible population is, give two examples of a susceptible population, and explain the factors to why they are susceptible.

ANSWER:• Susceptible population: a population that is overly affected by a certain pathogen or illness/disease. 1)Native Canadians are a susceptible population due to cultural and social beliefs. They may isolate them from their non-native neighbors and from other communities and public health services2)Sub-Saharan Africans are susceptible due to poverty level. The tropical environment allows for a greater number of pathogens to exist and reproduce

QUESTION:• What is one current threat to public health? Explain what it is.

ANSWER:1)HIV/AIDS- AIDS is caused by the pathogen HIV-Can be prevented from abstinence or condoms, not using any intravenus drugs-No cure, mortality rate is 100%-Patients don’t actually die of aids, they die of something that affects them because of the weakened immune system caused by aids2) C.Difficile- superbug in our intestines, overpopulate and drive helpful bacteria out-symptoms: abdominal pain and diharrea-Can be fatal -Treated by antibiotics if serious3) Swine Flu- mutant offshoot of Influenza A-symptoms: sore throat, cough, high fever-Prevented by sanitary practices -Treated by antivirals

QUESTION:•What are the two types of Mosquito netting and explain one explain one organization that prevents insect borne illnesses.

ANSWER:•Mosquito nets are used to protect against mosquitos and other tiny biting insects. Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs): 2x more protective than untreated nets, up to 70% greater protection than no net. Long lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLINs): will give off insecticide for up to 5 yrs •Buy a Net- a Kingston based non-profit organization that raises money to send nets and anti-malaria medicines to African countries free of charge

QUESTION:• What are the three public health agencies Kingston is involved in?

ANSWER:•1) KFL&A Health Unit- provides information on health issues for the Kingston area.•2) Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care provincial public health unit. Keeps track of health issues affecting Ontarians.•3) Health Canada- national public health unit. Looks after health issues affecting Canadians.

QUESTION:

•What is a safe injection site and who are they used by? Give one benefit and one downfall to them. ANSWER:•A safe injection site is a legally sanctioned and supervised facility which is designed to reduce the health risk associated with taking illegal drugs intravenously (i.e. heroin).•Benefit: Has reduced the amount of needle sharing, and help prevent infections/diseases like AIDS•Downfall: It supports the habits of drug users and makes it easier for them to do the drugs without fear of getting caught by the police

QUESTION:•Which elements must a organic compound have?

ANSWER:•Carbon and Hydrogen

QUESTION:•Define “Ingestion” and “Digestion”

ANSWER:•Ingestion: the placement of a food source into the mouth•Digestion: The breakdown of food into nutrients

QUESTION:•State the four food groups and provide and example of each

ANSWER:•Fruits and vegetables•Wheat and grains•Meat and alternatives•Dairy

QUESTION:•Define and state the difference between Physical and Chemical Digestion

ANSWER:•Physical: occurs in the mouth and is when teeth grind up the food physically

•Chemical: Occurs in the stomach and is when the acidic gastric juices mix together with the food to break it down.

QUESTION:•State the five parts of the digestive system and give a brief description of each part.

ANSWER:•Esophagus: muscular tube connected to the stomach that moves food with contractions•Stomach: muscular pouch that churns the food with gastric juices•Small Intestine: duodenum (insulin), jujenum (absorption), Ileum (compacting).•Large Intestine: The absorption of water and minerals occurs.•Rectum/Anus: Rectum stores the waste and the anus releases it.

QUESTION:

•Name one type of biotechnology and provide an example

ANSWER:

•Agricultural biotechnology. Ex/ Micropropagation

QUESTION:•State the four “Colors” of Biotechnology and their purpose.

ANSWER:•Red Biotechnology: Medical Biotechnology•Blue Biotechnology: Marine/Aquatic Biotechnology applications•Green Biotechnology: Agricultural Biotechnology•White: Industrial Biotechnology

QUESTION:•Describe the shape of DNA and the two bonds which hold it together.

ANSWER:• DNA is a double helix, where 2 nucleotide strands nun anti-

parallel to each other. The nucleotides are held together by phosphodiester bonds and hydrogen bonds.

QUESTION:•Name and explain the three types of Genetic Engineering.

ANSWER:•Close Transfer: Taking a gene from one plant species and inserting it into another plant species of the same kingdom.

•Distant Transfer: Taking a gene from one plant species and inserting it into another plant species of a different kingdom.

•Tweaking: When genes that already exist are tweaked to change the level at which a particular protein is made.

QUESTION:Part A:•List and define the two types of cloning which are currently in research?Part B:List and define the type of cloning which is currently being worked on?

ANSWER:Part A: Therapeutic Cloning- the use of stem cells for medicinal or research purposesReproductive Cloning- using stem cells to create cloned humans

Part B:Replacement Cloning- The replacement of an extensively damaged, failed or failing body through cloning followed by whole or partial brain transplant