Biotechnology

Biotechnology

1Genetic EngineeringTechnology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organismAgriculturalMedicinalForensic ScienceGenetics and Biotechnology13.2 DNA Technology2Genetics and Biotechnology**An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis.When an electric current is applied, the DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel.The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.13.2 DNA Technology3

4Gel Electrophoresis

5Gel Electrophoresis

6Genetics and BiotechnologyThe unique pattern created based on the size of the DNA fragment can be compared to known DNA fragments for identification.13.2 DNA Technology

Gel electrophoresis7DNA fingerprintingGel Electrophoresis is an example of how this is done.

Every person is genetically different, so DNA fingerprints are different except for identical twins.

8DNA fingerprinting applicationsused to identify or eliminate suspectsdetermine paternity of a child, or establish other family relationshipsidentify a deceased person

9Genetically engineered organismsGenetics and Biotechnologyto study the expression of a particular gene. to select traits that might be beneficial to humans.13.2 DNA Technology

Genetically engineered bollworm10DNA ToolsGenetics and BiotechnologyGenome total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.13.2 DNA TechnologyTransgenic Tobacco Plant with Firefly gene

11Genetics and BiotechnologyIsolate specific genes of the genome.13.2 DNA TechnologyRestriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cuts the DNA within the sequence.Used for recombinant DNA or gene cloning.12Genetics and BiotechnologyThe ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends

13.2 DNA Technology**EcoRI specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC.13Restriction Enzyme EndsSome ends are considered blunt also because it does not leave open nucleotides

14Genetics and BiotechnologyThe newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA.Often use circular DNA of bacteria called a plasmid

13.2 DNA Technology15Genetic EngineeringAKA: Recombinant DNA or transgenic organisms

DNA is split(restriction enzymes) /new inserted

16Applications of recombinant DNABacteria: used to produce hormones and antibioticsPlants: made to be resistant to herbicidesAnimals: cloning, replacement of genes which cause disorders

17Genetics and BiotechnologySome of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process called transformation.

13.2 DNA Technology18Genetics and BiotechnologyLarge numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be produced through a process called cloning. Gene Cloning

13.2 DNA Technology19Cloning

Cloning is an asexual form of reproduction. All the child's genes would come from a body cell of a single individual:

20Dolly 1st clone

21Genetics and Biotechnology13.2 DNA TechnologyPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) a technique for making billions of copies of a piece of DNA. The process creates a chain of many nucleotides, and the chain is a strand of DNA. Used in genetic fingerprinting

22Genetics and BiotechnologyBiotechnology*Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms.13.2 DNA Technology

23Genetics and Biotechnology*Transgenic AnimalsScientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research.Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans13.2 DNA Technology24Genetics and BiotechnologyTransgenic PlantsGenetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls.Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest.Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition.13.2 DNA Technology25The Human Genome ProjectThe goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP) was to determine the sequence of the approximately three billion nucleotides that make up human DNA and to identify all of the approximately 20,00025,000 human genes.Genetics and Biotechnology13.3 The Human Genome26Genetics and Biotechnology

Decoding the sequence of the human genome can be compared toreading a book that was printed in code.13.3 The Human Genome27Genomics is the study of an organisms genome.A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause humandiseases is called genetherapy.Genetics and BiotechnologyScientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene.

13.3 The Human Genome2829Genetics and Biotechnology

13.2 DNA Technology3013.1**Hybrids: When different forms of a trait are crossed to produce offspring with specific traits

Selective Breeding: When desired traits are selected to be passed on to future generations