Upload
amethyst-webster
View
26
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions Biology 164/264. 2007 Joe Berry [email protected] Chris Field [email protected] Adam Wolf [email protected]. Basic questions to be addressed by this course:. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Biosphere/Atmosphere InteractionsBiology 164/264
2007
Joe Berry [email protected] Field [email protected] Wolf [email protected]
Basic questions to be addressed by this course:
• What are the major fluxes of energy and matter between the atmosphere and land ecosystems?
• What determines the temperature of leaves, plants, soils, and ecosystems?
• What controls rates of plant photosynthesis and transpiration?
• How do atmospheric processes interact with ecosystem processes to control CO2 and water exchanges?
• How do characteristics of the land surface influence the motions of the atmosphere?
• How do characteristics of the land surface influence climate?• How do greenhouse gases exchanged by ecosystems
influence climate?• How can we measure and model the exchanges of matter
and energy from the leaf to the global scale?
Mechanics• 2 lectures per week – TTh 11-11:50
– Bio T 185• 1 lab per week – Tuesday 2-5
– Carnegie Global Ecology (260 Panama Street)• 1 optional Matlab/problem session – Thursday 4-6
– Carnegie Global Ecology (260 Panama Street)
• Grading: – Bio 164:
• Weekly problem/program 60%• Final project data analysis 20%• Class participation 10%• Labs (weekly data sets) 10%
– Bio 264: • Weekly problem/program 40%• Final integrated program 20%• Final project data analysis 20%• Class participation 10%• Labs (weekly data sets) 10%
– Problem/programs in Matlab– No midterm, no final, no papers
Labs
• January 16– Principles of environmental sensors & data loggers– Radiation sensors
• January 23– Environmental sensors – wind, humidity, soil moisture, water potential
• January 30– Environmental sensors – CO2, water vapor
• February 6– Leaf gas exchange
• February 13– Leaves – fluorescence, spectral reflectance, isotope exchange
• February 20– Canopy gas exchange – eddy flux hardware
• February 27– Canopy gas exchange – environmental conditions at an eddy flux installation
• March 6– Canopy gas exchange – vegetation status and fluxes at an eddy flux installation
• March 13– Canopy gas exchange – setting up an eddy flux system
• For each lab, each pair will be responsible for collecting, analyzing, and turning in a data set collected from at least one sensor or system
Texts
• Campbell, G. S. and J. M. Norman. 1998. An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics. Springer, New York. 286 pp. (core)
• Hartmann, D. L. 1994. Global Physical Climatology. Academic Press, San Diego. 411 pp. (optional)
• Stull, R. B. 2000. Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers. Brooks Cole, Pacific Grove. 503 pp. (optional)
• Bonan, G. B. 2002. Ecological climatology: Concepts and applications. Cambridge University Press, New York. 678 pp. (optional)
Heat-trapping or greenhouse gases trap thermal radiation on its way to space.
Energy in = Energy out + storage
What controls the temperature of the planet?
What controls rates of photosynthesis?
Pho
tosy
nthe
tic c
apac
ity
Leaf nitrogen
Evergreen sclerophylls
Deciduous trees
Annual weeds
Radiation
• All objects at temperatures above absolute zero emit radiation.
• Photons carry a unique amount of energy that depends on wavelength
• E = hc/• Where h is Planck’s constant (6.63*10-34 Js), c is
the speed of light (3*1010m s-1), and is wavelength (m).
Thermal Radiation
• Stephan-Boltzmann Law•• = 5.67 * 10-8 W m-2 K-4
• Earth approximates a black body at 288 K -- Emits 390 W m-2
• Black body = emissivity () = 1• Note: the emissivity of plants is close to 1, but
other objects can have very different values
B =T4
Absorptance and Emissivity
• Absorbed radition is proportional to absorptance
• Emitted radiation in proportional to emissivity = absorptance
Solar energy
• Solar output 3.84*1034 W• extra-atmosphere – the sun is close to a 5760 K black body• radiant emittance = 6.244*107 W m-2
• most of the solar energy is in the range of 0.3 – 2.5 micrometers• about 50% is visible (0.4 – 0.7) and about 50% is infrared (>
0.7)•
The solar (not so) constant• Integrating this emittance over the size of the sun and the
distance to the earth leads to a radiation at the outside of the atmosphere of 1360 W m-2
• Integrating over the spherical surface leads to an average radiation of about 342 W m-2
Atmospheric transmission
• Absorption– Average absorption by the atmosphere 62 W m-2
• Scattering– Raleigh (small particle) – shortest wavelengths scattered preferentially
out of the solar beam– Mie (large particle) – little wavelength dependence– Average reflected solar radiation by the atmosphere 77 W m-2
• Effects of clouds• Scattering and reflectance• The greenhouse effect
– Increased absorptance of thermal radiation means increased radiation directed back to the surface
– Increased absorptance in the atm effectively increases the height at which the atmosphere is radiating back to space