BiosandBiosand Filter Project Implementation Biosand Filter Construction Manual 18

Biosand Filter Treatment Efficiency Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Helminths Turbidity Iron Laboratory Up to 98.5%1,2,3

70 to >99%3,4

>99.9%5 Up to 100%6 95% <1 NTU1 Not available Field 87.9 to 98.5%7,8,9,10,11

Not available Not available Up to 100%6 85%8 90-95%12

1 Buzunis (1995) 2 Baumgartner (2006) 3 Jenkins et al. (2011) 4 Elliott et al. (2008) 5 Palmateer et al. (1997) 6 Not researched. However, helminths are too large to pass between the sand, up to 100% removal efficiency is assumed